Term
| abscesses are most often caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| o Increased pain and erythema, thinning of the overlying skin, and fluctuance on palpation indicate that |
|
Definition
| central necrosis has occurred |
|
|
Term
| painful, hot swelling of the lymph nodes |
|
Definition
| • Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis |
|
|
Term
| Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis if generalized suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis is axillary in a child suspect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis persistent despite antibiotics suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if in Acute Suppurative Lymphadenitis the node isn't warm but overlying skin thickened and discolored suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteremia most often caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if bacteremia is less than two months old, do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common outpatient diagnosis in pediatric practice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| otitis media in older non immunized children most commonly caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| otitis media in younger kids who are not immunized is caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is otitis media more common in kids |
|
Definition
| More common in kids because negative pressure in the middle ear Eustachian tubes is more horizontal and the immune system hasn’t developed yet. |
|
|
Term
| how do you treat otitis media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if symptoms of otitis media are present at 12 week follow up, do what? |
|
Definition
| perform a tympanogram, audiological tests and refer to ENT for tubes. |
|
|
Term
| what are the purpose of tubes for otitis media? |
|
Definition
| vent middle ear, improve hearing, reduce infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UTI most commonly caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes high fever, flank tenderness, vomiting, and elevated WBCs and ESR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we diagnose UTI's? |
|
Definition
| culturing and perform urinalysis. |
|
|
Term
| what would we find elevated in pyelonephritis. |
|
Definition
| serum c reactive protein. |
|
|
Term
| for lower uti's what do we use to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we treat pyelonephritis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pharyngitis is caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common cold is caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| streptococcus pneumonia. ALWAYS treat |
|
|
Term
| croup (laryngitis) caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common cause of partial airway obstruction in children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen, nebulized epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of bronchiolitis caused by rsv. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of bronchiolitis caused by rsv |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vaccine for bronchiolitis caused by RSV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fever, headache, diarrhea (bloody, foul-smelling diarrhea), hematochezia, abdominal pain, malaise, vomiting, toxic appearance |
|
Definition
| • Campylobacter infection |
|
|
Term
| treatment for campylobacter infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asymptomatic OR diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal cramps, belching, frothy stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vomiting; mucousy, bloody diarrhea; cramping; fever; tenesmus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mucousy, bloody diarrhea; abdominal cramps; WBCs in stool increased band count/ bandemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common cause of travelers diarrhea |
|
Definition
| enterotoxigenix EColi (ETEC) |
|
|
Term
| Koplik’s spots (bluish-white dots surrounded by red halos on the buccal and labial mucosa) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blotchy erythematous maculopapular rash around the hairline that spreads cephalocaudally, often involves the soles and palms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| red palatal lesions, occipital and posterior cervical adenopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bright red blood indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| best way to identify a large bleed? |
|
Definition
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
|
|
Term
| o Spontaneous tear of the GE junction extending in the esophagus or stomach after forceful emesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| o Child may present after an upper respiratory tract illness – started puking and had a very forceful puking episode and started bleeding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to treat a mallory weiss tear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most important barrier to acid reflux? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle stays in a state of contraction |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic evaluation of reflux starts with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic GERD can lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| o intestinal metaplasia of the lower esophageal mucosa → goblet cells and columnar cells (of the stomach) can be seen in the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medical management of GERD 5 |
|
Definition
o Antacids
o H-2 Receptor Antagonists
o Protein Pump Inhibitors: omeprazole
o Pro Kinetic Agents
o Carafate |
|
|
Term
| Subepithelial hemorrhages or erosions visualized endoscopically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in erosive gastropathy, when nodularity is seen in children, think? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Gram negative pleomorphic rods will be seen in the lumen (comma-shaped organisms). prominent gastric ruggae, nodularity |
|
Definition
| h pylori associated gastritis |
|
|
Term
| management of erosive gastropathy |
|
Definition
| anti helicobacter therapy, antacids |
|
|
Term
| • Esophageal Varices and Portal Gastropathy cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| o Stigmata of Chronic Liver Disease, CF |
|
Definition
| esophageal Varices and Portal Gastropathy |
|
|
Term
| Splenomegaly, ascites, abnormal LFTs |
|
Definition
| esophageal Varices and Portal Gastropathy |
|
|
Term
| if gastric and duodenal ulcers found in kids, evaluate for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
o Failure to thrive
