Term
|
Definition
Ataxic
Dyskintec
Rigid
Spastic
Mixed |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Poor balance and muscle
2. coordination, unsteady and wide-based gait |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Involuntary, uncoordinated movements
2. Slow state of writhing muscle contractions when voluntary movement is attempted
3. Facial grimacing
4. Drooling, poor swallowing
5. Poor speech articulation |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Rigid posture
2. Lack of active movement |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Hyperactive stretch reflex and deep tendon reflexes
2. Rapid, involuntary muscle relaxation and contraction
3. Contractures of extensor muscles
4. Scissoring |
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Term
|
Definition
| Signs of more than one type of CP and severe disability |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Prenatal conditions (rubella, toxemia, anoxia)
2. Perinatal and birth difficulties
3. Infection or trauma during infancy |
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Term
|
Definition
Abnormal motor skills
- Asymmetry
- Early handedness
- Feeding/swallowing problems
- Persistent toe-walking
Altered muscle tone
- Hypotonia, hypertonia
- Scissoring
Persistence of primitive reflexes
Associated abnormalities of cognition, seizures, hearing & vision |
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Term
|
Definition
Limited to one area of the cerebral cortex
May progress to generalized seizure
Prodromal symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
Involves both hemispheres of the brain
Usually no prodromal symptoms |
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Term
| Unclassified/ Miscellaneous Seizures |
|
Definition
Neonatal
- Subtle
- Incidence is difficult to determine
- Usually occur in preterm infants and mainly during first week of life
Febrile
Status epilepticus
- recurrent or continuous seizures without interruption risk of anoxia, respiratory and cardiac, arrest or brain damage
- Consciousness not regained during seizures
- Last more than 30 minutes |
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Term
|
Definition
Symptoms confined to one hemisphere of the brain,
May have motor symptoms (change in posture is repetitive movement of a limb)
Autonomic, sensory, or psychic (hallucinations) symptoms
No impairment of consciousness. |
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Term
|
Definition
Begins in one focal area of the brain but spreads to both hemispheres.
May have only loss of consciousness or may also have automatisms |
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Term
| Absence seizures (petite mal) |
|
Definition
Sudden onset, last 5-10 seconds, can have 100 per day
Loss of responsiveness but ability to maintain posture control and not fall.
Twitching eyelids and lip smacking.
Appear after age 5 outgrow by school age.
No postictal symptoms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| short muscle contractions |
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Term
|
Definition
| opposing muscles contract and relax alternatively in rhythmic pattern |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscles maintained in a continuous contracted state |
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Term
| Tonic- clonic (“grand mal”) Seizures |
|
Definition
Violent total body seizure
Aura tonic movement first (rigidity)
Clonic next (rhythmic jerking)
Postictal symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
Drop and fall attack
Loss of posture tone
Needs to wear helmet * |
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Term
|
Definition
Sudden brief loss of muscle tone or posture
Temporary LOC |
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Term
|
Definition
Transient
Peak age 6 months-3 years
T> 38.8 ° C or 102°F
Rapid rise of temp is thought to
cause febrile seizures *
Only one seizure per fever
Common in 4% of kids under 5
Family history
Nursing care
Fever management
Seizure management
Parent education |
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Term
|
Definition
- Obtain thorough history;
- Stay with child; keep child safe; put child on side if possible; do not put anything in mouth; move equipment etc. away; assess child; administer antiepileptic as ordered.
- Document assessment findings during seizure
- Monitor vital signs
- Quality of respirations and color changes
- Monitor LOC
- Note time of onset & duration
- Note any precipitating factors |
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Term
| Seizure Precautions for child at risk |
|
Definition
- Suction & oxygen, B &M at bedside
- Side rails raised and padded
- Waterproof mattress/pad on bed or crib
- Wear medical identification band
- Identify and avoid triggering factors
- Protective helmet prn
- Medication, as indicated
- Phenytoin (Dilatin) |
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Term
|
Definition
| absence of the entire brain; brain stem or cerebellum maybe present |
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Term
|
Definition
| meningeal and cerebral tissue protrudes in a sac through a defect in the skull |
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Term
|
Definition
| a defective closure of the verterbral column |
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Term
| Spina Bifida: Nursing Management Pre-operatively |
|
Definition
- Check for leakage of CSF from Sac
- Prevention of Infection and Injury
- Apply moist sterile dressing with saline to defect (pre-op only)
- Avoid fecal contamination
- Monitor S/S of infection and meningitis
- Thermoregulation
- Administer Antibiotics
- Pre-op remain prone position or side lying
- No rectal temps- rectal prolapse or irritation
- Check for movement sensation of the lower extremities |
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Term
| Spina Bifida: Nursing Management Postoperatively |
|
Definition
- Prevention infection and injury
- Maintain a dry sterile dressing
- Examine dressing for CSF leakage
- Protect suture line with apron
- Position the infant side lying or prone
- No rectal temps
- Prevent Urinary Complications/UTI(Often associated with neurogenic bladder)
- Continue antibiotics |
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Term
|
Definition
Collection of excess CSF in brain ventricular system
- Manifestation of underlying problem
Communicating
- Excess production of CSF
- Impaired absorption of CSF in arachnoid space
- Scarring, congenital anomalies, or hemorrhage.
Noncommunicating
- Obstruction to flow
- Malformations, tumors, clots, edema |
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Term
| Hydrocephalus: Manifestations - Infant |
|
Definition
Enlarged head (HC)
Thinned cranial bones
Separated sutures
Macewen (cracked-pot) sign
Enlarged, bulging, tense fontanel
Dilated scalp veins
Frontal bossing
Setting sun eyes
CN palsy
Poor feeding, vomiting
High-pitched cry
Opisthotonos |
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Term
| Hydrocephalus: Manifestations - Child |
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Definition
Headache
Vomiting
Visual changes
Ataxia
Papilledema
Behavior changes
Seizures |
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Term
| Clinical Manifestations of Increased ICP in Infants |
|
Definition
Irritability, poor feeding
High-pitched cry, difficult to soothe
Fontanels: tense, bulging
Cranial sutures: separated
Eyes: setting-sun sign
Scalp veins: distended |
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Term
| Clinical Manifestations of Increased ICP in Children |
|
Definition
Headache
Vomiting: with or without nausea
Seizures
Diplopia, blurred vision |
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Term
| Behavioral Signs of Increasing ICP |
|
Definition
Irritability, restlessness
Drowsiness, indifference, decrease in physical activity and motor skills
Complaint of fatigue, somnolence
Inability to follow commands, memory loss
Weight loss |
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Term
| Late Signs of Increasing ICP |
|
Definition
Decreased LOC
Decreased motor response to command
Decreased sensory response to painful stimuli
Decerebrate or decorticate posturing
Bradycardia
Irregular respirations
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Fixed & dilated pupils |
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Term
| Hydrocephalus: Treatment & Nursing Care |
|
Definition
- Surgical shunting
- Direct removal of obstruction & insertion of V/P shunt, to provide primary drainage of CSF to extra cranial compartment- usually peritoneum
- Ventriculopleural shunts used 5 yrs or
- Ventriculostomy- nonshunting procedure to treat children with noncommunicating disorder |
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Term
| Major complications of shunts |
|
Definition
Infection
Peritonitis
Meningitis
Malfunction/blockage
Subdural hematoma can develop if there is rapid reduction of CSF
Perforation of organs |
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