Term
| The age range for newborns is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The age range for infants is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The age range for children is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The age range for teens is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What portion of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle reflects the adequacy of oxygenation, ventiliation, brain perfusion, and CNS function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the assessment areas of appearance in the Pediatric Assessment Triangle? (5) |
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Definition
-tone
-interactivity/mental status
-consolability
-look/gaze
-speech/cry |
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Term
| What portion of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle reflects the adequacy of airway, oxygenation, and ventilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the assessment areas of breathing in the Pediatric Assessment Triangle? (5) |
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Definition
-body position
-visible movement (chest/abdomen)
-RR
-respiratory effort
-audible breath sounds |
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Term
| What portion of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle reflects the adequacy of cardiac output and perfusion of vital organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the indications for intubation? (4) |
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Definition
-relief of airway obstruction
-increasing WOB
-respiratory failure
-inadequate CNS control of ventilation |
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Term
| For peds, the pop-off valve on a resuscitator bag should read what pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the narrowest portion of the airway in pediatrics? |
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Definition
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Term
| The larynx of an adult is _____ shaped, while the larynx of an infant is _____ shaped. |
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Definition
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Term
| What formula do you use to determine the correct uncuffed ET tube size for children < 8 years old? |
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Definition
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Term
| What formula do you use to determine cuffed ET tube size in children < 8 years old? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the depth of insertion formula for an ET tube in children < 8 years old? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cuffed ET tubes are generally unnecessary in children <8 years because? |
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Definition
| the narrowing of the cricoid cartilage serves as a natural cuff |
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Term
| What are the primary ways to assess correct ET tube placement? (3) |
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Definition
-ausculation (chest and stomach)
-bilateral chest excursion
-improved color, HR, and SaO2 |
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Term
| What are the secondary ways to assess correct ET tube placement? |
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Definition
-CXR
-end tidal CO2 monitoring |
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Term
| Indications for chest compressions? (2) |
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Definition
-no signs of circulation
-HR < 60 w/ signs of poor perfusion |
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Term
| What is the depth of chest compressions in infants? In children (>8yrs)? |
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Definition
-1/3 to 1/2 chest depth
-1.5 to 2 in |
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Term
| What is the standard rate of chest compressions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the objectives of fluid therapy during resuscitation? (3) |
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Definition
-restore effective circulating vol in hypovolemic shock
-restore O2 carrying capacity in hemorrhage shock
-correction of metabolic imbalances |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of shock in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of fluid are given for volume expansion during shock? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of medications during resuscitation? |
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Definition
-increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pres during chest compressions
-increase HR
-stimulate spontaneous or more forceful myocardial contractility
-correction of metabolic acidosis |
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Term
| Name all the resuscitation medications (4) |
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Definition
epinephrine
atropine
glucose
sodium bicarbonate |
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Term
| What are the indications for epinephrine? (3) |
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Definition
-bradycardia, unresponsive to ventilation and O2
-aystole, pulseless arrest
-hypotension |
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Term
| What are the indications for atropine? (3) |
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Definition
-symptomatic bradycardia unresponsive to vent, O2, and epinephrine
-prevent or treat vagal activity during intubation
-AV block |
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Term
| What is the primary indication for glucose? |
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Definition
| tx of documented hypoglycemia |
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Term
| What is the primary indication for sodium bicarbonate? |
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Definition
| metabolic acidosis accompanying prolonged arrest or shock |
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Term
| What medications are used to maintain cardiac output? (3) |
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Definition
dopamine
dobutamine
epinephrine infusion |
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Term
| What is the indication for dopamine? |
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Definition
| tx of hypotension or poor perfusion w/ adequate intravascular vol |
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Term
| What is the indication for dobutamine? |
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Definition
| tx of poor myocardial function and decreased cardiac output |
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Term
| This pediatric airway disorder is characterized by an acute viral infection of the lower resp tract which results in inflammation, swelling and constriction of bronchioles. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary infectious agent of bronchiolitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pediatric airway disorder begins as an upper resp infection and progresses as there is bronchiolar involvement? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characterisitcs of a CXR w/ bronchiolitis? (3) |
