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Definition
| Most abundant TRACE mineral-used in synthesis of hemoglobin, myoglobin and enzyme iron |
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Definition
| 2nd most abundant trace mineral. important in protein metabolism and synthesis, in nucleic acid metabolism, and in stabilization of cell membranes. functions as a cofactor for more than 200 enzymes and is essential to numerous cellular metabolic functions. |
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Definition
| Low amounts in breastmilk. Need to determine water content before supplementing. |
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Definition
| Most abundant MAJOR mineral. Makes up 99% of skeleton. Half of bone mineral accretion occurs during adolescence. |
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| seiZure, hyperacusis, microcytic anemia, neuropathy |
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Definition
| alopecia, dermatitis (skin/tin) |
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Definition
| MEGAloblastic anemia, neuropathy, and big bad things |
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Definition
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| not Able to drive at night |
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| 30-40% of body weight, Potassium, Proteins, organic anions, phosphate |
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Definition
| 20-25% body weight, sodium, chloride |
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Term
| ECF: Plasma Volume effected by... |
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Definition
| age, dehydration, anemia, polycythemia, heart failure, decreased plasma albumin, abnormal plasma osmolality |
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Term
| ECF: Interstitial Fluid altered by... |
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Definition
(Every Prostitute Loves Nookie)
Edema
Protein-losing enteropathy
Liver failure
Nephrotic syndrome |
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Definition
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Definition
| Main EXTRAcellular cation & is restricted to ECF. Adequate amounts needed to maintain intravascular volume |
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Term
| Renin is released when there is... |
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Definition
-decreased perfusion of kidneys
-decreased delivery of sodium to distal nephron
-increased beta 1 adrenergic agonists |
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Term
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Definition
-provides 20% of caloric needs
-quantity sufficient to prevent ketoacidosis and breakdown of protein |
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Term
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Definition
-Serum Sodium <135 mEq/L
-diarrhea & consume a hypotonic fluid (H2O)
-Volume depletion stimulates secretion of ADH, preventing water excretion
-correct at 12mEq/L over 24 hr |
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Term
| Hypernatremic dehydration |
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Definition
-Serum Sodium >150 mEq/L
-irritable & lethargic, fever, hypertonicity, hyperreflexia
-Correct at 1/2 mEq/L per hour |
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Term
| TPN-total parenteral nutrition |
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Definition
| Short bowel syndrom is the most common indication for long-term. May be caused by a congenital gastrointestinal anomaly or acquired after necrotizing enterocolitis |
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Term
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Definition
-Sepsis
-Electrolyte abnormalities
-Hyperglycemia
-Azotemia
-CHRONIC: liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver failure, requiring liver/small bowel transplant |
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Term
| Congenital Hypothyroidism |
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Definition
-1/400
-caused by dysgenisis of thyroid
-picked up on newborn screening |
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Term
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Definition
-Counteracts PTH
-decreases serum calcium
-increases calcium deposition in the bone, and decreases calcium absorption |
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Term
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Definition
-secreted from parathyroid gland if calcium is decreased
-mobilizes calcium from bone, and increases calcium absorption from the kidney
-increased serum calcium stimulates vit D. secretion |
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Term
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Definition
-ionized calcium <4.5 or total calcium <8.5
-neuromuscular irritability; muscle cramps, spasms, and weakness; parethesis; seizure like activity |
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Term
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Definition
| hypocalcemia-palpation of facial nerve results in spasm of ipsilateral cheek |
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Term
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Definition
| hypocalcemia-BP cuff 3 to 5 mins carpal spasm |
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Definition
| causes decreased calcium but DOES NOT cause rickets |
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Term
| causes of hypoparathyroidism |
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Definition
-congenital malformations
-surgical procedures
-autoimmune |
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Term
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Definition
-secrete PTH, but is inactive
-have decreased serum calcium but elevated serum phosphate
-Albright (autosomal dominant form of this disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
-decreased bone mineralization in children
-symptoms include poor linear growth, bowing of legs, painful weight bearing, and rachitic rosary |
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Term
| Hormones produced by adrenal glands |
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Definition
-mineralocorticoid aldosterone
-cortisol
-sex steroids |
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Definition
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Term
| secondary adrenal insufficiency |
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Definition
| CRH or ACTH deficiency (corticotropin-releasing hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
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| Most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
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Definition
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Definition
-1/12000 white children
-impairs production of 17-OH progesterone to cortisol
-get increase ACTH, which than stimulates other sex hormones
-causes virilization of external female genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
-in females can range from labiosacral folds to clitromegally or phallus
-male infants usually have normal external genitalia
-75% of pts have aldosterone deficiency |
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Term
| biochemical changes seen in congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
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Definition
-elevated serum 17-OH progesterone
-decreased serum cortisol and aldosterone levels
-elevated testosterone levels |
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Term
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Definition
-virilization, salt retention & hypokalemia
-get buildup of deoxycorticosterone, which is a potent mineralocorticoid |
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Term
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Definition
-destruction of adrenal cortex
-primary adrenal insufficiency
-lack of glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids |
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Term
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Definition
-hyperpigmentation
-salt craving
-hypotension
-fasting hypoglycemia |
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Term
| Treatment for Addison's disease |
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Definition
| replacement with hydrocortisone |
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Term
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Definition
-usually the result of exogenous glucocorticoid administration
-can have endogenous increase in glucocorticoids from adrenal adenoma, carcinoma, or adrenal hyperplasia |
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