Term
| What are the two regions that the pelvis are divided into? |
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Definition
- false pelvis (greater pelvis) which is found in the superior region and is generally considered part of the abdomen.
- The true pelvis (lesser pelvis) is related to the inferior parts of the pelvic bones, sacrum, and coccyx, and has an inlet and an outlet
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Term
What are the functions of the pelvis and the perineium? |
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Definition
Contain and support bladder, rectum, anal canal, and reproductive tract -Within the pelvic cavity, the bladder is positioned anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly in the midline.As it fills, the bladder expands superiorly into the abdomen. It is supported by adjacent elements of the pelvic bone and by the pelvic floor. The urethra passes through the pelvic floor to the perineum, where, in women, it opens externally and in men it enters the base of the penis.Rectum terminates as the anal canal, which penetrates the pelvic floor to open into the perineum.The anal canal is maintained by muscles of the pelvic floor and is relaxed during defecation. A skeletal muscle sphincter is associated with the anal canal and the urethra as each passes through the pelvic floor Anchors the roots of the external genitalia:the roots of the external genitalia (erectile (vascular) tissues and associated skeletal muscles), the clitoris and the penis, are firmly anchored to:
the bony margin of the anterior half of the pelvic outlet; and a thick, fibrous, perineal membrane, which fills the area |
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Term
| What are the parts of the Pelvis? |
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Definition
- Pelvic Inlet
- Plevic wall
- Pelvic Outlet
- pelvic Cavity
- Pelvic Floor
- Perineium
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Term
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Definition
- Is the superior rim of the pelvic cavity;somewhat heart shaped and completely ringed by bone, is bounded posteriorly by the promontory of the sacrum (S1) and the anterior border of the ala of the sacrum (sacral part), laterally by the arcuate or iliopectineal line of the ilium (iliac part), and anteriorly by the pectineal line, the pubic crest, and the superior margin of the pubic symphysis (pubic part).
- Is measured using transverse, oblique, and anteroposterior (conjugate) diameters.
- Is crossed by the ureter, gonadal vessels, middle sacral vessels, iliolumbar vessels, lumbosacral trunk, obturator nerve, spermatic cord, round ligament of the uterus, sympathetic trunk, suspensory ligament of the ovary, etc
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Term
Pelvic Wall What does the wall of the tru pelvis consist of? What are the two ligaments found in the wall? |
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Definition
Walls of the true pelvis consist predominantly of bone, muscle, and ligaments, with the sacrum, coccyx, and inferior half of the pelvic bones forming much of them. Two ligaments-the sacrospinous and the sacrotuberous ligaments-are important architectural elements of the walls because they link each pelvic bone to the sacrum and coccyx. These ligaments also convert two notches on the pelvic bones-the greater and lesser sciatic notches-into foramina on the lateral pelvic walls Completing the walls are the obturator internuspiriformis muscles, which arise in the pelvis and exit through the sciatic foramina to act on the hip joint and |
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Term
What are the bones of the Pelvis? What are the divisons of the Pelvis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Is irregular in shape and has two major parts separated by an oblique line on the medial surface of the bone: - the pelvic bone above this line is the false pelvis, which is part of the abdomen;
- the pelvic bone below the line is the true pelvis, which contains the pelvic cavity
The linea terminalis is the lower two-thirds of this line and contributes to the margin of the pelvic inlet |
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Term
| What are the bones that form the hip bone? |
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Definition
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Term
Hip Bone Structures Functions |
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Definition
Joined at the pubic symphysis anteriorly and to rhe sacmm posteriorly to form the pelvic girdle, which
• Articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints
• Is massively constructed for resistance to Stress
• Transmits the thrust between the vertebral column and the lower limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
The ilium is the superior,flattened fan-shaped part of the hip bone. The ala ofthc ilium represents he spread of the fan and the body the handle. The body of the ilium helps to form the acetabulum. The iliac crest the rim of fan has a curve that follows the contour of the ala between the anterior and posterior superior iliac spines. The nterior concave part of the ilium forms the iliac fossa. |
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Term
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Definition
Has a body and ramus (L. branch). The body of the ischium helps form the acetabulum and the ramus of the ischium forms part of the obturator foramen. The large posteroinferior protuberance of the ischium is the ischial tuberosity; the small pointed posteromedial projection near the junction of the ramus and body is the ischial spine. The concavity between the ischial spine and the ischial tuberosity is the lesser sciatic notch. The larger concavity, the greater sciatic notch, is superior to the ischial spine and is formed in part by the ilium. |
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Term
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Definition
Angulated bone with a superior pubic ramus, which helps form the acetabulum, and an inferior pubic ramus, which helps form the obturator foramen. A thickening on the anterior part of the body of the pubis is the pubic crest, which ends laterally as a prominent knob or swelling, the pubic tubercle. The lateral part of the superior pubic ramus has an oblique ridge, the pecten pubis (pectineal line of pubis). |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the Pelvis |
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Definition
| Greater (false) and lesser (true) pelves by the oblique plane of the pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperture) |
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Term
| Lower pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet) |
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Definition
Is the expanded portion of the bony pelvis above the pelvic brim The greater pelvis (false pelvis, pelvis major) is the part of the pelvis: - Superior to the pelvic inlet.
- Bounded by the iliac alae posterolaterally and the anterosuperior aspect of the S1 vertebra posteriorly.
- Occupied by abdominal viscera (e.g., the ileum and sigmoid colon).
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Term
| Pelvis minor (true pelvis) |
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Definition
- Is the cavity of the pelvis below the pelvic brim (or superior aperture) and above the pelvic outlet (or inferior aperture).
- Has an outlet that is closed by the coccygeus and levator ani muscles and the perineal fascia, which form the floor of the pelvis.
The lesser pelvis (true pelvis, pelvis minor) is the part of the pelvis: 1. Between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet. 2.Bounded by the pelvic surfaces of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. 3.That includes the true pelvic cavity and the deep parts of the perineum (perineal compartment), specifically the ischioanal fossae. 4.Of major obstetrical and gynecological significance |
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Term
| What are the major Joints of the Pelvis? |
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Definition
Lumbosacral joint Sacroiliac joint Sacrococcygeal joint Pubic symphysis |
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Term
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Definition
- link the axial skeleton (the skeleton of the trunk, composed of the vertebral column at this level) and the inferior appendicular skeleton (skeleton of the lower limb).
