Term
| What are Piaget's developmental theories about? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 parts of Piaget's theory? |
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Definition
-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational thought
-Concrete Operational
-Formal Operations |
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Term
|
Definition
-Ages birth-24 months
-Experiences world through senses and interactions
-Lacks object permeance
-Stranger anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| The object exists even when it is no longer visible |
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Term
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Definition
| When a child is exposed to an individual who is unfamiliar to them |
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Term
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Definition
-24 months- age 7
-First use of representational thoughts and symbols
-Ability to pretend
-Lacks logical reasoning
-egocentrism
-transductive |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to put oneself in place of another |
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Term
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Definition
| "All women with big bellies have babies"(reasoning from specific cases to general) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Age 7-11
-Increased logic (reasoning and thinking)
Ex/ Reasoning- the girl shares her doll with her friend since she has 2 dolls and her friend has none
Ex/ Thinking - the apple is still an apple even when it is cut in half |
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Term
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Definition
age 11- young adult (adulthood)
-ex/ Thinking - if all dogs back, then the adolescent can deduce that his dog will bark too
-Ex/ Problem solving - If Adam had more money than Ben, and Ben had more money than Cara, then the adolescent would conclude that Adam has more money than Cara |
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Term
| What are Freud's development theories about? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 parts of Freud's theory? |
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Definition
-Oral
-Anal
-Phalic
-Latency
-Genital |
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Term
|
Definition
-Birth to 1 year
-A child's primary source of pleasure is through the mouth: Sucking, biting, chewing, vocalizing |
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Term
|
Definition
- ages 1-3 years
-Children gain a sense of mastery and competence by controlling bladder and bowel movements
-Climate of potty-training can have lasting effects on children's personality |
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Term
|
Definition
-Ages 3-6 years
-The libido's energy is focused on the genitals. Children begin to identify with their same-sex parent.
-Genitals, Exploration, opposite sex parent, curious of dissimilarities in opposite sex |
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Term
|
Definition
-Age 6-12 years
The libido's energy is suppressed and children are focused on other activities such as school, friends and hobbies
-More interest in same sex parent
-Same gender play "boys have cooties"
-Ex/ child begins to elaborate on previously acquired traits and skills
-Ex/ The child focuses his/her energy into acquiring more knowledge |
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Term
|
Definition
-Age 12-18 years
-Children begin to explore romantic relationships.
-Sexual interest
-Genitals are major source of sexual tensions and pleasures
-Energy towards friendships and preparing for marriage |
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Term
| What are Erikson's developmental theories about? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 8 parts of Erikson's theory? |
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Definition
-Trust vs Mistrust
-Autonomy vs Shame, Self doubt
-Initiative vs guilt
-Industry vs inferiority
-Identity vs role confusion
-Intimacy vs isolation
-Generativity vs stagnation
-Ego integrity vs despair |
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Term
|
Definition
-Birth - 1 year
-Children learn to either trust or mistrust their caregivers.
-Faith in the environment vs suspicion, fear of future
-GOAL: Faith and optimism |
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Term
| Autonomy vs Shame, Self-Doubt |
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Definition
-Age 1-3 years
-Children develop self-sufficiency by controlling activities such as eating, toilet training and talking.
-Independence driven, realize can control self, environment, body; encouragement of decision-making whether good or bad vs shame and doubt when made to feel inadequate or self-conscious
GOAL: Self control and will power |
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Term
|
Definition
-Ages 3-6 years
-Children begin to take more control over their environment.
-Strong imagination, exploration; encourage self-established activities while teaching limitations
GOAL: Direction and purpose |
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Term
|
Definition
-Age 6- 12 years
Children develop a sense of competence by mastering new skills.
-Ability to carry out tasks to completion, learn to compete and cooperate, learn rules, need real achievements
GOAL: Competence |
|
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Term
| Identity vs Role confusion |
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Definition
-Age 12-18 years
-Children develop a personal identify and sense of self.
-Changes in body instigate mistrust in their bodies, overly concerned of how others see them, struggle to fit in
GOAL: Devotion to values and fidelity to others |
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Term
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Definition
| Young adults seek out romantic love and companionship. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Middle-aged adults nurture others and contribute to society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Older adults reflect on their lives, looking back with a sense of fulfillment or bitterness. |
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Term
| What are Kohlberg's developmental theories about? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of Kohlberg's theory? |
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Definition
-Preconventional level
-Conventional
-Post Conventional |
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Term
| Preconventional level (Kohlberg) |
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Definition
-Ages 1-6 years
-Punishment and obedience
-At first bad behavior is determined by it's consequences.