o Hematemesis
o Recurrent pneumonia
o Aspiration/life threatening event (child may turn blue) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| o When a child presents with recurrent pneumonia, what should be done? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a child keeps spitting up with no other problems, what should be done |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| child with projectile emesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a barium study of a child with pyloric stenosis, what will be present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| o Pyloric stenosis will cause electrolyte imbalances including? |
|
Definition
| hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. |
|
|
Term
| will have a “rat-tail” appearance when barium is instilled into the rectum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only effects the epithelium and the colon (disease in the sigmoid colon and rectum) crypt abscess |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmural and effects all parts of the GI tract but is discontinuous (may not be present in all parts of the GI tract) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are common in crohns disease? |
|
Definition
| perianal skin tags. non causeating granulomas |
|
|
Term
| what appears in wilsons disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune-mediated enteropathy caused by a permanent sensitivity to gluten in genetically susceptible individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does celiac disease require |
|
Definition
| requiring HLA DQ2 or DQ8 AND gluten allergy (environmental trigger) AND tissue transglutaminase (auto antigen) |
|
|
Term
• Most common age of presentation = 6-24 months
• Symptoms
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting, constipation or diarrhea
• Irritability
• ABDOMINAL DISTENSION
• Anorexia
• Failure to thrive/weight loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Dermatitis herpetiformis (erythematous macules and severe itching)
• Dental enamel hypoplasia of permanent teeth
• Osteopenia/osteoporosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| celiac disease has a high correlation with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| big complication of celiac disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if celiac disease is suspected, what do we test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a hallmark of celiac disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
o Malabsorption of nutrients (Fe, folate, Ca, & vit D)
o ↑ intestinal permeability may permit entry of other toxins which might induce autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| must supplement with what in celiac disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Genetic
• Developmental/functional
• Must rule out with midline defect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Born normal height and weight, but soon fall over the growth curve and are usually short stature
• Neonates: hypoglycemia, prolonged jaundice, cyanosis temperature instability
• Characteristic facies:
• Round head
• Frontal prominence
• Small under developed chin
• Saddle shaped nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what will hypopituitarism labs show |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for hypopituitarism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pituitary adenoma (most common) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
o Signs/Symptoms
• Rapid linear growth
• Coarse facial features
• Vision problems
o Labs
• Increased GH
• Hyperprolactenemia
• Normal bone growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what age is considered precocious puberty |
|
Definition
| less than nine in males, less than eight in females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth begins at 7.5-13, stops at 11.5-18 |
|
|
Term
| breast development begins early, but period starts at normal time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 9-14.5.....stops two years later |
|
|
Term
| precocious puberty for girls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do we treat precocious puberty for girls |
|
Definition
| phych trauma, no growth after 12. |
|
|
Term
| delayed puberty for girls and boys |
|
Definition
| girls after 13. boys after 14 |
|
|
Term
o Signs/symptoms:
• Prolonged jaundice
• Sluggish feeding
• Upper airway obstruction due to enlarged tongue
• Constipation
• Large abdomen
• Umbilical hernia
• Edema
• Fontanelle closure at 18-36 months (normal = 12-18) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
| sodium l thyroxine supplements |
|
|
Term
• Symptoms:
• Emotional disturbances
• Increased appetite with no weight gain
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Excessive sweating
• Exophthalmos
• Thyroid crisis/storm = acute onset, hyperthermia, severe tachycardiam restlessness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• T3, T4, free T3, free T4 are all elevated
• TSH levels are suppressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
o X-linked dominant
o Signs;
• Shortening of metacarpals and metatarsals***
• Mental retardation
• Obesity
• Short stature
• Round face |
|
Definition
| • Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy |
|
|
Term
| three diseases with adrenocortical dysfunction |
|
Definition
| Addison Disease, Neonatal hemorrhage, Waterhouse Friderichsen Syndrome |
|
|
Term
Decreased cortisol, deficient 21 hydroxylase, or deficient 11B hydroxylase
• Autosomal recessive disorder leading to cortisol insufficiency |
|
Definition
| o Congenital adrenogenital hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| o Congenital adrenogenital hyperplasia without salt losing in males |
|
Definition
| premature isosexual development |
|
|
Term
| o Congenital adrenogenital hyperplasia without salt losing in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Present shortly after birth
• Clinical features:
o Vomiting
o Anorexia
o Weight loss
o Dehydration
o Females = virilized• Decreased Na
• Decreased Cl
• Increased K
• Increased plasma renin |
|
Definition
| Congenital adrenogenital hyperplasia with salt losing |
|
|
Term
• Cause = functioning adrenocortical tumor, malignant cancer, benign adenoma
• Clinical Features:
• Moon facies
• Buffalo hump
• Obesity
• Short stature
• Double chin
• Hypertrichosis (abnormal hair distribution)
• Labs
• Polyerythemia
• Lymphopenia
• Eosinophilia
• Increased serum cortisol, urinary cortisol
• DST = dexamethosine suppression test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemolytic uremic syndrome |
|
|
