Term
|
Definition
refers to
an increase in
physical size of
the whole body or
any of its parts.
• It is simply a
quantitative
change in the
child’s body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Development refers to a
progressive increase in
skill and capacity of
function.
• It is a qualitative change
in the child’s functioning.
• It can be measured
through observation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• It is an increase in child’s
competence and
adaptability.
• It is describing the
qualitative change in a
structure.
• The level of maturation
depends on the child’s
heredity |
|
|
Term
| Principles of Growth and Development |
|
Definition
• Continuous process
• Predictable sequence
• Don’t progress at the same rate (↑ periods of
growth rates in early childhood and adolescents
and ↓ periods of growth rate in middle childhood)
• Not all body parts grow at the same rate at the
same time
• Each child grows in his/her own unique way
• Each stage of growth and development is
affected by the preceding types of development
proceed in regular related
directions:
• Cephalo-caudal (head
down to toes)
• Proximodistal (center of
the body to the periphery) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Physical growth (height, weight, head and
chest circumference)
• Physiological growth (vital signs…) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Motor development
• Cognitive development
• Emotional development
• Social development |
|
|
Term
| Stages of Growth and Development |
|
Definition
- Prenatal
• Embryonic (conception–8 w)
• Fetal stage (8–40 or 42 w)
- Infancy
• Neonate
• Birth to end of 1 month
• Infancy
• 1 month to end of 1 year
- Early childhood
• Toddler
• 1–3 years
• Preschool
• 3–6 years
- Middle childhood
• School age
• 6 to 12 years
- Late childhood
• Adolescent
• 13 years to approximately
18 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first 4 weeks or first
month of life. It is a
transitional period from
intrauterine life to extrauterine
environment
Physical growth
• Weight = 2.700 – 4 kg
• Weight loss 5–10%
by 3–4 days after
birth
• Weight gain by 10th
day of life
• Gain ¾ kg by the end
of the 1st month |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They lose 5–10% of weight by 3–4
days after birth as result of:
• Withdrawal of hormones from
mother
• Loss of excessive extra cellular
fluid
• Passage of meconium (feces) and
urine
• Limited food intake |
|
|
Term
| newborn chest circumference |
|
Definition
• It is 30.5 to 33cm (usually
2–3cm less than head
circumference) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Boys average height is 50 cm
• Girls average height is 49 cm
• Normal range for both
(47.5–53.75 cm) |
|
|
Term
| newborn head circumference |
|
Definition
• 33–35 cm
• Head is ¼ total body length
• Skull has two fontanels (anterior
and posterior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Diamond in shape
• The junction of the
sagittal, coronal, and
frontal sutures forms it
• Between two frontal and
two parietal bones
• 3–4 cm in length and 2–3
cm width
• It closes at 12–18 months
of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Triangular
• Located between occipital
and two parietal bones
• Closes by the end of the
1st month of age |
|
|
Term
Physiological Growth
newborn Vital signs |
|
Definition
• Temperature (36.3 to 37.2°C)
• Pulse (120 to 160/min)
• Respiration (35 to 50/min) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• It is the most highly
developed sense.
• It is mostly at lips, tongue,
ears, and forehead.
• The newborn is usually
comfortable with touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Pupils react to light.
• Bright lights appear to be
unpleasant to newborn
infant.
• Newborns follow objects
in line of vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• The newborn infant usually
makes some response to
sound from birth.
• Ordinary sounds are heard
well before 10 days of life.
• The newborn infant
responds to sounds with
either cry or eye movement,
cessation of activity, and/or
a startle reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Well developed since bitter
and sour fluids are resisted,
while sweet fluids are
accepted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Only evidence in newborn
infant’s search for the
nipple, since they smell
breast milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movements are
random, diffuse, and
uncoordinated.
Reflexes carry out
bodily functions and
responses to external
stimuli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Newborn holds hand
in fist.