- strong, weight-bearing compound joints, consisting of an anterior synovial joint (between the ear-shaped auricular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium, covered with articular cartilage) and a posterior syndesmosis (between the tuberosities of the same bones). The articular (auricular) surfaces of the synovial joint have irregular but congruent elevations and depressions that interlock differ from most synovial joints in that limited mobility is allowed, a consequence of their role in transmitting the weight of most of the body to the hip bones
- Weight is transferred from the axial skeleton to the ilia and then to the femurs during standing and to the ischial tuberosities during sitting. As long as tight apposition is maintained between the articular surfaces, the sacroiliac joints remain stable
- Is covered by cartilage and is supported by the anterior, posterior, andinterosseous sacroiliac ligaments
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Term
anterior sacroiliac ligament interosseous sacroiliac ligaments posterior sacroiliac ligaments |
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Definition
- The anterior part of the fibrous capsule of the synovial part of the joint
- Lying deep between the tuberosities of the sacrum and ilium and occupying an area of approximately 10 cm2 are the primary structures involved in transferring the weight of the upper body from the axial skeleton to the two ilia of the appendicular skeleton
- The posterior external continuation of the same mass of fibrous tissue
- Because the fibers of the interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments run obliquely upward and outward from the sacrum, the axial weight pushing down on the sacrum actually pulls the ilia inward (medially) so that they compress the sacrum between them, locking the irregular but congruent surfaces of the sacroiliac joints together. The iliolumbar ligaments are accessory ligaments to this mechanism
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Term
sacrotuberous ligament sacrospinous ligament |
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Definition
- Inferiorly, the posterior sacroiliac ligaments are joined by fibers extending from the posterior margin of the ilium (between the posterior superior and posterior inferior iliac spines) and the base of the coccyx to form the sacrotuberous ligament.This massive ligament thus passes from the posterior ilium and lateral sacrum and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity, transforming the sciatic notch of the hip bone into a large sciatic foramen.
- The sacrospinous ligament, passing from lateral sacrum and coccyx to the ischial spine, further subdivides this foramen into greaterlesser sciatic foramina and
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Term
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Definition
Secondary cartilaginous joint consists of a fibrocartilaginous interpubic disc and surrounding ligaments uniting the bodies of the pubic bones in the median plane. The interpubic disc is generally wider in women. The ligaments joining the bones are thickened at the superior and inferior margins of the symphysis, forming superior and inferior pubic ligaments. The superior pubic ligament connects the superior aspects of the pubic bodies and interpubic disc, extending as far laterally as the pubic tubercles. The inferior (arcuate) pubic ligament is a thick arch of fibers that connects the inferior aspects of the joint components, rounding off the subpubic angle as it forms the apex of the pubic arch. The decussating, fibers of the tendinous attachments of the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles also strengthen the pubic symphysis anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
L5 and S1 vertebrae articulate at the anterior intervertebral (IV) joint formed by the IV disc and at two posterior zygapophysial joints (facet joints) between the articular processes of these vertebrae. The facets on the S1 vertebra face posteromedially, interlocking with the anterolaterally facing inferior articular facets of the L5 vertebra, preventing the lumbar vertebra from sliding anteriorly down the incline of the sacrum. These joints are further strengthened by fan-like iliolumbar ligaments radiating from the transverse processes of the L5 vertebra to the ilia |
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Term
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Definition
- Is a cartilaginous joint between the sacrum and coccyx, reinforced by the anterior, posterior, and lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments
- The anterior and posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments are long strands that reinforce the joint, much like the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments do for the superior vertebrae
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Term
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Definition
The pelvic cavity contains the terminal parts of the ureters and the urinary bladder, rectum, pelvic genital organs, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. In addition to these distinctly pelvic viscera, it also contains what might be considered an overflow of abdominal viscera: loops of small intestine (mainly ileum) and, frequently, large intestine (appendix and transverse and/or sigmoid colon). The pelvic cavity is limited inferiorly by the musculofascial pelvic diaphragm, which is suspended above (but descends centrally to the level of) the pelvic outlet, forming a bowl-like pelvic floor. The pelvic cavity is bounded posteriorly by the coccyx and inferiormost sacrum, with the superior part of the sacrum forming a roof over the posterior half of the cavity. The bodies of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis uniting them form an anteroinferior wall that is much shallower (shorter) than the posterosuperior wall and ceiling formed by sacrum and coccyx. Consequently, the axis of the pelvis (a line in the median plane defined by the center point of the pelvic cavity at every level) is curved, pivoting around the pubic symphysis. The curving form of the axis and the disparity in depth between the anterior and the posterior walls of the cavity are important factors in the mechanism of fetal passage through the pelvic canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extends superiorly into the thoracic cage and inferiorly into the pelvis, so that its superior and inferior parts are relatively protected |
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Term
| Walls and Floor of the Pelvic Cavity |
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Definition
| The pelvic cavity has an anteroinferior wall, two lateral walls, a posterior wall (or posterolateral wall and a roof), and a floor |
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Term
Anteroinferior Pelvic Wall |
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Definition
The anteroinferior pelvic wall (more of a weight-bearing floor than an anterior wall in the anatomical position) is formed primarily by the bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis. It participates in bearing the weight of the urinary bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
The lateral pelvic walls are formed by the right and left hip bones, each of which includes an obturator foramen closed by an obturator membrane. The fleshy attachments of the obturator internus muscles cover and thus pad most of the lateral pelvic walls . The fleshy fibers of each obturator internus converge posteriorly, become tendinous, and turn sharply laterally to pass from the lesser pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen to attach to the greater trochanter of the femur. The medial surfaces of these muscles are covered by obturator fascia, thickened centrally as a tendinous arch that provides attachment for the pelvic diaphragm . Because this diaphragm is the boundary between the pelvis and the perineum, forming the floor of the pelvic cavity and the roof of the perineum , this attachment divides the muscle into a superior pelvic portion and an inferior perineal portion . Medial to the pelvic portions of these muscles are the obturator nerves and vessels and other branches of the internal iliac vessels. |
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Term
Posterolateral Wall and Roof What are its bony and musculoligamentous constituents and deswcribe them? Where does the piriformis muscles arise from? |
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Definition
Posterior pelvic wall consists of a bony wall and roof in the midline (formed by the sacrum and coccyx) and musculoligamentous posterolateral walls, formed by the ligaments associated with the sacroiliac joints and piriformis muscles. The ligaments include the anterior sacroiliac, sacrospinous, and sacrotuberous ligaments. The piriformis muscles arise from the superior sacrum, lateral to its pelvic foramina. The muscles pass laterally, leaving the lesser pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen to attach to the superior border of the greater trochanter of the femur. These muscles occupy much of the greater sciatic foramen, forming the posterolateral walls of the pelvic cavity.Immediately deep (anteromedial) to these muscles (often embedded in the fleshy fibers) are the nerves of the sacral plexus. A gap at the inferior border of the piriformis allows passage of neurovascular structures between the pelvis and the lower limb (gluteal region). |
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Term
Pelvic Floor What are its constituents? Describe its appearance? |
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Definition
- Formed by the bowl- or funnel-shaped pelvic diaphragm, which consists of the coccygeus and levator ani muscles and the fascias (L. fasciae) covering the superior and inferior aspects of these muscles.
