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People
Abigail Adams-Stephen Douglas
20
History
12th Grade
03/22/2011

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Term
Abigail Adams (1744-1818)
Definition
  • born in massachusetts
  • decendent of Quincy Family
  • married John Adams in 1764
  • Mother of John Quincy Adams
  • raised children and and ran farm while husband traveled as a circuit judge
  • Shared views with her husband on political matters
  • famously requested that the framers of Constitution would "remember the ladies," telling her husband that "all men would be tyrants if they could"
  • Also said that there was a need for Alien and Sedition Acts
Term
John Adams (1735-1826)
Definition
  • born in Massachusetts
  • second cousin of Samuel Adams
  • graduated from Harvard and started his law practice
  • defining moment: was when young watching James Otis' courtroom challenge of British writs of assistance, which was based on natural rights theory.
  • Speech filled Adams with want of liberty
  • took unpopular stands, like defending British soldiers acussed in the Boston Massacre
  • "Facts are stubborn things"
  • drafted Massachusetts Constitution and Declaration of Rights
  • served in Continental Congress, leading advocate of independence
  • seconded the Lee Resolution and served on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence
  • He signed teh Treaty of Paris with Benjamin Flanklin and John Jay
  • Urged James Madison to add bill of rights
  • first Vice President, second president of U.S in 1796
  • kept U.S. out of war with france, but signed the controversial and probably unconstitutional Alien and Sedition Acts to do so
  • signed the Judiciary Act of 1801
  • died 50 yrs to the day after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence
Term
John Quincy Adams
Definition
  • Became sixth president in 1834 with John C. Calhoun as V.P. 6 months after dad died
  • also studied in Harvard and did law practice
  • served as minister to Netherlands and Prussia
  • elected to congress in 1803
  • served Secretary of State under James Monroe; helped draft monroe doctorine
  • since Henry clay also running,gave support to Adams, he appointed him as Secretary of State
  • adams faced hostility in Congress because of what many perceived as a "corrupt bargain"
  • Andrew Jackson defeated adams in 1828
  • Adams best contribution came after presidency
  • defenders African passengers of the Spanish slave ship Amistad, arguing that they should be sent home free and not sent back to spain as slaves
  • elected to house of Representatives
  • against slavery
Term
Samuel Adams 
Definition
  • During in 1760s became a leader of Patriot resistance to the British govts. attempts to tax the colonies
  • organized Sons of Liberty with James Otis and John Hancock
  • took lead in resisting Stamp Act and Townshed Duties
  • In 1772 Adams authored the Rights of the Colonists, appealed to the concepts of the rights of Englishmen and natural rights theory
  • organized Boston Tea Party, was pardoned for Boston resistance with Hancock
  • After shots in Lexington, began Revolution, were going to arrest men but they escaped capture
  • helped write massachusetts constitution and articles of confederation
Term
Susan B. Anthony 
Definition

  • at first women's rights convention in 1852, declared voting as a right to women
  • in 1869, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Lucy Stone founded the National Woman Suffrage Association
  • She and Stanton published a newspaper, "The Revolution"
  • after trying to to test the meaning of the 14th amend. by voting, she was arrested,imprisoned, tried, and found guilty for voting
  • in 1892 she became second president of Nation American Woman Suffrage Association, which was merged with NWSA

Term
Hugo Black (1886-1971)
Definition

  • Appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by Pres. FDR. in 1937
  • known for his "strict constructionist" reading of the Constitution
  • took the position that 14th amend. required the incorporation of all the Bill of Rights protections to state govts. known as "total incorporation"
  • argued that govt can't ban "obscene speech"
  • held in New York Times v. United States (1971) that national security didn't allow the govt. to prevent the publication of sensitive information
  • upheld strict separation of church and state

Term
Sir William Blackstone (1723-1780)
Definition

  • English Jurist, first Vinerian professor of law at Oxford and Solictor General to the Queen
  • Before he authored Commentares on the Laws of England widely regarded as the most complete doc. on English Law
  • Supreme Court references his writing as a source for knowing the purpose of the Founders when interpreting the Constitution

Term
William Jenning Bryan (1860-1925)
Definition

  • practiced law in Nebraska in 1887
  • first Democrat elected from Nebraska to the House of Rep.
  • lost bid for Senate in 1894, became editor of Democratic newspaper, the Omaha World-Herald
  • advocate of "Free Silver" policy, gave "Cross of Gold" speech at 1896 Democatic National Convention
  • lost election for presidency 3 times, taking progressive and anti-imperialist stances
  • became Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson, but resigned after 2 years because of WWI
  • worked to secure prohibition and women's suffrage
  • argued for literal interpretation of Bible instead of teaching evolution agains Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial

Term
Aaron Burr (1756-1836)
Definition

  • studied theology for 2 yrs., but then practiced law
  • after serving the Continental Army, began to organize Democratic Party in New York
  • ran for president against Thomas Jefferson in 1800 but had equal # of electoral votes, and Alexander Hamilton supported Jefferson, so Burr became VP
  • Burr's hate toward Hamilton grew in 1804 when he ran for governor of NY and lost, blamed loss on Hamiliton's political maneuvering 
  • in July of 1804 he challenged Hamilton to duel and killed Hamilton, he was charged w/ murder, but never was brought to trial
  • when spanish were conspiring for control of Mississippi valley, Burr allegedly made plans the governor of Lousiana, James Wilkinson, to support a rebellion
  • was arrested and charged with treason, accused of attempting to establish an independent republic in the Southwest
  • John Marshall presided over his Virginia trial, Burr was aquitted