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Definition
-hyperinflation
-flattened diaphragms
-lower lobe consolidation |
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Term
| What broad spectrum antiviral agent is given to pts with severe symptoms of bronchiolitis? The dosage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for the vaccine for RSV? It's dosage? |
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Definition
synagis (palivizumab)
15 mg/kg |
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Term
| What pediatric airway disorder is characterized by acute and life threatening bacterial infections affecting the supraglottic area? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary pathogenic organism of epiglottitis? |
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Definition
| haemophilus influenzae type B (bacteria) |
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Term
| How would one treat bronchiolitis at home? (3 ways) |
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Definition
-humidification
-decongestants
-bronchodilators |
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Term
| What are the pathophysiologies of epiglottitis? (3) |
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Definition
-enlarged cherry red epiglottis
-partially or completely obstructed airway
-dysphagia |
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Term
| What are the radiologic findings of epiglottitis? (2) |
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Definition
-thumb sign - swollen epiglottis and enlarged aryepiglottic folds
-vallecula obliterated on x-ray |
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Term
| What is another name for Croup? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary infectious agent of croup? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pediatric airway disorder is the most common cause of upper airway obstruction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pediatric airway disorder affects the subglottic area and larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary radiologic finding in croup? |
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Definition
| subglottic narrowing (pencil point, steeple sign, bottle neck) |
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Term
| What is the leading cause of death in infants <1 year? |
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Definition
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Term
| In foreign body aspiration, if an object is in the trachea or bronchi and can be confirmed, it should be removed by a (flexible/rigid) broncoscope. |
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Definition
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Term
| In foreign body aspiration, if an object is distal to the larynx, it should be removed with a (flexible/rigid) bronchoscope. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of head trauma? |
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Definition
-extracranial
-skull fracture
-intracranial |
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Term
| An intracranial head trauma is considered mild if the pt is unconscious for less than ___ minutes. |
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Definition
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Term
| An intracranial head trauma is considered severe if the pt is unconscious for > ___ to ___ minutes. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the causes of increased intracranial pres? (2) |
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Definition
-bleeding into epidural, subdural, or subarachnoid spaces
-brain edema from contusion or hematoma |
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Term
| What is the normal ICP value? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you calculate cerebral perfusion pressure? |
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Definition
| mean arterial pres - intracranial pres |
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Term
| What is the normal cerebral perfusion pres? |
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Definition
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Term
| If cerebral perfusion pres is less than ___, it may result in brain ischemia with poor outcome. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary pathogens of bacterial pneumonia IN NEONATES? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary pathogens of bacterial pneumonia IN INFANTS? (3) |
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Definition
-staph aureus
-staph epidermis
-haemophilus influenzae |
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Term
| What would you see on a CXR that has bacterial pneumonia? (2) |
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Definition
-unilateral/bilateral streaky densities
-consolidation |
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Term
| What can be done to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? (4) |
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Definition
-identification of infant at risk
-train family in apnea monitoring and CPR
-place baby in supine or sidelying position
-reduce soft objects in sleeping environment |
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Term
| What is the most common lethal genetic disease in white Americans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most severely affected organs in CF patients? (3) |
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Definition
-pancreas
-sweat glands
-lungs |
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Term
| How do you diagnose cystic fibrosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the leading cause of death in cystic fibrosis patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dosage for dornase alpha? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dosage for pulmicort (budesonide)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of an inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two factors that result in airway obstruction in asthma? |
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Definition
-airway inflammation
-bronchial hypersensitivity |
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Term
| What is the most effective medication in the tx of asthma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most rapid and effective bronchodilator for the use of alleviating asthmatic symptoms? |
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Definition
| beta2 adrenergic agonists |
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Term
| What drug can be used as an adjunct as first line bronchodilators, along with beta2 agonists? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dosage of atrovent (ipratropium bromide)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dosage for nedocromil (Tilade)? |
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Definition
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