- The pelvic diaphragm separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum within the lesser pelvis.
- The pelvic diaphragm stretches between the anterior, the lateral, and the posterior walls of the lesser pelvis, giving it the appearance of a hammock suspended from these attachments, closing much of the ring of the pelvic girdle
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Term
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Definition
arise from the lateral aspects of the inferior sacrum and coccyx, their fleshy fibers underlying the deep surface of the sacrospinous ligament |
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Term
Levator ani Describe its appearance? |
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Definition
The levator ani (a broad muscular sheet) is the larger and more important part of the pelvic floor. It is attached to the bodies of the pubic bones anteriorly, to the ischial spines posteriorly, and to a thickening in the obturator fascia (the tendinous arch of the levator ani) between the two bony sites on each side. An anterior gap between the medial borders of the levator ani muscles of each side of the urogenital hiatus gives passage to the urethra and, in females, the vagina. Levator ani forms a dynamic floor for supporting the abdominopelvic viscera. It is tonically contracted most of the time to support the abdominopelvic viscera and to assist in maintaining urinary and fecal continence. It is actively contracted during activities such as forced expiration, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and fixation of the trunk during strong movements of the upper limbs (e.g., when lifting heavy objects), primarily to increase support of the viscera during periods of increased intra-abdominal pressure (resisting forces that would push it through the pelvic outlet), and perhaps secondarily to contribute to the increased pressure (to aid expulsion). Penetrated centrally by the anal canal, the levator ani is funnel shaped, with the U-shaped puborectalis looping around the funnel spout, its tonic contraction bends it anteriorly.
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Term
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Definition
The levator ani consists of three parts, designated according to the attachment and course of its fiber: Puborectalis: the thicker, narrower, medial part of the levator ani, consisting of muscle fibers that are continuous between the posterior aspects of the right and left pubic bodies. It forms a U-shaped muscular sling (puborectal sling) that passes posterior to the anorectal junction, bounding the urogenital hiatus. This part plays a major role in maintaining fecal continence Pubococcygeus: the wider but thinner intermediate part of the levator ani, which arises lateral to the puborectalis from the posterior aspect of the body of the pubis and anterior tendinous arch.It passes posteriorly in a nearly horizontal plane; its lateral fibers attach to the coccyx and its medial fibers merge with those of the contralateral muscle to form a fibrous raphe or tendinous plate, part of the anococcygeal body or ligament between the anus and the coccyx (often referred to clinically as the levator plateĀ). Iliococcygeus: the posterolateral part of the levator ani, which arises from the posterior tendinous arch and ischial spine. It is thin and often poorly developed (aponeurotic) and also blends with the anococcygeal body posteriorly
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Term
| What organs in the pelvis is ensheathed by the peritoneum? |
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Definition
Ovaries and uterine tubes Only the superior and superolateral surfaces of plevic viscrea are covered. Only the uterine tubes (except for their ostia, which are open) are intraperitoneal and suspended by a mesentery. The ovaries, although suspended in the peritoneal cavity by a mesentery, are not covered with glistening peritoneum; instead a special, relatively-dull epithelium of cuboidal cells covers them.
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Term
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Definition
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Is a sac or recess formed by a fold of the peritoneum dipping down between the rectum and the uterus. -
Lies behind the posterior fornix of the vagina and contains peritoneal fluid and some of the small intestine
The median rectouterine pouch is often described as the being inferiormost extent of the peritoneal cavity in the female, but often its lateral extensions on each side of the rectum, the pararectal fossae, are deeper |
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Term
| Broad ligament of the Uterus |
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Definition
- Consists of two layers of peritoneum, extends from the lateral margin of the uterus to the lateral pelvic wall, and serves to hold the uterus in position.
- Contains the uterine tube, uterine vessels, round ligament of the uterus, ovarian ligament, ureter (lower part), uterovaginal nerve plexus, and lymphatic vessels.
- Does not contain the ovary but gives attachment to the ovary through the mesovarium.
- Has a posterior layer that curves from the isthmus of the uterus (the rectouterine fold) to the posterior wall of the pelvis alongside the rectum.
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Term
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Definition
Is connective tissue that occupies the space between the membranous peritoneum and the muscular pelvic walls and floor not occupied by the pelvic viscera. This layerĀ is a continuation of the comparatively thin (except around kidneys) endoabdominal fascia that lies between the muscular abdominal walls and the peritoneum superiorly. Traditionally, the pelvic fascia has been described as having parietal and visceral components |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous layer of variable thickness that lines the inner (deep or pelvic) aspect of the muscles forming the walls and floor of the pelvis. The parietal pelvic fascia therefore covers the pelvic surfaces of the obturator internus, piriformis, coccygeus, levator ani, and part of the urethral sphincter muscles. Specific parts of the parietal fascia are named for the muscle they cover (e.g., obturator fascia). This layer is continuous superiorly with the transversalis and iliopsoas fascias. |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the membranous fascia that directly ensheathes the pelvic organs, forming the adventitial layer of each |
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Term
| Where does the viscreal and parietal pelvic fascia become continuous? |
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Definition
The membranous parietal and visceral layers become continuous where the organs penetrate the pelvic floor. Here the parietal fascia thickens, forming the tendinous arch of pelvic fascia, a continuous bilateral band running from the pubis to the sacrum along the pelvic floor adjacent to the viscera. The anteriormost part of this tendinous arch (puboprostatic ligament in males; pubovesical ligament in females) connects the prostate to the pubis in the male or the fundus (base) of the bladder to the pubis in the female. The posteriormost part of the band runs as the sacrogenital ligaments from the sacrum around the side of the rectum to attach to the prostate in the male or the vagina in the female. |
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Term
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Definition
| Six main arteries enter the lesser pelvis of females, whereas four main arteries enter the lesser pelvis of males: the internal iliac and ovarian arteries (females only) are paired, and the median sacral and superior rectal arteries are unpaired. |
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Term
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Definition
begins as the common iliac artery and bifurcates into the internal and external iliac arteries at the level of the IV disc between the L5 and the S1 vertebrae.The ureter crosses the common iliac artery or its terminal branches at or immediately distal to the bifurcation.The internal iliac artery is separated from the sacroiliac joint by the internal iliac vein and the lumbosacral trunk. It descends posteromedially into the lesser pelvis, medial to the external iliac vein and obturator nerve and lateral to the peritoneum.
