Term
| 1. Intraventricular hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| in premature infants it usually arises in the germinal matrix, especially in the capillaries overlying the head of the caudate. The greatest risk is at 26-31 weeks. Risk factors include hypoxia and immaturity of blood vessels. In term infants, this is more likely to arise in the choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
| a. Extracranial hemorrhage |
|
Definition
i. When it involves the subcutaneous tissue, it is termed caput succedaneum and occurs as a result of prominent head molding during vaginal delivery. It crosses suture lines and resolves in 1-2 days.
ii. Extracranial hemorrhage into the sub-periosteum is termed cephalohematoma and is associated with forceps delivery. It can continue to increase after birth, resolves in weeks to months, does not cross suture lines, and is usually seen in the parietal bone. In 25% of cases it is associated with an underlying skull fracture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Toxoplasmosis
Other:Parvovirus B19, syphilis, Listeria
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus, HIV |
|
|
Term
| Do children have an increased or decreased lung compliance and what clinical implication does it have? Test question |
|
Definition
| Decreased compliance, Increased risk of pulmonary edema, pneumothorax |
|
|
Term
| How many Kcal/kg of body weight should a neonate eat. Test question |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physiologic weight loss of a newborn |
|
Definition
| Newborns lose about 10% of their weight in the first day or so but should gain it all back within 2 weeks. It's water weight that is being lost, as a neonate is about 75% water by weight(increased total body water.) |
|
|
Term
| Features distinguishing autism based on home videotapes at 12 months |
|
Definition
Pointing
Showing objects
Looking at others
Orienting to name |
|
|
Term
| DSM IV Criteria for Autistic Disorder. needs 2 of 1st category and one of each other 2 categories |
|
Definition
Impairment in Social Interaction
•
(1) Impairment in the use of nonverbal behavior; (2) Lack of spontaneous sharing; (3) Lack of social/emotional reciprocity; (4) Failure to develop peer relationships
Impairment in Communication
•
(1) Delay in or lack of development of spoken language & gestures; (2) Impairment in the ability to initiate or maintain conversation; (3) Repetitive & idiosyncratic use of language; (4) Lack of pretend play
Restricted Repertoire of Activity and Interests
•
1) Preoccupation with restricted patterns of interest; (2) Inflexible adherence to routines; (3) Repetitive movements; (4) Preoccupation with parts of objects |
|
|
Term
| What is the average age of ASD diagnosis in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age is therapy for ASD most effective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early Social Skills Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorders |
|
Definition
1.
Joint attention
2. Social orienting
3. Pretend (symbolic) play |
|
|
Term
| Features distinguishing autism based on home videotapes at 12 months |
|
Definition
Pointing
Showing objects
Looking at others
Orienting to name
less of all of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infarction
CMV viral infection
Embryogenic defect: neuronal migration
Rett syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hydrocephalus
Tumor
Brainstem: Diencephalic syndrome
Metabolic storage disease
Autism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Takes place in germinal matrix zone
o Ventricular/subventricular zone (see next slide)
• Some undergo “interkinetic nuclear migration” (ventricular zone)
• Neuronal proliferation largely done by 20-24 weeks (6 months) of gestation (some persists postnatally)
Inadequate neuronal proliferation:
“Micrencephaly vera” or “radial microbrain”
• Excessive neuronal proliferation?
hemimegalencephaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•occurs around 3-5 months gestation, problems associated with lissencephaly and cortical dysplasias
Classically described as migration of neurons along radial glia
•
Neurons migrating earlier end up in deeper layers; those migrating later assume more superficial location (formation from the “inside out” )
•
Tangential migration also occurs
•
Multiplicity of molecular/cellular processes involved |
|
|
Term
| Prosencephalic Development |
|
Definition
Defects here lead to holoprosencephaly and septo-optic dysplasia.
• Forebrain development or “induction”
o 5 weeks to 3 months
o Between the rostral end of notochord and prechordal mesoderm
• “Ventral Induction” (but also, dorsal induction)
• Cleavage of primitive forebrain into two hemispheres
• Formation of midline structures (corpus callosum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(5 mos – years p-natal) disorders associated with ??MR, Autism, LD, Retts??