-Later, children figure out that good behavior consists of which satisfied their own needs |
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Term
| Conventional level (Kohlberg) |
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Definition
Ages 6-12 years
1st Moral = praise from teachers, peers, parents, etc
2nd Moral = conforming to rules and norms of society
-Obeys authority figures
Ex/ Child listens to parent when parents says to go to bed
Ex/ Child raises his/her hand to speak in class |
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Term
| Post Conventional level (Kohlberg) |
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Definition
Ages 12-18
Individual judges own moral standards
-Justice and human rights with respect for the dignity of persons as individuals
-Emphasis on changing law in terms of societal needs and rational considerations |
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Term
| Sequence for assessing an infant? |
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Definition
| Check least traumatic to most traumatic last |
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Term
| Appropriate techniques for assessing a preschooler? |
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Definition
-Make yourself "small" to interact on their eye level
-Keep a safe distance from the child to allow them to evaluate them
-Approach should be slow and smooth
-Allow the child to assess the equipment prior to being examined |
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Term
| Difference between an adult and preschool assessment? |
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Definition
-Communicate with both parent and patient
-Assessment can be done on parent's lap rather than on table
-Allow the child to be fully clothed to protect modesty
-Perform exam distally (Hands, then arms etc.)
-Pull ear up and back when checking ears of children ages 3 and up. |
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Term
| What communication techniques should be used for a school age assessment? |
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Definition
| Explain the purpose of the equipment and the significance of the procedure. Teach about body function and care. |
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Term
| Examinations techniques for an infant? |
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Definition
-Examine with the infant in the parent's lap before ages 4-6 months, after able to sit alone, try to have patient in parents lap whenever possible.
-Completely underdress if the room temperature permits. Leave diaper on male infant. Gain cooperation with distraction, bright objects, rattles, talking.
-Proceed in usual head-to-toe direction. Perform traumatic procedures last (eyes, ears, mouth). |
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Term
| Examinations techniques for a toddler? |
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Definition
-Sitting or standing on or by parent. Prone or supine in parent’s lap.
-Have parent remove outer clothing. Remove underwear as body part is examined. Allow to inspect equipment- demonstrating use of equipment is usually ineffective.
-Inspect body area through “count fingers”, “tickle toes”. Use minimum physical contact initially. Introduce equipment slowly. |
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Term
| Examinations techniques for a preschooler? |
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Definition
-Prefer standing or sitting. usually cooperative prone or supine. Prefer parent’s closeness.
-Request self-undressing. Allow to wear underpants if shy. Offer equipment for inspection, briefly demonstrate use. Make up story about procedure (“im doing to see how strong your muscles are, [blood pressure]). Give choices whenever possible.
-If cooperative, proceed in head-to-toe direction. If uncooperative, proceed as with toddler. |
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Term
| Examinations techniques for a school age child? |
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Definition
-Prefer sitting.
Cooperative in most positions. Younger child prefers parent’s presence. Older child may prefer privacy.
-Respect need for privacy. request self-undressing. Allow to wear underpants. Give gown to wear. Explain purpose of equipment and significance of procedure, such as otoscope to see eardrum. Teach about body function and care.
-Proceed in head-to-toe direction. May examine genitalia last in older child. |
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Term
| Examinations techniques for an adolescent? |
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Definition
-Same as for school-age child. Offer option of parent’s presence
-Allow to undress in private. Give gown. Expose only to area to be examined. Respect need for privacy. Explain findings during examination. Matter of factly comment about sexual development. Emphasize normalcy of development.