• When crying,
newborn draws arms
and legs to body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| newborn cognitive development |
|
Definition
difficult to understand
or observe |
|
|
Term
| emotional cognitive development |
|
Definition
expresses emotion
just through crying for
hunger, pain, or
discomfort sensation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| age 2 months- start w help, age 8 months- comfortable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 9-12 months while holding onto support, 13 months on own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large blocks- 6 month old. small blocks- 12 month old |
|
|
Term
| Physical Growth of Normal Infant |
|
Definition
- Weight—the infant gains:
• Birth to 4 months → ¾ kg/month
• 5 to 8 months → ½ kg/month
• 9 to 12 months → ¼ kg/month
- The infant will double the birth weight by
4–5 months and triple it by 10–12 months
of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calculating weight
3-12 mo, expected weight (kg) = age (months) + 9/2
1-6 years, expected weight (kg) = age (years) x 2 +8
7-12 years, expected weight (kg) = age (years) x 7 - 5 / 2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
• Length increases about 3 cm/month during
the 1st 3 months of age.
• Then it increases 2 cm/month 4–6 months
of age.
• Then, at 7–12 months, it increases 1½ cm
per month. |
|
|
Term
| Head Circumference in infancy |
|
Definition
• It increases about 2 cm/month during the
1st 3 months.
• Then, it increases ½ cm/month during the
2nd 9 months of age.
• Posterior fontanel closes by 6–8 weeks of
age.
• Anterior fontanel closes by 12–18 months
of age. |
|
|
Term
| Chest Circumference in infancy |
|
Definition
- By the end of the 1st year, it will be equal
to head circumference.
- Physiological growth of infants:
• Pulse 110–150 b/min
• Resp 35 ± 10 c/min
• Breath through nose
• Blood pressure 80/50 ± 20/10 mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Motor Development in infancy |
|
Definition
- At 2 months
• Hold head erects in mid-position
• Turn from side back
- At 3 months, the infant can:
• Hold head erects and steady
• Open or close hand loosely
• Hold object put in hand
-At 4 months
• Sit with adequate support
• Roll over from front to back
• Hold head erect and steady
while in sitting position
• Bring hands together in
midline and play with
fingers.
• Grasp objects with both
hands.
-At 5 months
• Balance head well when
sitting
• Sit with slight support
• Pull feet up to mouth when
supine
• Grasp objects with whole
hand (right or left)
• Hold one object while
looking at another
-At 6 months
• Sit alone briefly
• Turn completely over
(abdomen to
abdomen)
• Lift chest and upper
abdomen when prone
• Hold own bottle
-At 7 months
• Sit alone
• Hold cup
• Imitate simple acts of
others
-At 8 months
• Site alone steadily
• Drink from cup with
assistance
• Eat finger food that
can be held in one
hand
-At 9 months
• Rise to sitting position
alone
• Crawl (i.e., pull body
while in prone
position)
• Hold one bottle with
good hand-mouth
coordination
-At 10 months
• Creep well (use
hands and legs)
• Walk but with help
• Bring the hands
together
-At 11 months
• Walk holding on
furniture
• Stand erect with
minimal support
-At 12 months
• Stand alone for variable length of time
• Sit down from standing position alone
• Walk a few steps with help or alone (hands
held at shoulder height for balance)
• Pick up small bits of food and transfers
them to the mouth |
|
|
Term
| Ambulation (Motor Growth) of infants |
|
Definition
• 9 month old: crawl
• 10 month old: creep
• 1 year: stand independently from a crawl
and creep position
• 13 month old: walk and toddle quickly
• 15 month old: can run |
|
|
Term
| Emotional Development of infants |
|
Definition
unstable, rapidly changing
from crying to laughter.
• Affection for family members appears.
- By 10 months, expresses several beginning
recognizable emotions, such as anger,
sadness, pleasure, jealousy, anxiety, and
affection.