• Simple term for a huge set of complex processes
o Process outgrowth
o Axonal outgrowth and pathfinding
o Dendritic growth and development
o Synpaptogenesis
o Synaptic pruning and neuronal apoptosis
• Ongoing after term birth
• Much of this is activity/experience dependent
o (also known as “use” dependent…”use it or lose it”) |
|
|
Term
| Insufficient proliferation of neurons |
|
Definition
| o Clinical example: Rett syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Girls only
o Appear normal until ~ 6 months: then failure to progress or regression
o Post-natal acquired microcephaly
o Mutation of X chromosome MECP2 gene (transcriptn regulator)
• Features:
o Microcephaly
o Autistic features
o Hand apraxia: unable to use hands for functional tasks
o Absence of language
o Other motor impairments
o seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treat with corticosteroids
• Acquired epileptic aphasia
• Initial “normal” language development
• Subacute loss of language in association with very abnormal sleep EEG (~age 3-5 yrs)
o Auditory agnosia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Begins pre-natally
o brainstem
• Most forebrain myelination completed post-natally
• Caudal to rostral gradient
• Pre-frontal cortex association areas last to myelinate
• Parallels development of cortical functions
o id before the ego (brainstem before frontal cortex) |
|
|
Term
| Normal heart size in neonate** test question |
|
Definition
| Should not exceed 2/3 diameter of the chest |
|
|
Term
| Four ways babies lose heat** test question |
|
Definition
Conductive
Convection
Evaporation
Radiation: ELBW |
|
|
Term
| definition of premature baby |
|
Definition
| Birth before 37 weeks of gestation, i.e. 36 and 5 days |
|
|
Term
| Birth weight ranges and classifications** |
|
Definition
• Normal BW: >2500g
• Low birth weight (LBW): <2500g
• Very low birth weight: <1500g
• Extremely low birth weight: <1000g |
|
|
Term
| Low Birth Weight: Underlying Conditions |
|
Definition
• Premature Birth 70%
• Chromosomal disorders
•Placental disorders
• Maternal disorders
o HTN
o Malnutrition
o Drugs
o Preeclampsia |
|
|
Term
| Factors Associated with Preterm Labor |
|
Definition
Fetal
• Fetal Distress
• Multiple gestation
• Hydrops
• Infections: CMV, Chorioamnionitis
Placental
• Insufficiency, previa, abruption
• Uterine
• Bicornuate uterus
• Incompetent cervix
Maternal
• Preeclampsia
• Infections: UTI, Chorioamnionitis, bacterial vaginosis
• Chronic medical illness
• Drug abuse
Other
• Premature rupture of membranes
• Polyhydramnios
• Iatrogenic |
|
|
Term
| Preventability of Preterm Labor |
|
Definition
• Screening and treatment of infections
o Asymptomatic bacteriuria
• Early antenatal care
o Detection of conditions associated with preterm labor
• Management of Preeclampsia
• Identification of high risk pregnancies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thermoregulation
Hypothermia:
• Surface area:body weight ratio
• Decreased brown fat stores
• Non keratinized skin
• Decreased glycogen supply
Heat loss:
• Conductive
• Convection
• Evaporation
• Radiation: ELBW
Consequences of heat loss:
• Hypoglycemia
• Apnea
• Metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Hematologic complications of prematurity: Anemia |
|
Definition
• Physiologic anemia in newborns:
o Fetal RBC lifespan decreased: Hb F
o New RBC production slow
o Nadir of Hb at 2-3 mo of age in term neonates
• Nadir lower and earlier in preterm babies
o Transfusions required
o Association with apnea, hypoxemia |
|
|
Term
| Relative Frequency of Major Congenital Heart Lesions |
|
Definition
• Ventriculoseptal Defect VSD 25-30%
• Atrial Septal Defect ASD 6-8%
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus PDA 6-8%
• Coarctation of the Aorta COA 5-7%
• Tetralogy of Fallot TOF 5-7%
• Pulmonary Valve Stenosis PS 5-7%
• Aortic Valve Stenosis AS 4-7%
o D-Transposition of the Great Arteries TGA 3-5%
• Hypoplastic Left Heart HLH 1-3% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shunts a significant majority (80%) of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. |