-Same as older school-age child. May examine genitalia last. |
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Term
| Verbal vs Non-Verbal techniques |
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Definition
Non-Verbal = a patient writing in a journal, a sony play station is brought into a 12 yr olds room, an 8 yr old draws a picture of himself in the hospital
Verbal = "sometimes when kids come into the hospital, they get very sad. does that ever happen to you?", "I want you to feel better so you can play outside today, but I am worried that without taking the medicine you won't be able to" |
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Term
| 10 benefits of Comfort Positioning: |
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Definition
1.Requires fewer staff to be present
2.Helps prevent sharp incidents
3.Allows effective access to virtually all body parts
4.Can be adapted to suit the child and the procedure
5.Reduce emotional stress of the patient and the family by promoting physical contact with the caregiver
6.Provide the caregiver with an active role in supporting their child in a positive way
7.Facilitate a child’s feeling of control and ability to cooperate
8.Creates an environment for the staff to have a better frame of mind for accuracy
9.Establish a quicker recovery rate for the patient following the procedure
10.Allows for procedures to be done in an easier manner |
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Term
| Goal of the nurses on the pain management unit at the Children's Hospital in LA? |
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Definition
| To improve patient care while understanding and managing children's pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| To provide relief with minimal side effects |
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Term
| Difference between pain in pediatric and adult populations? |
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Definition
| Children experience more pain than adults |
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Term
| Subjective and objective data used to establish pain in infants? |
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Definition
a. Subjective: Information from parent
b. Objective: Increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, Furrowed eyebrow, Pulling eyebrows in, Crying, Inconsolable |
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Term
| Biggest change in pain management? |
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Definition
| Alternate therapies are used for pediatric patients |
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Term
| Alternate therapies for pediatric patients? |
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Definition
| Very few children receive a needle today now use patches and give drugs orally and through IV. These alternatives reduce medications and increase comfort. |
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Term
| 3 examples of alternative distraction therapies for pediatric patients? |
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Definition
1. Distraction - Bringing in a dog
2. Massage
3. Acupuncture |
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Term
| 2 most concerning memories pediatric patients remember from their hospitalization? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How to address the concerning memories of pediatric patients as a nurse? |
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Definition
| Goal is to eliminate them. Keep the parents close to the child as much as possible. |
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Term
| Most reliable tool for measuring small doses? |
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Definition
| Plastic disposable syringe/ tuberculin syringe |
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Term
| 4 ways to encourage a pediatric patient to take their oral medication? |
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Definition
a.Give the child a flavored ice pop or small ice cube to suck to numb the tongue before giving the drug
b.Mix the drug with a small amount (~1 tsp) of sweet-tasting substance, such as honey (except in infants), flavored syrups, jam, fruit purees sherbert, ice cream.
c.Give a “chaser” of water, juice, soft drink, or ice pop after the drug
d.When the medication has an unpleasant taste, have the child pinch the nose and drink the medicine through a straw.
IM injections |
|
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Term
| 3 sites for giving an IM injection to a pediatric patient? |
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Definition
a. Vastus Lateralis
b. Ventrogluteal
c. Deltoid |
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Term
| 1 gram of wet diaper equals how much urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IV's should be placed where it allows the children the least amount of _____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Foot veins should only be used for children who are not _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scalp veins should only be used in children younger than _____ and only when other sites have been exhausted. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is an Intraosseous infusion? |
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Definition
| Provides a rapid, safe, and lifesaving alternate route for administration of fluids and medications until intravascular access can be attained, especially in children who are 6 years of age and younger. |
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Term
| What is LMX and EMLA Cream? When are they used? |
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Definition
1. Numbing Cream - LMX is faster acting (30 min vs 1 hour for EMLA), Darker skin will take longer for it to work.
2. Used for IVs, PICC lines, LPs |
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Term
| 3 distraction techniques for a pediatric patient? |
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Definition
| Toys, books, Ipad, smart phone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Adventitious breath sound |
|
|
Term
| 5 Signs of increased work of breathing? |
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Definition
1. Accessory muscle use
2. Nostril flaring
3. Grunting
4. Skin color
5. O2 Sat |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One very common side effect of Albuterol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 symptoms of dehydration for an infant? |
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Definition
| Sunken fontanels (or flat), dry mucus membranes, higher pulse/lower BP |
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Term
| Why are infants more at risk for dehydration? |
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Definition
| Kidneys are under-developed, increased surface area, higher % of body is water |
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Term
| What education can you teach to a parent of a school-age child about MRSA and strep throat? |
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Definition
| They are contagious. Keep small kids away. Have another family member stay with the other kids at home. |
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Term
Immunization for a toddler:
Location? Needle insertion angle? Size of needle? Explanation offered to child? |
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Definition
| Vastus lateralis, 90 degrees, 25GX5/8, "You might feel a small pinch but we need to give you this so you won't get the flu" |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Documentation of an injection? |
|
Definition
Type of vaccine
Date given
Site
Funding source
Vaccine lot #
Date on vaccine
Initials |
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Term
| Developmental Stages: Birth to 6 months |
|
Definition
-Nonverbal communication is key
a. Facial expressions
b. Tone of voice
- Appropriate toys:
a. Toys with noise like rattles, squeaky toys
b. Musical toys like mobiles
c. Toys with texture they can touch |
|
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Term
| Developmental Stages: 6 to 18 months |
|
Definition
-Stranger anxiety
-Try to keep child with a caregiver
-Communication is mostly nonverbal but speak to the child anyway
-Use stimulating objects to catch attention for distraction or assessment
-Use head to toe approach
Appropriate toys:
a. Musical and noisy toys
b. Push pull toys
c. Stacking blocks
d. Books with rhymes |
|
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Term
| Developmental Stages: 18 months to 3 years |
|
Definition
-More explorative but still shelter with parents
-Will understand more words than can say
-Constantly moving
-Play and curiousity are big motivators
-Use your tools and toys
- Toe to head approach
- Toilet training often includes lessons about modesty and improper touching. Respect these lessons; uncover child selectively for exam.