- By 12 months of age, these emotions are
clearly distinguishable |
|
|
Term
| Social Development of infants |
|
Definition
• Learns that crying brings attention
• Smiles in response to smile of others
• Shows fear of stranger (stranger anxiety)
• Responds socially to his or her name
• The infant develops a sense of trust. Through
the infant's interaction with caregiver (mainly the
mother), especially during feeding, the infant
learns to trust others through the relief of basic
needs. |
|
|
Term
| Speech Milestones for infants |
|
Definition
• 1–2 months: coos
• 2–6 months: laughs and squeals
• 8–9 months: babbles; mama/dada as sounds
• 10–12 months: mama/dada specific
• 18–20 months: 20 to 30 words—50%
understood by strangers
• 22–24 months: two-word sentences, >50 words,
75% understood by strangers
• 30–36 months: almost all speech understood by
strangers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• BAER hearing test done at birth
• Ability to hear correlates with ability
enunciate words properly
• Always ask about history of otitis media
• Early referral to assess for possible fluid in
ears (effusion)
• Repeat hearing screening test
• Speech therapist as needed |
|
|
Term
| Red Flags in Infant Development |
|
Definition
• Unable to sit alone by age 9 months
• Unable to transfer objects from hand to
hand by age 1 year
• Abnormal pincer grip or grasp by age 15
months
• Unable to walk alone by 18 months
• Failure to speak recognizable words by 2
years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
average weight gain is 1.8 to 2.7
kg/year.
• Formula to calculate normal weight of children
over 1 year of age is:
• Age in years X 2+8 = ….. Kg.
• For example, the weight of a child age 4 years:
• 4 X 2 + 8 = 16 kg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• The child’s height increases by
1cm/month.
• Age in years X 5 + 80 = ___cm
• For example, the length of 2-year-old child:
• 2 X 5 + 80 = 90 cm |
|
|
Term
| toddler Head and Chest Circumference |
|
Definition
• The head increases 10 cm only from the
age of 1 year to adult age.
• During toddler years, chest circumference
continues to increase in size and exceeds
head circumference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• By 2 years of age, the toddler has 16
temporary teeth.
• By the age of 30 months (2.5 years), the
toddler has 20 teeth. |
|
|
Term
| toddler physiological growth |
|
Definition
• Pulse: 80–130 beats/min (average
110/min)
• Respiration: 20–30C/min
• Bowel and bladder control:
• Daytime control of bladder and bowel by 24–
30 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 1 year old: transfer objects from hand to
hand
• 2 year old: can hold a crayon and color
vertical strokes
- Turn the page of a book
- Build a tower of six blocks
• 3 year old: copy a circle and a cross—
build using small blocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Walk alone
• Creep upstairs
• Assume standing position
without falling
• Hold a cup with all fingers
grasped around it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Hold cup with both hands
• Transfer objects hand-to
hand at will |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Go up and down stairs
alone with two feet on
each step
• Hold a cup with one hand
• Remove most of own
clothes
• Drink well from a small
glass held in one hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Jump with both feet
• Jump from chair or step
• Walk up and down stairs,
one foot on a step
• Drink without assistance |
|
|
Term
| Toddler—Emotional Development |
|
Definition
• Stranger anxiety—should dissipate by age 2½ to
3 years
• Temper tantrums: occur weekly in 50 to 80% of
children—peak incidence 18 months—most
disappear by age 3
• Sibling rivalry: aggressive behavior toward new
infant: peak between 1 to 2 years but may be
prolonged indefinitely
• Thumb sucking
• Toilet training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Up to 2 years, the toddler uses his or her
senses and motor development to
differentiate self from objects.
• The toddler from 2 to 3 years will be in the
pre-conceptual phase of cognitive
development (2–4 years), in which he or
she is still egocentric and cannot take the
point of view of other people. |
|
|
Term
| toddler Social Development |
|
Definition
• The toddler imitates parents.
• The toddler notices sex differences and knows
own sex.
• The development of autonomy during this period
is centered around toddlers increasing abilities
to control their bodies, themselves, and their
environment;
i.e., “I can do it myself.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is the stage when the child is 3 to 6 years
of age. The growth during this period is
relatively slow |
|
|
Term
Preschool Stage
Physical Growth |
|
Definition
- Weight
• The preschooler gains
approximately
1.8kg/year
- Height
• Doubles birth length
by 4–5 years of age |
|
|
Term
Preschool Stage
Physiological Growth: |
|
Definition
• Pulse: 80–120
beat/min (average
100/min)
• Respiration:
20–30C/min
• Blood pressure:
100/67±24/25 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 3 year old: copy a circle and a cross—
build using small blocks
• 4 year old: use scissors, color within the
borders
• 5 year old: write some letters and draw a
person with body parts |
|
|
Term
Fine Motor and
Cognitive Abilities Preschool |
|
Definition
• Buttoning clothing
• Holding a pencil
• Building with small blocks
• Using scissors
• Playing a board game
• Draw picture of himself/herself |
|
|
Term
Preschool Development
Cognitive |
|
Definition
• Preschooler up to 4 years
of age is in the
pre-conceptual phase.