|
|
Term
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
|
Definition
Is well tolerated with fetal circulation
• Oxygenated blood can get from the placenta to the body
• Not tolerated well after to adult circulation
• Initially, oxygenated blood can get from the lungs to the body (though not very efficiently)
• Once ductus arteriosus closes, there is no way to get blood to aorta
• Hypotension, shock and cardiovascular collapse |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs keep ductus arteriosis open and which close them. What other effects can this have? |
|
Definition
PGE (Prostaglandin)
– Can keep these PDAs open indefinitely
– PGE can make kids go apneic
Indomethacin Closes ducts! |
|
|
Term
| Most Common Cyanotic Heart Lesion presenting during newborn period |
|
Definition
| D-transposition of the great Arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
VSD, ASD, PDA
As the pulmonary vascular resistance drops as child gets older, the lungs will see more and more blood
– Amount of increased left-to-right “shunt depends on size and location of defect
– This can result in pulmonary overcirculation, or “congestive heart failure”
– With large shunts, symptomatically can have “effortless tachypnea”, sweating during feeds, poor weight gain.
Physical Examination
– Lungs –can gear crackles with pulmonary edema
– Liver can be enlarged secondary to lots of blood in the right atrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| D-transposition of the great Arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tetrology of fallot, tricuspid atresia. Small PA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total anomalous pulmonary return. Dilated SVC |
|
|
Term
| D-transposition of the great Arteries |
|
Definition
• Symptoms
– presents soon after birth with profound hypoxia (O2 sats as low as 30’s to 40’s with closure of the PDA
• Physical examination
– No murmur
– Profound cyanosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| improve mixing by tearing the atrial septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Systolic ejection murmur with fixed split S2 at upper left sternal border.
• CXR-right Atrial and right ventricular enlargement
• EKG –RVH, RBBB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Continuous machine murmur at left upper sternal border.
• CXR-left or bilateral ventricular hypertrophy.
• EKG –LVH, BVH. |
|
|
Term
| Ventricular Septal Defect |
|
Definition
• Regurgitant systolic murmur at lower left sternal border.
• Large heart (left and sometimes right), prominent pulmonary vasculature, prominent main pulmonary artery
• EKG –LVH, BVH |
|
|
Term
| Acyanotic lesions, What if it’s missed? |
|
Definition
• The pulmonary vasculature can become scarred, and can develop pulmonary hypertension
• Patient growth improves as there is less pulmonary overcirculation
• With time as pulmonary pressures increase, right to left shunting occurs causing cyanosis.
• Eisenmenger’s Syndrome develops
– Cannot close the defect now since the pulmonary vascular cannot handle total cardiac output secondary to scarring
• Results in death usually during adulthood |
|
|
Term
| Most Common Cyanotic Heart Lesion seen beyond infancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Right Ventricular hypertrophy
• VSD
• Overriding aorta
• Pulmonary stenosis
– Usually loud murmur during infancy.. Most instances do okay when PDA closes
– Large VSD equalizes pressures between both ventricles
• Amount of pulmonary blood flow depends on amount of pulmonary valve stenosis
– Not enough -Cyanosis
– Too much –CHF
• In the old days, these kids used to squat |
|
|
Term
| Overall risks of congenital heart disease. |
|
Definition
– Overall risk in general population is 0.1%
– One sibling affected: 3-5%
– Two siblings affected: 5-10%
– Mother affected: 7% |
|
|
Term
| Persistent truncus arteriosus |
|
Definition
| embryological structure known as the truncus arteriosus never properly divides into the pulmonary artery and aorta |
|
|
Term