Appropriate toys:
a. wagons/tricycles
b. large crayons
c. stuffed animals/dolls
d. finger paints |
|
|
Term
| Developmental Stages: 3 years to 6 years |
|
Definition
- the "Disney" syndrome (Mrs. Shanley's term)
-Learning to explore and be independent, very curious!
-Can be talkative and enthusiastic
-Like to have choices
-Have "magical thinking" - play pretend
Appropriate toys:
a. kitchen sets
b. domestic items like phone, clock
c. small trucks, cars
d. building toys
e. felt markers
f. story books
g. paint and brushes |
|
|
Term
| Developmental Stages: 6 years to 12 years |
|
Definition
-Fear failure, inferiority
- want to be treated like a "big kid"
-body conscious and modest
-may feel pain intensely
-feel comfort with touching
- dont you babyish terms
-use common interests to build trust
-offer limited choices
-dont tell them not to cry
-"I have to pee" years,
Appropriate toys:
a. love a challenge and skill - board games, video games, puzzles
b. bigger bikes, roller skates, scooters
c. costumes, doll houses, fashion |
|
|
Term
| Developmental Stages: 12 years and up |
|
Definition
-Indentity and peer relationships are the key issues at this age
-Body image and future deformities and dysfunctions are very important
-Can be very dramatic
-Regressive behavior is common
-Respect modesty and privacy
-Direct yourself to the child as you would an adult
-Make eye contact
-Dont lie
Appropriate toys:
a. advanced board & card games, video games, DVDs
b. water gun |
|
|
Term
| What parents like and want: |
|
Definition
-Treat children as people
-Keep children as physically and emotionally comfortable as possible
-Treat every child as if they are the most special, beautiful, smartest child in the world
-A compliment to the child is a compliment to their parents |
|
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Term
| Non Verbal Communications |
|
Definition
-What your face and body say are every bit as important as what your mouth says
-Make eye contact but dont hold it in a challenging manner
-Use eyebrows to exaggerate your expressions, especially for babies through elementary-age kids
-"High five" and tickling |
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|
Term
| What is health promotion? |
|
Definition
| The process of enabling people to increase cover over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Activities that decrease the opportunity for illness and injury
EX/ immunizations, teaching about car safety seats |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Early diagnosis and treatment of a condition to lessen severity
EX/ Developmental screening, vision and hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Restoration to optimum function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A national health promotion initiative dedicated to the principle that every child deserves to be healthy and that optimal health involves a trusting relationship between the health professional, the child, the family, and the community as partners in health practice |
|
|
Term
| Which diseases have been eradicated due to immunizations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nurses role in health promotion pediatrics: |
|
Definition
-Guide to activities
-To promote development
-Keeping safety in mind |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Measurement used to assess pain for children between the ages of 2 months–7years or individuals that are unable to communicate their pain. The scale is scored between a range of 0–10 with 0 representing no pain. The scale has 5 criteria which are each assigned a score of 0, 1 or 2.
