Term
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Definition
Due to immaturity of system.
Have to build up immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
eustachian tube starts out straight (prone to a lot of ear infections)
Tonsils grow rapidly then atrophy.
They're belly breathers and nose breathers are first. |
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Term
Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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Definition
Hyaline Membrane Syndrome. Usually in premature babies.
Result of inadequate production of surfactant. Normally release in lung tissue. Keeps alveoli expanded.
Alveoli collapse and eventually hyaline membrane forms.
Decreased O2 levels. |
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Term
Respiratory Distress Syndrome S/SX |
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Definition
May develop acutely over time.
Increased respirations (norm 30-60)
Flaring, retractions, grunting
Apneic periods and cyanosis.
Breath sounds diminished. |
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Term
DX respiratory distress syndrome |
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Definition
Ideally prior to delivery by amniocentesis.
Surfactant is produced 7-8th month.
Measure levels of lecithin, which is a major component of surfactant.
If levels are low give glucocorticosteroids if delivery is inevitable. This triggers babies lungs to make surfactant.
Once delivered will be based on symptoms and chest xray. Xray will show dark streaks and ground glass appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
Delays lung maturity.
They'll still do the amniocentesis. |
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Term
TX Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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Definition
Administer sufactant (synthetic/natural) by endotracheal tube right after birth.
Oxygen, IVS, ABGs, pulse ox.
By 1st week of life they'll produce on their own and gradually improve. |
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Term
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome |
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Definition
Intrauterine stress/asphyxia usual cause.
Inhalation of meconium in utero or with first breath.
Meconium stained fluid.
Meconium stained baby-green tinge. Stress before labor for long period of time. They have meconium in lungs. |
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Term
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome S/SX |
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Definition
May have green stain to skin.
Tachypnea, dyspnea at birth.
Grunting, flaring, retractions
Hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia
Cyanosis, pallor, hypotonia (very limp) |
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Term
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome DX & TX |
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Definition
DX: the fluid breaks. take laryngscope and look into respiratory tract ot see if baby inhaled meconium.
xray-patches/streaks in lungs and atelectasis. Based on symptoms.
TX: suctioning prior to delivery of chest when head is out. Oxygen therapy. Possibly ventilator. IVs. Antibiotics. Corticosteriods. |
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Term
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
"Crib Death" |
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Definition
Sudden death of basically healthy infant.
Cannot explain why the child died even after autopsy.
Risk factors: 2-4 months, winter months, males, ethnic descent, prematurity, low birth weight, recent mild illness
Brainstem abnormality in regulation of cardiorespiratory control.
Maternal Risk Factors: smoking during pregnancy, poor prenatal care, substance abuse, and exposure to tobacco smoke after birth. |
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Term
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Autopsy |
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Definition
Will show pulmonary edema and evidence of intrathoracic hemorrhages, but there's no conclusive cause of death.
Once one child dies from SIDS it increases any subsequent children dying from SIDS by 4-5 times. |
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Term
S/SX Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS |
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Definition
Child not breathing
But unusual sounds/cries prior to episode.
Frothy, blood tinged fluid.
Skin white ashen color, cool.
Autopsy is the only conclusive way to determine. |
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Term
Nursing Considerations for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
Preventions: back to sleep.
Apnea monitoring for subsequent children.
Parents deal with guilt, blame self, caregivers.
Extensive support for parents adn siblings. |
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Term
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Definition
Infection/inflammation of smaller airways/bronchioles.
Cause: usually RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) or other virus.
Secretions block airways.
Happens to children under age 3. Usually 2-5 months.
They're membranes swell. RSV transmitted by droplet. |
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Term
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Definition
Starts with rhinorrhea and low grade fever.
Progresses to deep cough, wheezing, tachypnea, retractions, flaring, cyanosis (alll signs of respiratory distress)
Also have listlessness, anorexia, irritability, dehydration becomes a concern. |
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Term
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Definition
DX: ELISA test (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)-looks for antibodies. CXR may also confirm.
TX: Treat the symptoms b/c it's viral.
Cool humidified O2.
Meds PRN to maintain patent airways, decrease inflamm, and thin secretions.
Adequate fluid intake.
Possible administration of Ribavirin. (antiviral agent for higher risk pts who have other resp issues/cardiac issues. It's expensive and aersol admin. Has toxic effects. Used as last resort) |
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Term
Nursing Care bronchiolitis |
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Definition
Contact precautions/isolation
Close respiratory monitoring
Monitor hydration/nutrition status |
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Term
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Definition
Term represents group of respiratory illnesses.
Result of inflammation of larynx, trachea, and large bronchi.
Characteristic barking cough (not seen with all types)
Can be a viral/bacterial cause. |
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Term
Croup Syndrome
Epiglottitis (acute) |
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Definition
Inflammation of the epiglottis
Caused by bacterial infeciton.
Potentially life threatening.
Hib vaccine to decrease incidence.
2-6yrs old get it. |
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Term
Croup Syndrome
Epiglottitis
S/SX |
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Definition
Symptoms develop rapidly
Sudden high fever, sore throat, dysphagia.
Drooling, tripod position (leaning forward)
Epiglottis is red and edematous.
**Do not use tongue blade/initiate gag reflex!!!**
No cough/struggling to breathe/anxious |
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Term
Croup Syndrome
Epiglottitis
DX & TX |
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Definition
DX: based on symptoms
TX: have intubation equipment on hand.
Humidified O2.
IV antibiotics.
24-48hrs starts clearing up.
Close repiratory observation. |
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Term
Croup Syndrome
Acute Laryngotracheaobronchitis LTB |
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Definition
Most common type.