| Some syndromes which will commonly see congenital heart disease |
|
Definition
Trisomy 21
• ASD, VSD, atrioventricular canals
Turner’s syndrome
• Coarctation of the aorta in girls
Noonan’s Syndrome
• Pulmonary stenosis
DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11 deletion)
• Truncus arteriosus
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Interrupted aortic arch
• Coarctation |
|
|
Term
| The 5 Ts of Cyanotic Heart Lesions |
|
Definition
– Tetralogy of Fallot
– Transposition of the Great Arteries
– Truncus Arteriosus
– Tricuspid Atresia
– Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
• Single ventricle
• Hypoplastic left heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal tricuspid valve that is downwardly displaced and leaky. Leads to massive dilation of RA and a wall to wall heart on CXR |
|
|
Term
| Medical Management of acyanotic lesions |
|
Definition
– Diuretics (lasix, aldactone)
– Inotropes (digoxin) |
|
|
Term
| In children less than 90 days old, what percent of SBIs have fever as the only sign?* |
|
Definition
SBI occurs in 9% with nosigns other than a single fever
• Fever defined as rectal temp >100.4 (38.0)
• All children 0-90 days old who have a fever should be “ruled out” for SBI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• “Rule out”
– Blood work, blood culture
– Urinalysis and culture
– Lumbar Puncture with culture
– IV antibiotics
– Admission to hospital for 24-48 hours
• Especially in neonates
• Some flexibility for 28-90 days old? |
|
|
Term
| #1 cause of acquired pediatric heart disease*** |
|
Definition
| Kawasaki Disease, Coronary artery aneurysms. |
|
|
Term
| Kawasaki Disease criteria |
|
Definition
• Five days of unexplained (usually high) fever PLUS four of the five criteria:
– Swelling and/or peeling of hands and feet
– Conjunctivitis
– Adenopathy
– Rash
– Mucositis (Changes in lips and oropharynx)
“HEART” –Hands, Eyes, Adenopathy, Rash, Tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Treatment is most effective if given within 10 days of onset of fevers
• IVIG
– Most patients defervesce after a single dose
– Some need 2 or 3 doses
• Aspirin
– Initially very high dose until afebrile, then low dose ASA for antiplatelet effect |
|
|
Term
| How to avoid reye's synfrome in kids treated with aspirin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP)
• Tetrad of signs for diagnosis*** |
|
Definition
– “Palpable Pupura” on legs (100%)
– Arthritis; migratory, 1-4 joints (85%)
– Abdominal pain; colicky (25%)
– Nephritis;(25-50%) |
|
|
Term
| Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) |
|
Definition
• Self limiting disease
• Treatment is generally supportive
– NSAIDS, fluids, etc.
– Steroids? Splenectomy?
• Often re-occurs
– 30% re-occurrence rate, usually within 4 months
– Re-ocurrance more common if nephritis is present |
|
|
Term
| Common cause of intussusception in children |
|
Definition
| Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) |
|
|
Term
| Differential diagnosis for palpable purpura in a kid |
|
Definition
ITP - will also have low platelets
meningococcemia - very ill
HSP - tetrad** |
|
|
Term
| Criteria for rheumatic fever |
|
Definition
Documentation of strep infection plus Jones criteria, 2 major or 1 major two minor.
• MAJOR
• Arthritis
• Carditis
• Subcutaneous Nodules
• Erythema marginatum
• Sydenham’s chorea
• MINOR
• Arthralgias
• Prolonged PR interval
• Fever
• Elevated inflammatory markers
J, ♥, N, E, S
Joints, heart, nodules, erythema marginatum and sydenham's chorea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Treatment of GAS infection
• Anti-inflammatory agents
– Typically aspirin
– Also NSAIDS, steroids
• Penicillin prophylaxis to prevent strep throat in the future
– For years…… |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 pediatric infectious exanthems and the organism that cause them |
|
Definition
• First –“Rubeola”
– Measles Virus
• Second –“Scarlet Fever”
– Group A Strep
• Third –“Rubella” or “German Measles”
– Rubella Virus
• Fourth –“Filatov-Dukes Disease”
– ?