The internal iliac artery is the principal artery of the pelvis, supplying most of the blood to the pelvic viscera and some to the musculoskeletal part of the pelvis; however, it also supplies branches to the gluteal region, medial thigh regions, and the perineum. Although variations are common, the internal iliac artery usually ends at the superior edge of the greater sciatic foramen by dividing into anterior and posterior divisions (trunks). The branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery are mainly visceral (i.e., they supply the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs), but they also include parietal branches that pass to the buttock and thigh. Branches from the posterior trunk of the internal ilaic artery contribute to the supply of the lower posterior abdominal wall, the posterior pelvic wall, and the gluteal region |
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Term
| Rectouterine (sacrouterine) ligaments |
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Definition
Hold the cervix back and upward and sometimes elevate a shelf-like fold of peritoneum (rectouterine fold), which passes from the isthmus of the uterus to the posterior wall of the pelvis lateral to the rectum. It corresponds to the sacrogenital (rectoprostatic) fold in the male. |
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Term
| Round ligament of the uterus |
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Definition
- Is attached to the uterus in front of and below the attachment of the uterine tube and represents the remains of the lower part of the gubernaculum.
- Runs within the layers of the broad ligament, contains smooth muscle fibers, and holds the fundus of the uterus forward, keeping the uterus anteverted and anteflexed.
- Enters the inguinal canal at the deep inguinal ring, emerges from the superficial inguinal ring, and becomes lost in the subcutaneous tissue of the labium majus.
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Term
Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament of the ovary Lateral or transverse cervical (cardinal or Mackenrodt's) ligaments of the uterus |
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Definition
Is a fibromuscular cord that extends from the ovary to the uterus below the uterine tube, running within the layers of the broad ligament Is a band of peritoneum that extends upward from the ovary to the pelvic wall and transmits the ovarian vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
Are fibromuscular condensations of pelvic fascia from the cervix and the vagina to the pelvic walls, extend laterally below the base of the broad ligament, and support the uterus.
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Term
Pubocervical ligaments Pubovesical (female) or puboprostatic (male) ligaments Sacrocervical ligaments |
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Definition
Are firm bands of connective tissue that extend from the posterior surface of the pubis to the cervix of the uterus. Are condensations of the pelvic fascia that extend from the neck of the bladder (or the prostate gland in the male) to the pelvic bone. Are firm fibromuscular bands of pelvic fascia that extend from the lower end of the sacrum to the cervix and the upper end of the vagina
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Term
Inferior pubic (arcuate pubic) ligament Rectovesical pouch |
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Definition
Arches across the inferior aspect of the pubic symphysis and attaches to the medial borders of the inferior pubic rami. Is a peritoneal recess between the bladder and the rectum in males, and the vesicouterine pouch is a peritoneal sac between the bladder and the uterus in females. |
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Term
| What are the branches of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery? |
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Definition
Branches of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery are the iliolumbar artery, the lateral sacral artery, and the superior gluteal artery: 1.The iliolumbar artery ascends laterally back out of the pelvic inlet and divides into a lumbar branch and an iliac branch. The lumbar branch contributes to the supply of the posterior abdominal wall, psoas, quadratus lumborum muscles, and cauda equina via a small spinal branch that passes through the intervertebral foramen between LV and SI. The iliac branch passes laterally into the iliac fossa to supply muscle and bone. 2.The lateral sacral arteries, usually two, originate from the posterior division of the internal iliac artery and course medially and inferiorly along the posterior pelvic wall. They give rise to branches that pass into the anterior sacral foramina to supply related bone and soft tissues, structures in the vertebral (sacral) canal, and skin and muscle posterior to the sacrum. 3.The superior gluteal artery is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery and is the terminal continuation of the posterior trunk. It courses posteriorly, usually passing between the lumbosacral trunk and anterior ramus of S1, to leave the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis muscle and enter the gluteal region of the lower limb. This vessel makes a substantial contribution to the blood supply of muscles and skin in the gluteal region and also supplies branches to adjacent muscles and bones of the pelvic walls. |
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Term
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Definition
The first branch of the anterior trunk is the umbilical artery, which gives origin to the superior vesical artery, then travels forward just inferior to the margin of the pelvic inlet. Anteriorly, the vessel leaves the pelvic cavity and ascends on the internal aspect of the anterior abdominal wall to reach the umbilicus. In the fetus, the umbilical artery is large and carries blood from the fetus to the placenta. After birth, the vessel closes distally to the origin of the superior vesical artery and eventually becomes a solid fibrous cord. On the anterior abdominal wall, the cord raises a fold of peritoneum termed the medial umbilical fold. The fibrous remnant of the umbilical artery itself is the medial umbilical ligament. |
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Term
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Definition
The origin of the obturator artery is variable; usually it arises close to the origin of the umbilical artery, where it is crossed by the ureter The obturator artery courses anteriorly along the pelvic wall and leaves the pelvic cavity via the obturator canal. Together with the obturator nerve, above, and obturator vein, below, it enters and supplies the adductor region of the thigh. |
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Term
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Definition
The inferior vesical artery occurs only in males, being replaced by the vaginal artery in females. It passes to the fundus of the urinary bladder, where it supplies the seminal glands, prostate, fundus of the bladder, and inferior part of the ureter. The branches to the ductus deferens and prostate are the artery to the ductus deferens and the prostatic artery. The artery to the ductus deferens may arise from the superior vesical artery. |
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Term
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Definition
The middle rectal artery may arise independently from the internal iliac artery, or it may arise in common with the inferior vesical artery or the internal pudendal artery. The middle rectal artery supplies the inferior part of the rectum, anastomosing with the superior and inferior rectal arteries, supplying the seminal glands and prostate (or the vagina). |
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Term
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Definition
The vaginal artery is the homolog to the inferior vesical artery in males. It runs anteriorly and then passes along the side of the vagina, where it supplies numerous branches to the anterior and posterior surfaces of the vagina, posteroinferior parts of the urinary bladder, and the pelvic part of the urethra.It anastomoses with the vaginal branch of the uterine artery. |
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Term
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Definition
The uterine artery usually arises separately and directly from the internal iliac artery, but it may arise from the umbilical artery. It is the homolog to the artery to the ductus deferens in the male. It descends on the lateral wall of the pelvis, anterior to the internal iliac artery, and enters the root of the broad ligament. Here it passes medially to reach the lateral margin of the uterus immediately superior to the lateral part of the fornix of the vagina. As it passes medially in the broad ligament, the uterine artery passes directly superior to the ureter near the lateral part of the fornix of the vagina. The relationship of ureter to artery is often remembered by the phrase Waterpasses under the bridge (uterine artery). On reaching the side of the cervix, the uterine artery divides into a smaller descending vaginal branch, which supplies the cervix and vagina, and a larger ascending branch, which runs along the lateral margin of the uterus, supplying the body and fundus of the uterus. The ascending branch bifurcates into ovarian and tubal branches, which continue within the broad ligament to supply the medial ends of the ovary and uterine tube and anastomose with the ovarian and tubal branches of the ovarian artery. |
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Term
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Definition
- larger in males than in females
- courses inferiorly from its origin in the anterior trunk and leaves the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis muscle. In association with the pudendal nerve on its medial side, the vessel passes laterally to the ischial spine and then through the lesser sciatic foramen to enter the perineum. The internal pudendal artery is the main artery of the perineum. Among the structures it supplies are the erectile tissues of the clitoris and the penis.