Term
John C. Calhoun (1782-1850)
Definition

 

  • after attending Yale, practiced law
  • was elected to state legislature and later to the house of rep.
  • was VP twice, with John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
  • in 1832  he resigned and was elected to the House of Senate
  • favored slavery and its expansion
  • he argued that slaves lived better under slavery than as a worker in industrial North
  • believed that the states, not the supreme court, could declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

 

Term
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
Definition

  • went from poor to rich
  • in 1853 founded the Carnegie Steel Comany under Sherman Anti-Trust Act
  • later in life hededicated his life to philanthropy
  • used his fortune to found the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endwoment for International Peace, and Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh

Term
Charles Carroll of Carollton (1737-1832)
Definition

  • in 1772 Caroll began the political life
  • writing under the name "First Citizen," he rallied colonists to resist against tyranny
  • elected to Continental Congress in 1776
  • because of him there is protection for religious freedom for all Christians, including Catholics.
  • was reelected to Continental Congress, but denied, preferring to serve in the state senate from 1781 to 1800
  • last surviving signer of Declar. of Ind.

Term
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947) 
Definition

  • studied education and law, and became high school principal
  • after became superintendent and newspaper reporter, and soon became lecturer for the woman's suffrage
  • Succeeded Susan B. Anthony as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900 
  • urged Woodrow Wilson to support an amendent to the Constitution securing the right to vote for women
  • came up with a strategy to work on suffrage, known as "winning plan" 
  • opposed efforts of boycotting Democratic candidates who refused to support suffrage 
  • big role in securing 19th amend., after she founded the League of Women Voters and advocated child labor laws

Term
Cesar Chavez (1927-1993)
Definition

 

  • became farm worker after eighth grade because his father was injured
  • founded the National Farm Workers Association, later called United Farm Workers
  • the union fought for contracts, safe conditions, higher wages, and job security for union members
  • led a nationwide boycott of grapes to increase support for the his union
  • Chavez's perseverance brough the lives of migrant workers to national attention

 

Term
Henry Clay (1777-1852)
Definition

  • served in the Kentucky state legislature and was elected to the US House of Rep five times, each time as Speaker of the House
  • He and John C. Calhoun worked to pass the Tarriff of 1816 to help both N. and S. recover after War of 1812
  • became known as the Great Compromiser
  • Clay was a slaveowne, but favored emancipation, and return of slaves to Africa
  • came up with Missouri Compromise, maintained balance b/w slave and free states
  • became Secretary of State after giving support to John Quincy Adams
  • ran for president a total of 5 times, lost every time
  • helped create Whig Party which opposed the new Democratic Party, which was led by Andrew Jackson
  • elected to Senate in 1831, later he helped establish the Compromise of 1850

Term
Bill Clinton (b1946)
Definition

  • after attending Oxford and Yale, he served as Attorney General and then Governor of Arkansas before being elected President in 1992
  • led country during period of peace and prosperity.
  • his agenda included seeking laws protecting the jobs of people who had to care for ill family members, legislation restricting certain gun sales, and strengthening environmental protection policies
  • advocated international free trade, sent forces to Bosnia and Iraq

Term
Clarence Darrow (1857-1938)
Definition

  • lawyer and civil rights advocate
  • famously known for defending John T. Scopes in the "Scopes Monkey Trial" against William Jenngings Bryan

Term
Jefferson Davis (1808-1889)
Definition

  • Served in Black Hawk War, returned to become a cotton planter
  • allowed his slaves to grow and serve their own food, treated them well
  • supporter of slavery and a strong advocate of the rights of states against federal interference, represented Mississippi in Senate and House of Rep.
  • gave in to secession in 1861 and became president of the Confederate States of America
  • after Civil War, he was indicted for treason, but years later charges agains him were dropped
  • was re-elected to the Senate, but was unable to take office under 14th amend.

Term
John Dickinson (1732-1808)
Definition

  • served in both Delaware and Pennsylvania assemblies
  • believed to be the author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767-1768) which called for resistance to British policies while urging reconciliation
  • wrote America's first patriotic song, "The Liberty Song"
  • in 1775, he and Jefferson worte Declaration of the Causes of Taking Up Arms, which was a doc. assuring the King that colonists were not raising an army to establish independence
  • helped draft the Articles of Confederation
  • served as governor in Delaware and Pennsylvania
  • in 1786, he chaired the Annapolis Convention and later headed Delaware's delegation to Constitutional Convention
  • known as "Penman of the Revolution"

Term
Stephen Douglas (1813-1861)
Definition

  • in the 1830s and 1840s he served in various Illinois offices
  • emerged as a leader of Democratic Party
  • represented Illinois in House of Rep from 1843-47 and in Senate from 1847 till death
  • favored westward expansion and the compromise of 1850
  • belived in "popular sovereignty" 
  • proposes the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854
  • ran for reelection to the senate against Abraham Lincoln and won, debates were calle the Lincoln-Douglas debates
  • died when shots were fired on Fort Sumter

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