• Fifth –“Erythema Infectiousum”
– Parvovirus B19
• Sixth –“Roseola”
– HHV-6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measles
• Vaccine preventable
• 3 C’s
– conjunctivitis, coryza, and cough
• Koplik spots
• Cranial to caudal rash
• Main concerns is blindness and encephalitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GAS
• From an erythrogenic toxin in the strep
• “Sandpaper” rash
• Strawberry tongue
• Self limited (but make sure to treat the GAS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Vaccine Preventable
• Similar to measles but not as dark and not as sick
• Main concern is “Congenital Rubella Syndrome”
– Retardation, hearing loss, cardiac defects
– CRS now considered eradicated in North America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Parvovirus B-19)
• “Slapped Cheek”
• Secondary lacy rash on body
• Usually self limiting and benign in older children
• Occasional arthritis, transient aplastic crisis afterwards
• Fetal/Neonatal infection can be very serious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(HHV-6)
• <2 years of age
• High fever for 3-5 days
• Once fever breaks, then rash suddenly comes
• Caudal to cranial
• Self limited, usually benign |
|
|
Term
| Febrile Seizures 5 criteria |
|
Definition
– Seizure in the setting of fever >38.0
– No CNS pathology
– Less than 6 years old
• Typically between 6 months and 5 years old)
– No history of previous afebrile seizures
– No metabolic disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– <15 minutes
– Once in 24 hours
– GTC
• If clinically well, can be monitored and discharge with appropriate guidance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– >15 minutes,
– More than once in 24 hours, or…
– Focal
• Lumbar Puncture
• Imaging?
• EEG? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Vigorous crying leads to apnea at end expiration
• Then…..Cyanosis, unconsciousness, occasional seizure activity
• 6 months to 4 years, 90% have their first before 18 months of age
• Scary to parents!
• Usually no treatment
• Thought to be dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system?
• Positive FH in 30% of patients
• Counseling regarding safety
• Occasionally associated with anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Spastic posturing of neck, back and upper extremities
– Episodic within a 1-3 minute period
• Associated with GERD/esophagitis
• Unclear specific etiology
• Often confused for seizures |
|
|
Term
| leading cause of infant death due to injury |
|
Definition
• Homicide is the leading cause of infant death due to injury
o 2/3 are due to SBS
o 2000 deaths/yr is an underestimate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o not all RH are created equally!
o seen in 65-95% of SBS victims
o seen in 30-40% of vaginal deliveries and 1% of C-section deliveries
o severe head trauma, severe HTN…
o CPR, “minor” head trauma, seizures don't cause RH |
|
|
Term
| What type of bone fractures are more likely to be from abuse |
|
Definition
| Classic metaphyseal lesions, rib fractures esp. posterior, scapular fractures, spinous process fractures and sternal fractures |
|
|
Term
| What % of sexually abused children have normal physical exams |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| definitive vaginal findings in abused child |
|
Definition
o Complete transaction
o Deep notch
o Posterior “notch" |
|
|
Term
| fractures specific to pediatrics |
|
Definition
• Buckle (torus)
• Greenstick
• Bowing (plastic, bending)
• Avulsion |
|
|
Term
| Lower Airway vs Upper Airway |
|
Definition
• Lower
o Tachypnea, retractions, hypoxia, wheezes, rales
• Upper
o Stridor, sternal retractions, tachypnea less prominent, desaturation late |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Pneumonia - Viral, bacterial
• Asthma
• Bronchiolitis
•Foreign Body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper Airway Disease
• Intrinsic vs Extrinsic
• Croup
• Tracheitis
• Foreign Body
• Congenital Malformations
• Epiglottitis |
|
|
Term
Case B
• 4 month old infant with cough for 2 days
• Won’t breast feed today
• No family history of asthma
• Respiratory rate of 80
• Saturation 88% on room air
• Crackles and rhonchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• 2 year old with 2 days of cough and congestion
• Cough became more hoarse
• Awoke at 0100 with stridor, couldn’t catch breath, but got better on way to ED
• Inpiratory stridor, mild sternal retraction
• 94% on room air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Common winter condition
• Most children prior to age 2