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Term
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Definition
is a large terminal branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. It passes between anterior rami S1 to S2 or S2 to S3 of the sacral plexus and leaves the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis muscle. It enters and contributes to the blood supply of the gluteal region and anastomoses with a network of vessels around the hip joint. |
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Term
| List the Branches of the anterior Division of the Internal Iliac Artery |
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Definition
umbilical artery superior vesical artery inferior vesical artery middle rectal artery obturator artery internal pudendal artery inferior gluteal artery uterine artery
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Term
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Definition
| originate from the abdominal aorta and then descend to cross the pelvic inlet and supply the ovaries. They anastomose with terminal parts of the uterine arteries. On each side, the vessels travel in the suspensory ligament of ovary (the infundibulopelvic ligament) as they cross the pelvic inlet to the ovary. Branches pass through the mesovarium to reach the ovary and through the broad ligament to anastomose with the uterine artery. The ovarian arteries enlarge significantly during pregnancy to augment uterine blood supply. |
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Definition
| small unpaired artery that usually arises from the posterior surface of the aorta just superior to the aortic bifurcation at vertebral level LIV in the abdomen. It descends in the midline, crosses the pelvic inlet, and then courses along the anterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx. It gives rise to the last pair of lumbar arteries (L5 arteries) and to branches that anastomose with the iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries |
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Definition
| is the direct continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery . It crosses the left common iliac vessels and descends in the sigmoid mesocolon to the lesser pelvis. At the level of the S3 vertebra, the superior rectal artery divides into two branches, which descend on each side of the rectum and supply it as far inferiorly as the internal anal sphincter. The superior rectal artery anastomoses with branches of the middle rectal artery (a branch of the internal iliac artery) and with the inferior rectal artery (a branch of the internal pudendal artery). |
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Term
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Definition
Pelvic venous plexuses are formed by the interjoining veins surrounding the pelvic viscera .
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Term
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Definition
The various plexuses within the lesser pelvis (rectal, vesical, prostatic, uterine, and vaginal) unite and are drained mainly by the internal iliac veins, but some of them drain through the superior rectal vein into the inferior mesenteric vein or through lateral sacral veins into the internal vertebral venous plexus The internal iliac veins merge with the external iliac veins to form the common iliac veins, which unite at the level of vertebra L4 or L5 to form the inferior vena cava. |
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Term
Iliolumbar vein Gluteal vein Testicular vein |
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Definition
The iliolumbar veins from the iliac fossae of the greater pelvis usually drain into the common iliac veins. The superior gluteal veins, the accompanying veins (L. venae comitantes) of the superior gluteal arteries of the gluteal region, are the largest tributaries of the internal iliac veins except during pregnancy, when the uterine veins become larger. Testicular veins traverse the greater pelvis as they pass from the deep inguinal ring toward their posterior abdominal terminations, but do not usually drain pelvic structures |
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Term
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Definition
The single deep dorsal vein that drains erectile tissues of the clitoris and the penis does not follow branches of the internal pudendal artery into the pelvic cavity. Instead, this vein passes directly into the pelvic cavity through a gap formed between the arcuate pubic ligament and the anterior margin of the perineal membrane. The vein joins the prostatic plexus of veins in men and the vesical (bladder) plexus of veins in women. (Superficial veins that drain the skin of the penis and corresponding regions of the clitoris drain into the external pudendal veins, which are tributaries of the great saphenous vein in the thigh.) |
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Term
median sacral vein Ovarian vein |
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Definition
| median sacral veins coalesce to form a single vein that joins either the left common iliac vein or the junction of the two common iliac veins to form the inferior vena cava;
the ovarian veins follow the course of the corresponding arteries; on the left, they join the left renal vein and, on the right, they join the inferior vena cava in the abdomen |
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Term
How many lymp nodes are are located in or adjacent to the pelvis List them |
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Definition
4 External iliac lymph nodes Internal iliac lymph nodes Sacral lymph nodes Common iliac lymph nodes |
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Term
| External iliac lymph nodes |
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Definition
lie above the pelvic brim, along the external iliac vessels. They receive lymph mainly from the inguinal lymph nodes; however, they receive lymph from pelvic viscera, especially the superior parts of the middle to anterior pelvic organs. Whereas most of the lymphatic drainage from the pelvis tends to parallel routes of venous drainage, the lymphatic drainage to the external iliac nodes does not. These nodes drain into the common iliac nodes. |
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Term
| Internal iliac lymph nodes |
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Definition
| clustered around the anterior and posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery and the origins of the gluteal arteries. They receive drainage from the inferior pelvic viscera, deep perineum, and gluteal region and drain into the common iliac nodes. |
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Definition
| lie in the concavity of the sacrum, adjacent to the median sacral vessels. They receive lymph from posteroinferior pelvic viscera and drain either to internal or common iliac nodes. |
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Definition
| lie superior to the pelvis and receive drainage from the three main groups listed above, beginning a common route for drainage from the pelvis that passes next to the lumbar (caval/aortic) nodes. Inconstant direct drainage to the common iliac nodes occurs from some pelvic organs (e.g., from the neck of the bladder and inferior vagina). |
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| Gender differences in the Pelvis |
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Definition
The pelvises of women and men differ in a number of ways, many of which have to do with the passing of a baby through a woman's pelvic cavity during childbirth: - The pelvic inlet in women is circular in shape compared with the heart-shaped pelvic inlet in men. The more circular shape is partly caused by the less distinct promontory and broader alae in women.