-Stands for Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability |
|
|
Term
| Faces Scale or Color Scale |
|
Definition
-Children between the ages of 3 and 8
-Usually have a word for pain
-Can articulate more detail about the presence and location of pain; less able to comment on quality or intensity
(Color scale assigns colors as mild, moderate, severe) |
|
|
Term
| Standard analog scale rating pain scale of 0 - 10. |
|
Definition
For children older than 8 years
Same as used in adutls |
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Term
| Uses of sucrose for infants: |
|
Definition
-Can be used for procedures such as heel stick, venipuncture, catherization
-Effective analgesic in preterm and term infants (not effective beyond 3 months old)
-Dip pacifier in sucrose solution or give 0.2 mL to buccal area (May repeat but be cautious with many doses to younger infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Administer analgesia through most painless route
-Avoid IM Injections
-Oral and intravenous routes are preferred
a. Oral route for mild to moderate pain
b. Intravenous route for immediate pain relief and severe pain |
|
|
Term
| Organ systems to consider for med administration: |
|
Definition
Respiratory
Liver and kidney |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Mild to moderate pain
-No side effects of respiratory depression
-Highly effective when combined with opioids
-Acetaminophen
-NSAIDS
-Aspirin (No longer used in pediatrics bc of Reyes Syndrome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Antipyretic
-Mild analgesic
-Administer PO or PR
-Pediatric oral dose 10-15mg/kg/dose every 4 hours
-Onset 30 minutes
-Causes hepatic failure in overdose
a. Infant drops are MORE concentrated than the children's suspension
- Infant's Acetaminophen 80 mg/0.8mL
- Children's Acetaminophen 165 mg/5mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Antipyretic
-Analgesic for mild to moderate pain
-Anti-inflammatory
-COX Inhibitor-> Prostaglandin inhibitor
-Platelet aggregation inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| NSAIDs: Ibuprofen Antipyretic Dosing |
|
Definition
Dose 10 mg/kg/dose eery 6 hours
Onset 30-45 mins |
|
|
Term
| NSAIDs: Ketorolac (Toradol) Antipyretic |
|
Definition
-Intravenous NSAID (available PO)
-Onset 10 Minutes
-Monitor renal function
-Do not use more than 5 days
- Significant increase in side effects after 5 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gastritis
- Prolonged use increases risk of GI bleed
- Still rare in pediatric patients compared to adults
-Nephropathy (ATN)
-Bleeding from patient anti-coagulation
-NSAID use contraindicated in active bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Moderate to severe pain
-Various routes of administration
-Different pharmacokinetics for different age groups
-Infants younger than 3 months have increased risk of hypoventilation and respiratory depression
-Low risk of addiction among children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All opioids have side effects that should be anticipated and managed:
Respiratory depression
Nausea, vomiting
Constipation
Pruritis
Urinary retention |
|
|
Term
| Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) |
|
Definition
| -Control of the button rests solely with the patient, NOT the parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rash, tiredness, headache, fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sore throat, mild fever, weakness, swollen glands in neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be no symptoms unless bacteria enter the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be no symptoms, fever, stomach pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, vomiting, jaundice, dark urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be no symptoms, fever, headache, weakness, vomiting, jaundice, joint pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fever, muscle pain, sore throat, cough, extreme fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rash, fever, cough, runny nose, pinkeye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swollen salivary glands (under the jaw), fever, headache, tiredness, muscle pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe cough, runny nose, sore throat, fever, nausea, vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be no symptoms, sore throat, fever, nausea, headache |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be no symptoms, pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diarrhea, fever, vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Children infected with rubella virus sometimes have a rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stiffness in neck and abdominal muscles, difficulty swallowing, muscle spasms, fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Walking, running, climbing, jumping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Include refined eye-hand and muscle coordination
-Drawing, dressing, artwork, skillful manipulation |
|
|
Term
| 2 stages of the Preoperational Phase |
|
Definition
1. Preconceptual phase - 2 to 4 years
2. Intuitive thought phase - 4 to 7 years |
|
|
Term
| Preschool Psychosocial Development |
|
Definition
Erikson - Developing a sense of intiative
-Chief psychosocial task of the preschool period
-Feelings of guilt, anxiety, and fear may result from thoughts that diff from expected behavior
-Development of superego (conscience)
-Learning right from wrong: moral development |
|
|
Term
| Preschool Cognitive Development |
|
Definition
-Readiness for school
-Readiness for scholastic learning
-Successful achievement of cognitive goals at this stage is needed for learning, which is among the reasons children enter school at 5-6 years old
-Shifts from egoentric thought to social awareness
-Able to consider other viewpoints
-Egocentricity is still evident |
|
|
Term
| Preschool Moral Development |
|
Definition
-Basic level of moral judgement
-Punishment and obedience orientation
-Naive instrumental orientation: actions to satisfy one's own needs and less concern about the needs of others
-Concrete sense of justice and fairness |
|
|
Term
| Preschool Development of Body Image |
|
Definition
-Increasing comprehension of "desirable" appearances
-Aware of racial identity, differences in appearances, and biases
-Poorly defined body boundaries
a. Fear that if skin is "broken", all one's blood and "insides" can leak out
b. Frightened by intrusive experiences |
|
|
Term
| Preschool Development of Sexuality |
|
Definition