• Infants most severe (apnea and distress)
• RSV most cases (influenza, parainfluenza)
• No definitive treatment
• Admission if - Hypoxia, respiratory distress, can’t eat, dehydrated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Viral laryngotracheobronchitis
• Winter predominance
• Parainfluenza common (influenza, RSV, etc)
• Treatment- Mist, cool air, racemic epinephrine, steroids
• Spasmodic vs viral croup |
|
|
Term
| Salter-Harris classification |
|
Definition
I - break is in the physis
II - break in metaphysis
III - break through epiphysis
IV - break through met and epiphysis
V - Physis is crushed (metaphyis and epiphysis come together |
|
|
Term
| Angulation of bone in fractures |
|
Definition
(in degrees)
o Distal Fragment in terms of proximal (proximal fragment is “correct”)
o Apex of the angle (where is the angle itself “pointing”)
• In pediatric fractures the angulation most often determines the need for reduction |
|
|
Term
| Causes of death in children 1-4 |
|
Definition
Accidents 30%
Congenital malformations 11%
Neoplasms |
|
|
Term
| common causes of death Age 5-9 years |
|
Definition
Accidents 30%
Neoplasms
Congenital malformations |
|
|
Term
| common causes of death Age 10-19 years |
|
Definition
Accidents 33%
Homicide 9.3%
Suicide 8.2% |
|
|
Term
| Mortality rates -Definitions by age |
|
Definition
Fetal MR: 20 weeks gestation –birth
Perinatal MR: <28weeks gestation to 7 days after births
Neonatal MR: birth –28 days of life
Infant MR: birth -365 days
Under 5 child MR: birth –5y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2/3 of all child deaths occur in infancy**
Infections are associated with 2/3 of infants deaths
Congenital malformations 36%
Preterm, LBW 31%
SIDS 15%
Pregnancy complications 11%
Accidents 7% |
|
|
Term
| Second most common cause of death in children following motor vehicle crashes |
|
Definition
| burns. Almost 1/3 are ages 0 to 14 years of age (2/3 of these are 0-4 years) |
|
|
Term
| second leading cause of unintentional injury death among toddlers and adolescents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug classes that are all metabolized by first pass metabolism |
|
Definition
| TCAs, Narcotics, B-blockers |
|
|
Term
| During what phase do you want to determine the drug concentration in the blood? |
|
Definition
| During the elimination phase. Not during the distribution phase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The loading dose of a drug is determined from the desired plasma concentration (Cp) and the volume of distribution (Vd).
Cp = Dose/Vd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Absent in 20–30% of Asians, 3–5% Caucasians
Primary metabolism of:
Diazepam
Phenytoin
Omeprazole
Inhibited by:
Omeprazole
Isoniazid
Ketoconazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Absent in 1% Caucasians and African-Americans
Primary metabolism of:
Most NSAIDs (including COX-2)
S-warfarin (the active form)
Phenytoin
Inhibited by:
Fluconazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Induced by smoking tobacco
Catalyzes primary metabolism of:
Theophylline
Imipramine
Propranolol
Clozapine
Inhibited by:
Many fluoroquinolone antibiotics
Fluvoxamine
Cimetidine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Absent in 7% of Caucasians, 1–2% non-Caucasians
Hyperactive in up to 30% of East Africans
Catalyzes primary metabolism of:
Codeine
Many -blockers
Many tricyclic antidepressants
Inhibited by:
Fluoxetine
Haloperidol
Paroxetine
Quinidine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Rifabutin
Ritonavir
St. John’s wort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Fluconazole
Cimetidine
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Troleandomycin
Grapefruit juice |
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Term
|
Definition
Responsible for metabolism of:
Most calcium channel blockers
Most benzodiazepines
Most HIV protease inhibitors
Most HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors
Cyclosporine
Most non-sedating antihistamines
Cisapride
Present in GI tract and liver |
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|
Term
| Small round cell tumor with t(11;22) on karyotype |
|
Definition
| Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor |
|
|
Term
| This soft tissue sarcoma of childhood may have a chromosomal translocation that fuses PAX3 to the FOXO1a gene |
|
Definition
| Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of unintentional injury-related death among children < 12 mons |
|
Definition
|
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