- The angle formed by the two arms of the pubic arch is larger in women (80-85°) than it is in men (50-60°).
- The ischial spines generally do not project as far medially into the pelvic cavity in women as they do in men
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| What are the muscles of the pelvic wall |
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Definition
obturator internus piriformis These contribute to the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity. These muscles originate in the pelvic cavity but attach peripherally to the femur. |
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Definition
- Arises from the inner surface of the obturator membrane.
- Has a tendon that passes around the lesser sciatic notch to insert into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
- Is innervated by the nerve to the obturator.
- Laterally rotates the thigh
| The obturator internus forms a large part of the anterolateral wall of the pelvic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
Triangular in shape and originates in the bridges of bone between the four anterior sacral foramina. It passes laterally through the greater sciatic foramen, crosses the posterosuperior aspect of the hip joint, and inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur above the insertion of the obturator internus muscle This muscle separates the greater sciatic foramen into two regions, one above the muscle and one below. Vessels and nerves coursing between the pelvic cavity and the gluteal region pass through these two region |
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Term
Apertures in the pelvic wall How many List them? |
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Definition
Each lateral pelvic wall has three major apertures through which structures pass between the pelvic cavity and other regions: - the obturator canal;
- the greater sciatic foramen; and
- the lesser sciatic foramen
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Term
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Definition
| At the top of the obturator foramen is the obturator canal, which is bordered by the obturator membrane, the associated obturator muscles, and the superior pubic ramus. The obturator nerve and vessels pass from the pelvic cavity to the thigh through this canal. |
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Term
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Definition
The greater sciatic foramen is a major route of communication between the pelvic cavity and the lower limb. It is formed by the greater sciatic notch in the pelvic bone, the sacrotuberous and the sacrospinous ligaments, and the spine of the ischium The piriformis muscle passes through the greater sciatic foramen, dividing it into two parts: - The superior gluteal nerves and vessels pass through the foramen above the piriformis.
- Passing through the foramen below the piriformis are the inferior gluteal nerves and vessels, the sciatic nerve, the pudendal nerve, the internal pudendal vessels, the posterior femoral cutaneous nerves, and the nerves to the obturator internus and quadratus femoris muscles
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Term
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Definition
Is formed by the lesser sciatic notch of the pelvic bone, the ischial spine, the sacrospinous ligament, and the sacrotuberous ligament. The tendon of the obturator internus muscle passes through this foramen to enter the gluteal region of the lower limb | Because the lesser sciatic foramen is positioned below the attachment of the pelvic floor, it acts as a route of communication between the perineum and the gluteal region. The pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels pass between the pelvic cavity (above the pelvic floor) and the perineum (below the pelvic floor), by first passing out of the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen, then looping around the ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament to pass through the lesser sciatic foramen to enter the perineum. | |
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Term
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Definition
| pelvic viscera include parts of the gastrointestinal system, the urinary system, and the reproductive system. The viscera are arranged in the midline, from front to back; the neurovascular supply is through branches that pass medially from vessels and nerves associated with the pelvic walls |
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Term
| Pelvic part of Gastrointestinal |
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Definition
| Consist mainly of the rectum and the anal canal, although the terminal part of the sigmoid colon is also in the pelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
The rectum is continuous: - above, with the sigmoid colon at about the level of vertebra SIII; and
- below, with the anal canal as this structure penetrates the pelvic floor and passes through the perineum to end as the anus.
The most posterior element of the pelvic viscera, is immediately anterior to, and follows the concave contour of the sacrum Anorectal junction is pulled forward (perineal flexure) by the action of the puborectalis part of the levator ani muscle, so the anal canal moves in a posterior direction as it passes inferiorly through the pelvic floor.
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Term
curvature of rectum rectal ampulla |
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Definition
The rectum has three lateral curvatures; the upper and lower curvatures to the right and the middle curvature to the left. The lower part of the rectum is expanded to form the rectal ampulla. Finally, unlike the colon, the rectum lacks distinct taeniae coli muscles, omental appendices and sacculations (haustra of the colon). |
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Term
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Definition
Begins at the terminal end of the rectal ampulla where it narrows at the pelvic floor. It terminates as the anus after passing through the perineum. As it passes through the pelvic floor, the anal canal is surrounded along its entire length by the internal and external anal sphincters, which normally keep it closed.
The upper part of the anal canal is lined by mucosa similar to that lining the rectum and is distinguished by a number of longitudinally oriented folds known as anal columns, which are united inferiorly by crescentic folds termed anal valves. Superior to each valve is a depression termed an anal sinus. The anal valves together form a circle around the anal canal at a location known as the pectinate line, which marks the approximate position of the anococcygeal membrane. Inferior to the pectinate line is a transition zone known as the anal pecten, which is lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The anal pecten ends inferiorly at the anocutaneous line ('white line'), or where the lining of the anal canal becomes true skin. |
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| What are the pelvic constituents of the Urinary system? |
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Definition
the terminal parts of the ureters, the bladder the proximal part of the urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| The ureters enter the pelvic cavity from the abdomen by passing through the pelvic inlet. On each side, the ureter crosses the pelvic inlet and enters the pelvic cavity in the area anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery. From this point, it continues along the pelvic wall and floor to join the base of the bladder |
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Term
Bladder describe its shape? |
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Definition
The apex of the bladder is directed toward the top of the pubic symphysis; a structure known as the median umbilical ligament (a remnant of the embryologic urachus that contributes to the formation of the bladder) continues from it superiorly up the anterior abdominal wall to the umbilicus.
The base of the bladder is shaped like an inverted triangle and faces posteroinferiorly. The two ureters enter the bladder at each of the upper corners of the base, and the urethra drains inferiorly from the lower corner of the base. Inside, the mucosal lining on the base of the bladder is smooth and firmly attached to the underlying smooth muscle coat of the wall-unlike elsewhere in the bladder where the mucosa is folded and loosely attached to the wall. The smooth triangular area between the openings of the ureters and urethra on the inside of the bladder is known as the trigone .