-Forms a strong attachment to the opposite-sex parent while identifying with the same-sex parent
-Become concerned with modesty
-Sex role limitation: "dressing up like Mommy or daddy"
-Sexual exploration is more pronounced |
|
|
Term
| Preschool Social Development |
|
Definition
-Individuation- separation process is completed
-Overcomes stranger anxiety and fear of separation from the parents
-Still needs parental security and guidance
-Security from familiar objects
-Play therapy is beneficial for working through fears, anxieties, and fantasies |
|
|
Term
| Preschool 4 different types of play |
|
Definition
-Associative play
-Imitative play
-Imaginative play and imaginative playmates
-Dramatic play |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| a form of play in which a group of children participate in similar or identical activities without formal organization, group direction, group interaction, or a definite goal. The children may borrow or lend toys or pieces of play equipment, and they may imitate others in the group, but each child acts independently, as on a playground or among a group riding tricycles or bicycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| an imitative activity in which a child fantasizes and acts out various domestic and social roles and situations, such as rocking a doll, pretending to be a doctor or nurse, or teaching school. It is the predominant form of play among preschool children. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Dark, being left alone, animals, ghosts, objects or persons associated with pain, technique of desensitization to overcome fears |
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Term
| Aggression in preschoolers |
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Definition
Behavior that attempts to hurt another person or destroy property
May be influenced by biologic, sociocultural and familial variables
Factors that increase aggressive behavior include gender, frustration, modeling, reinforcement |
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Term
| Age of school age children? |
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Definition
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Term
| Height and Weight changes in school age children? |
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Definition
Height increases by 2 inches per year
Weight increases by 2-3 kilograms per year
Males and females differ little in size |
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Term
| School age: Maturation of body systems |
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Definition
-Bladder capacity increases
-Heart is smaller in relation to the rest of the body
-Immune system is increasingly effective
-Bones increase in ossification
-Physical maturity is not necessarily correlated with emotional and social maturity |
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Term
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Definition
-2 years preceding puberty
-Typically occurs during preadolescence
-Varying ages from 9-12 years (in girls, it occurs about 2 years earlier than in boys)
-Average age of puberty is 12 years in girls and 14 years in boys |
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Term
| School age Psychosocial development |
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Definition
-relationships center around same-sex peers
-Freud described it as the latency period of psychosexual development |
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Term
| School age: Erikson - Developing a sense of industry |
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Definition
-Eager to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work
-Acquires a sense of personal and interpersonal competence
-Growing sense of independence
-Peer approval is a strong motivator |
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Term
| School age: Erikson- Inferiority |
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Definition
-Feelings may derive from self or the social environment
-may occur if incapable or unprepared to assume the responsibilities associated with developing a sense of accomplishment
-all children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skills they cannot master |
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Term
| School age Piaget: Cognitive Development (Concrete operations) |
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Definition
-Use thought processes to experience events and actions
-Develop an understanding of relationships between things and ideas
-Able to make judgements based on reason (conceptual thinking) |
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Term
| School age Kohlberg: Moral Development |
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Definition
-Development of conscious and moral standards
-In a child ages 6-7 years, reward and punishment guide choices
-Older school-age child is able to judge an act by the intentions that prompted it
-Rules and judgements become more founded on the needs and desires of others |
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Term
| School age: Social development |
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Definition
-Importance of peer group
-Identification with peers is a strong influence in a child gaining independence from parents
-Sex roles are strongly influenced by peer relationships |
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Term
| School age: Relationship with Families |
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Definition
-Parents are the primary influence in shaping a child's personality, behavior, and value system
-Increasing independence from parents is the primary goal of middle childhood
-Children are not ready to abandon parental control |
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Term
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Definition
Involves physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy
-Form groups, cliques, clubs, secret societies
-Rules and rituals
-See the need for rules in games they play
Ex/ Team play, quiet games and activities, ego mastery |
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Term
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Definition
A conscious awareness of a variety of self-perceptions (ex/ abilities, values, appearances)
*Positive self-concept leads to feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, and happiness |
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Term
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Definition