Usually viral cause, follows upper respiratory infection.
Inflammation of mucosa lining, larynx, and trachea.
Children 5 and under. |
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Term
Croup Syndrome
Acute Laryngotracheaobronchitis LTB
S/SX |
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Definition
Gradual onset of low fever, barking seal like cough usually worse at night.
Inspiratory stridor, retractions, nasal flaring, tachypnea, tachycardia, restlessness, irritability. (signs of resp distress) |
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Term
Croup Syndrome
Acute Laryngotracheaobronchitis LTB
DX & TX |
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Definition
DX: Clinical findings. CXR to rule out certain things.
TX: maintain patent airway.
Mild cases managed at home.
High humidity & cool air.
Nebulized epinephrine if needed.
Possible corticosteroids.
Antibiotics if bacterial.
Close monitoring of respiratory status.
Bedrest, fluids as tolerated. |
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Term
Croup Syndrome
Acute Spasmodic Layrngitis |
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Definition
Attacks of laryngeal obstruction
Occur mainly at night. "Midnight Croup"
Mild to no signs of inflammation
Child usually between ages of 1-3 yrs.
Cause: Unknown, possible infectious or allergen origin. |
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Term
Acute Spasmodic Layrngitis
S/SX |
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Definition
Child awakens with barking cough, hoarseness, respiratory difficulty, restlessness increases
S/SX subside in a few hours. |
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Term
Acute Spasmodic Layrngitis
TX |
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Definition
Managed at home with cool air or warm mist.
Disease is self limiting. Parents should be instructed to seek help if S/SX worsen or persist. |
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Term
Croup Syndrome
Tracheitis |
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Definition
Bacterial infection of upper trachea.
Most often kids under 3 yrs.
It's serious. Can cause respiratory arrest.
It's a possible complication of LTB (acute laryngotracheaobroncitis).
Causes: Staph aureus or H influenza |
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Term
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Definition
S/SX: Similiar to LTB, but doesn't respond to TX (cool air).
They have HX of upper respiratory infections, cough, stridor, high fever.
Major sign: thick purulent secretions.
This can lead to respiratory arrest by obstructing airways.
TX: Aggressive and may include intubation, antibiotics, antipyretics, O2. |
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Term
Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis |
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Definition
Tonsils are lymphoid tissue that filters and protects respiratory and GI tracts and have a role in antibody formation.
3 sets
pharyngeal: adenoids
palatine: faucial (visible and enlarge, come out with tonsillectomy) Inflamm of the palatine tonsils can be viral/bacterial.
lingual |
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Term
Tonsillitis & Adenoiditis
S/SX |
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Definition
Difficulty swallowing and breathing.
Sore throat, mouth breathing (adenoids inflammed)
Halitosis, cough.
Occasionally otitis media. |
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Term
Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis
DX & TX |
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Definition
DX: Culture
TX: Antibiotics if bacterial
Analgesics and antipyretics. Encourage fluids.
Surgical intervention only if causing difficulty breathing or eating or repeated episodes. Don't usually do before age 3-4 because they can grow back. Tonsils also can shrink when they get older and that may solve they problem. |
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Term
Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis
Post OP Care |
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Definition
Bleeding is a BIG concern. Especially when they're older.
Provide comfort, minimize activity.
Side lying/prone until fully awake to prevent aspiration.
Discourage coughing, clearning throat, or blowing nose b/c it causes irritation.
Watch for hemmorhage. They'll have frequent swallowing, be restless and tachycardiac, vomit bright red blood. Can happen 5-7 days after surgery.
Need liquids and soft food. Avoid red liquid, milk and spicy foods up to 2 weeks after surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
Inherited disorder of the exocrine/mucous producing glands.
Effects primarily caucasians.
Defective chloride ion and water transport across cell membranes.
Thick mucous produced obstructs organs: pancreas, liver, reproductive system, lungs.
They'll have an increase in sodium and chloride levels in both saliva and sweat sometimes 2-5 times higher than normal. |
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Term
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Definition
Meconium ileus because of the thickness and stickiness. Distention and possible vomitting.
Salty taste on skin. Steatorrhea (fatty stools with mucuos)
Respiratory system biggest problem:
Increase thick mucous & resistance to ciliary action
Frequent upper respiratory infections
Altered gas exchange |
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Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Long Term Effects |
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Definition
Clubbing of Fingers & barrel chest
Atelectasis
Emphysema
Pulmonary fibrosis
Eventually pneumothorax
Right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Term
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Definition
Based on family HX
Symptoms of failure to thrice
Stool analysis for fat and enzymes
Sweat test analyze and CXR |
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Term
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Definition
Primary Goal: Improve quality of life and provide long term survival.
Pancreatic enzymes help improve digestion of fats and proteins.
Diet changes: increased carbs & proteins and low fat.
Salt and vitamin supplements: ADEK (fat soluble)
Meds as needed: bronchodilators to thin secretions
Chest physiotherapy & exercise program as tolerated. |
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Term
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Definition
Chronic inflammation disorder of airways.
Edema of bronchial mucosa.
Increased mucus production
Bronchial muscle spasms
Often triggered by allergic reaction, stress, cold, and exercise. The cells release histamine.
Periods of exacerbations and remission. |
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Term
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Definition
S/SX: Suddenly or over several days dry, hacking cough
Tightness in chest
Wheezing, dyspnea
DX: Based on hx, symptoms, sometimes CXR |
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Term
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Definition
Focus on preventing symptoms and reoccurence and attacks.
Avoid triggers.
Keep diary, clean carpets, get rid of pets, stop smoking.
Regulation of meds: bronchodilators, antinflmmatories, and other as ordered. |
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