The inferolateral surfaces of the bladder are cradled between the levator ani muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and the adjacent obturator internus muscles above the attachment of the pelvic diaphragm. The superior surface is slightly domed when the bladder is empty; it balloons upward as the bladder fills |
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Term
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Definition
Most inferior part of the bladder and also the most 'fixed' part. It is anchored into position by a pair of tough fibromuscular bands, which connect the neck and pelvic part of the urethra to the posteroinferior aspect of each pubic bone: - In women, these fibromuscular bands are termed pubovesical ligaments. Together with the perineal membrane and associated muscles, the levator ani muscles, and the pubic bones, these ligaments help support the bladder.
- In men, the paired fibromuscular bands are known as puboprostatic ligaments because they blend with the fibrous capsule of the prostate, which surrounds the neck of the bladder and adjacent part of the urethra
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Term
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Definition
- Develops from the mesonephric ducts and the urogenital sinus.
- The urethra in men is divided into preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, and spongy parts.The preprostatic part of the urethra is about 1 cm long, extends from the base of the bladder to the prostate, and is associated with a circular cuff of smooth muscle fibers (the internal urethral sphincter). Contraction of this sphincter prevents retrograde movement of semen into the bladder during ejaculation.The prostatic part of the urethra is surrounded by the prostate.The membranous part of the urethra is narrow and passes through the deep perineal pouch.The spongy urethra is surrounded by erectile tissue (the corpus spongiosum) of the penis.
- In females, the upper part of the urethra develops from the mesonephric ducts, and the lower end forms from the urogenital sinus.
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Term
| Components OF THE Male reproductive system? |
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Definition
Testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct on each side, and the urethra and penis in the midline. In addition, three types of accessory glands are associated with the system: - a single prostate;
- a pair of seminal vesicles; and
- a pair of bulbourethral glands.
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Term
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Definition
- Develops retroperitoneally and descends into the scrotum retroperitoneally.
- Is covered by the tunica albuginea, which lies beneath the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis.
- Produces spermatozoa and secretes sex hormones.
- Is supplied by the testicular artery from the abdominal aorta and is drained by veins of the pampiniform plexus.
- Has lymph vessels that ascend with the testicular vessels and drain into the lumbar (aortic) nodes; lymphatic vessels in the scrotum drain into the superficial inguinal nodes.
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Term
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Definition
It has two distinct components: - the efferent ductules, which form an enlarged coiled mass that sits on the posterior superior pole of the testis and forms the head of the epididymis;
- the true epididymis, which is a single, long coiled duct into which the efferent ductules all drain, and which continues inferiorly along the posterolateral margin of the testis as the body of epididymis and enlarges to form the tail of epididymis at the inferior pole of the testis.
Functions in the maturation and storage of spermatozoa in the head and body and propulsion of the spermatozoa into the ductus deferens. |
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Term
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Definition
- Long muscular duct that transports spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis in the scrotum to the ejaculatory duct in the pelvic cavity. It ascends in the scrotum as a component of the spermatic cord and passes through the inguinal canal in the anterior abdominal wall.
- Between the ureter and ejaculatory duct, the ductus deferens expands to form the ampulla of the ductus deferens. The ejaculatory duct penetrates through the prostate gland to connect with the prostatic urethra
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Definition
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Definition
- Are enclosed by dense endopelvic fascia and are lobulated glandular structures that are diverticula of the ductus deferens.
- Lie inferior and lateral to the ampullae of the ductus deferens against the fundus (base) of the bladder.
- Produce the alkaline constituent of the seminal fluid, which contains fructose and choline.
- Have lower ends that become narrow and form ducts, which join the ampullae of the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts.
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Term
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Definition
- an unpaired accessory structure surrounds the urethra in the pelvic cavity and consists chiefly of glandular tissue mixed with smooth muscle and fibrous tissue
- Lies immediately inferior to the bladder, posterior to the pubic symphysis, and anterior to the rectum
- Has five lobes: the anterior lobe (or isthmus), which lies in front of the urethra and is devoid of glandular substance; the middle (median) lobe, which lies between the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts and is prone to benign hypertrophy obstructing the internal urethral orifice; the posterior lobe, which lies behind the urethra and below the ejaculatory ducts, contains glandular tissue, and is prone to carcinomatous transformation; and the right and left lateral lobes, which are situated on either side of the urethra and form the main mass of the gland.
- Secretes a fluid that produces the characteristic odor of semen. This fluid, the secretion from the seminal vesicles and the bulbourethral glands, and the spermatozoa constitute the semen or seminal fluid.
- Secretes prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostaglandins, citric acid and acid phosphatase, and proteolytic enzymes.
- Has ducts that open into the prostatic sinus, a groove on either side of the urethral crest.
- Receives the ejaculatory duct, which opens into the urethra on the seminal colliculus just lateral to the blind prostatic utricle.
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Term
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Definition
- The two pea-size bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) lie posterolateral to the intermediate part of the urethra, largely embedded within the external urethral sphincter
- The ducts of the bulbourethral glands pass through the perineal membrane with the intermediate urethra and open through minute apertures into the proximal part of the spongy urethra in the bulb of the penis.
- Their mucus-like secretion enters the urethra during sexual arousal.
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Term
| What are the components of the Female Rep syst? |
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Definition
- an ovary on each side; and
- a uterus, vagina, and clitoris in the midline
- a pair of accessory glands (the greater vestibular glands)
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Term
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Definition
1.Lie on the posterior aspect of the broad ligament on the side wall of the pelvic minor and are bounded by the external and internal iliac vessels.
2.Are not covered by the peritoneum, and thus the ovum or oocyte is expelled into the peritoneal cavity and then into the uterine tube. 3.Are not enclosed in the broad ligament, but their anterior surface is attached to the posterior layer of the broad ligament by the mesovarium.
4.Have a surface that is covered by germinal (columnar) epithelium, which is modified from the developmental peritoneal covering of the ovary.
5.Are supplied primarily by the ovarian arteries, which are contained in the suspensory ligament and anastomose with branches of the uterine artery.
6.Are drained by the ovarian veins; the right ovarian vein joins the inferior vena cava, and the left ovarian vein joins the left renal vein.
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Term
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Definition
- Extend from the uterus to the uterine end of the ovaries and connect the uterine cavity to the peritoneal cavity.