-Children like their physical selves less as they grow older
-body image is influenced by significant others
-increased awareness of "differences" may influence feelings of inferiority |
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Term
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Definition
| A child who returns from school to an empty home because his or her parent or parents are away at work, or a child who is often left at home with little or no parental supervision. |
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Term
| School age: Dental health |
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Definition
-Stage begins with the shedding of the first deciduous teeth
-Eruption of permanent teeth |
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Term
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Definition
-Middle childhood is the ideal time for formal sex education
a. life span approach
b. information on sexual maturity and process of reproduction
c. effective communication with parents |
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Term
| Most common cause of severe injury and death in school-age children? |
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Definition
Motor vehicle crashes- pedestrian and passenger
Bicycle injuries - benefits of bike helmets |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual maturity is achieved |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-2 years after puberty; skeletal growth is complete and reproductive functions become established |
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Term
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Definition
| The time of growing into psychological, social, and physical maturation |
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Term
| Adolescent: Sexual maturation |
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Definition
-Tanner stages of sexual maturity
(Stages of development of secondary sex characteristics and genital development)
*Guide for estimating sexual maturity |
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Term
| Adolescent: Physical growth |
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Definition
-Dramatic increase in growth accompanies sexual maturation
-Adolescent growth spurt
a. 20% to 25% of total height is achieved during puberty
b. usually occurs within a 24-36 month period |
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Term
| Adolescent: Physical changes |
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Definition
-Size and strength of heart, blood volume, and systolic blood pressure increase
-Pulse rate and basal heat production decrease
-Adult valves for all formed elements of blood
-Respiratory volume and vital capacity increase
-Increased performance capabilities |
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Term
| Adolescent: Psychosocial development - Sense of Identity (Erikson) |
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Definition
-Early adolescent - group identity vs alienation
-development of personal identity vs role diffusion
-sex role identity
-emotionality |
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Term
| Adolescent: Cognitive Development (Piaget) |
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Definition
Formal operations period
Abstract thinking
a. think beyond present
b. mental manipulation of multiple variables
c. concerned about others thoughts and needs |
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Term
| Adolescent: Moral development (Kohlberg) |
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Definition
-Internalized set of moral principles
-Questioning of existing moral values and relevance to society
-Understand duty and obligation, reciprocal rights of others
-Concepts of justice, reparation |
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Term
| Adolescent: Social development |
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Definition
-Goal is to define one's identity independently from parental authority
-much ambivalence
-intense sociability; intense loneliness
-acceptance of peers |
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Term
| Adolescent: Relationship with parents |
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Definition
-role changes from "protection-dependency" to "mutual affection and equality"
-process involves turmoil and ambiguity
-struggle of privileges and responsibility
-Emancipation from parents may begin with the rejection of parents by the teenager |
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Term
| Adolescent: Relationship with peers |
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Definition
-Peer assume an increasingly significant role in adolescence ("best friend")
-Peers provide a sense of belonging and a feeling of strength and power
-Peers form a transitional world between dependence and autonomy
-Role of social media and advanced technology |
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Term
| Adolescent: Development of Self Concept and Body Image |
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Definition
-Feelings of confusion in early adolescence
-acute awareness of appearance, comparison of appearance with others
-blemishes and defects are magnified out of proportion
-matures to self-concept based on uniqueness and individuality |
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Term
| Greatest cause of serious and fatal injuries in teens? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A benign condition in which the infant is inconsolable and excessively cries |
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Term
| What can infant colic lead to? |
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Definition
| maternal stress, child abuse, or neglect |
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Term
| 4 possible causes of colic? |
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Definition
1. a gut problem associated with cow's milk allergy, lactose intolerance, intestinal flora, gut motility dysfunction
2. a behavioral problem due to inadequate parent infant interaction or to a difficult temperament of the infant
3. the notion that the excessive crying is the extreme limit of normal
4. a collection of different entities |
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Term
| When does infant colic typically resolve? |
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Definition
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