Child begins to be able to
give reasons for his/her
belief and actions, but not
true cause-effect
relationship. |
|
|
Term
Preschool Development
Emotional |
|
Definition
• Fears the dark
• Tends to be impatient and
selfish
• Expresses aggression
through physical and
verbal behaviors
• Shows signs of jealousy
of siblings |
|
|
Term
| Social Development in Preschoolers |
|
Definition
• Egocentric
• Tolerates short
separation
• Less dependent on
parents
• May have dreams
and nightmares
• Attachment to
opposite sex parent
• More cooperative in
play
• The preschooler is in
the stage in which
he/she develops a
sense of initiative,
wants to learn what to
do for himself, and
wants to learn about
the world and other
people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Inability to perform self-care tasks, hand
washing, simple dressing, daytime toileting
• Lack of socialization
• Unable to play with other children
• Unable to follow directions during exam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
School-age period is between the age of 6
and 12 years. The child’s growth and
development is characterized by gradual
growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Weight
• School-age child gains about
3.8kg/year
• Boys tend to gain slightly more
weight through 12 years of age
• Weight formula for 7–12 years
• = ( (age in yrs x 7 ) – 5 ) /
( 2 )
- Height
• The child gains about 5cm/year.
• Body proportion during this period:
Both boys and girls are longlegged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Pulse: 90±15 beats/min
(75 to 105)
• Respiration: 21±3C/min
(18–24)
• Blood pressure: 100/60±16/10 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Permanent teeth erupt during school-age
period, starting from 6 years, usually in
the same order in which primary teeth are
lost.
• The child acquires permanent molars,
medial and lateral incisors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Writing skills improve
- Fine motor is refined
- Fine motor with more focus
• Building: models—logos
• Sewing
• Musical instrument
• Painting
• Typing skills
• Technology: computers |
|
|
Term
Motor Development
At age 6–8 |
|
Definition
• Rides a bicycle
• Runs jumps, climbs, and hops
• Has improved eye-hand
coordination
• Prints words and learns
cursive writing
• Can brush and comb hair |
|
|
Term
Motor Development
At age 8–10 |
|
Definition
• Throws balls skillfully
• Uses hands to participate in
organized sports
• Uses both hands
independently
• Handles eating utensils
(spoon, fork, knife) skillfully |
|
|
Term
Motor Development
At age 10–12 |
|
Definition
• Enjoys all physical activities
• Continues to improve motor
coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Ask about favorite subject
• How they are doing in school
• Do they like school
• By parent report: any learning difficulties,
attention problems, homework
• Parental expectations |
|
|
Term
older School Age: Cognitive Development
Cognitive |
|
Definition
• At 7–11 years, the child now is
in the concrete operational
stage of cognitive
development. He/she is able to
function on a higher level in
mental ability.
• Greater ability to concentrate
and participate in self-initiating
quiet activities that challenge
cognitive skills, such as
reading, playing computer, and
board games |
|
|
Term
| older school age emotional development |
|
Definition
• Fears injury to body and fear of
dark
• Jealous of siblings (especially
6–8 years old child)
• Curious about everything
• Has short bursts of anger by
age of 10 years but able to
control anger by 12 years |
|
|
Term
| Social Development, older school age |
|
Definition
• Wants other children to play with him/her
• Insists on being first in every thing
• Becomes peer oriented
• Improves relationship with siblings
• Has greater self-control, confidence, sincerity
• Respects parents and their role
• Joins group (formal and informal)
• Engages in tasks in the real world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• School failure
• Lack of friends
• Social isolation
• Aggressive behavior
- Fights, fire setting, animal abuse |
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