- Are each subdivided into four parts: the uterine part, the isthmus, the ampulla (the longest and widest part), and the infundibulum (the funnel-shaped termination formed of fimbriae).
- Convey the fertilized or unfertilized oocytes to the uterus by ciliary action and muscular contraction, which takes 3 to 4 days.
- Transport spermatozoa in the opposite direction (toward the eggs); fertilization takes place within the tube, usually in the infundibulum or ampulla. Fertilization is the process beginning with penetration of the secondary oocyte by the sperm and completed by fusion of the male and female pronuclei
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Term
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Definition
- Is the organ of gestation in which the fertilized oocyte normally becomes embedded and the developing organism grows until its birth.
- Is normally anteverted (i.e., angle of 90 degrees at the junction of the vagina and cervical canal) and anteflexed (i.e., angle of 160 to 170 degrees at the junction of the cervix and body).
- Is supported by the pelvic diaphragm; the urogenital diaphragm; the round, broad, lateral, or transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments; and the pubocervical, sacrocervical, and rectouterine ligaments.
- Is supplied primarily by the uterine artery and secondarily by the ovarian artery.
- Has an anterior surface that rests on the posterosuperior surface of the bladder.
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Term
| What are the 4 divisons of the Uterus? |
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Definition
Fundus Is the rounded part of the uterus located superior and anterior to the plane of the entrance of the uterine tube Body:Is the main part of the uterus located inferior to the fundus and superior to the isthmus. The uterine cavity is triangular in the coronal section and is continuous with the lumina of the uterine tube and with the internal os Isthmus:Is the constricted part of the uterus located between the body and cervix of the uterus. It corresponds to the internal os Cervix:Is the inferior narrow part of the uterus that projects into the vagina and divides into the following regions: |
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Term
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Definition
- Extends between the vestibule and the cervix of the uterus.
- Is located at the lower end of the birth canal.
- Has a fornix that forms the recess between the cervix and the wall of the vagina.
- Opens into the vestibule and is partially closed by a membranous crescentic fold, the hymen.
- Is supported by the levator ani; the transverse cervical, pubocervical, and sacrocervical ligaments (upper part); the urogenital diaphragm (middle part); and the perineal body (lower part).
- Receives blood from the vaginal branches of the uterine artery and of the internal iliac artery.
- Has lymphatic drainage in two directions: the lymphatics from the upper three fourths drain into the internal iliac nodes, and the lymphatics from the lower one fourth, below the hymen, drain downward to the perineum and thus into the superficial inguinal nodes.
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Term
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Definition
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Is a diamond-shaped space that has the same boundaries as the inferior aperture of the pelvis. -
Is bounded by the pubic symphysis anteriorly, the ischiopubic rami anterolaterally, the ischial tuberosities laterally, the sacrotuberous ligaments posterolaterally, and the tip of the coccyx posteriorly. -
Has a floor that is composed of skin and fascia and a roof formed by the pelvic diaphragm with its fascial covering.
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Term
| What are the divisions of the Perineium? |
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Definition
The perineum is divided by an imaginary line between the two ischial tuberosities into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle: - The urogenital triangle is associated with the openings of the urinary systems and the reproductive systems and functions to anchor the external genitalia and is found anterior to the line.
- The anal triangle contains the anus and the external anal sphincter and is found posterior to the line
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Term
| What fills the Urogenital Triangle? |
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Definition
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Term
Perineal Fasciae How may layers does it have? |
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Definition
Perineal fascia consists of superficial and deep layers. |
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Term
| Superficial perineal fascia |
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Definition
The subcutaneous tissue of the perineum includes a superficial fatty layer and a deeper membranous layer (Colles fascia), which are continuous with corresponding layers of the inferior anterior abdominal wall. In females, the fatty layer is thick within the mons pubis and labia majora, but in males, it is replaced by smooth dartos muscle in the penis and scrotum. The membranous layer is limited to the UG triangle, fusing with the deep fascia at the posterior border (base) of the triangle. In males, this layer extends into the penis and scrotum, where it is closely associated with the loose, mobile skin of those structures. |
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Term
Superficial Perineal Pouch What does it contain?
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Definition
The superficial perineal pouch (compartment) is a potential space between the membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue and the perineal membrane, bounded laterally by the ischiopubic rami In males, the superficial perineal pouch contains the: 1.Root (bulb and crura) of the penis and associated muscles (ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus).
2.Proximal (bulbous) part of the spongy urethra.
3.Superficial transverse perineal muscles.
4.Deep perineal branches of the internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerves. In females, the superficial perineal pouch contains the: 1.Clitoris and associated muscles (ischiocavernosus). 2.Bulbs of the vestibule and surrounding muscle (bulbospongiosus). 3.Greater vestibular glands. 4.Superficial transverse perineal muscles. 5.Related vessels and nerves (deep perineal branches of the internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
The deep perineal pouch (space) is bounded inferiorly by the perineal membrane, superiorly by the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm, and laterally by the inferior portion of the obturator fascia (covering the obturator internus muscle).It includes the fat-filled anterior recesses of the ischioanal fossa. The superior boundary in the region of the urogenital hiatus is indistinct. |
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Term
| What structues does the Deep Perineal pouch Contain |
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Definition
In both sexes, the deep perineal pouch contains: 1. Part of the urethra, centrally. 2.The inferior part of the external urethral sphincter muscle, above the center of the perineal membrane, surrounding the urethra. 3.Anterior extensions of the ischioanal fat pads. In males, the deep perineal pouch contains the: 1.Intermediate part of the urethra, the narrowest part of the male urethra. 2.Deep transverse perineal muscles, immediately superior to the perineal membrane (on its superior surface), running transversely along its posterior aspect. 3.Bulbourethral glands, embedded within the deep perineal musculature. 4.Dorsal neurovascular structures of the penis. In females, the deep perineal pouch contains the: Proximal part of the urethra. |
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Term
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Definition
Faces posteroinferiorly and is defined laterally by the medial margins of the sacrotuberous ligaments, anteriorly by a horizontal line between the two ischial tuberosities, and posteriorly by the coccyx. The ceiling of the anal triangle is the pelvic diaphragm, which is formed by the levator ani muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| The ischioanal fossae (formerly called ischiorectal fossae) on each side of the anal canal are large fascia-lined, wedge-shaped spaces between the skin of the anal region and the pelvic diaphragm. The apex of each fossa lies superiorly where the levator ani muscle arises from the obturator fascia. The ischioanal fossae, wide inferiorly and narrow superiorly, are filled with fat and loose connective tissue. |
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