Term
Common cause of small superficial white spot in child head and neck.
What are the stages of growth and types? |
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Definition
1) Infantile hemangioma (endothelial origin)
2) Proliferative (<12 months), Involuting( 50% by 5, 70% by 7, Involuted
4) Superficial/cutaneous (strawberry or capillary), Deep (cavernous, appears blue), compound (mixed) |
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Term
| Why are large segmental infantile hemangiomas of concern? What workup is necessary? |
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Definition
1) Can indicate PHACES syndrome
2) Pooterior cranial fossa (MRI), Hemangioma, Arterial/carotid anomalies, Cardiac/Coarct, Eyes, Sternal pit, |
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Term
| What is basic differential for pediatric unilateral nasal mass |
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Definition
1) Neurogenic
- Encephalocele
- Glioma
- Dermoid cyst
2) Rathke's pouch cyst
3) Dacrocystocele |
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Term
| What are the major distinguishing factors between pediatric and adult airway anatomy? |
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Definition
1) Neonatal epiglottis is omega shaped (allows respiration and deglutition)
2) Obligate nasal breathers until 2 months
3) Larynx at C2-3, then descends to C6-7
4) subglottis is smallest area of infant airway vs. glottis in adults |
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Term
What are the branchial arch derivatives for the following arches?
1) II
2) III
3) IV
4) V/VI |
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Definition
1) II- lesser horn and upper portion of hyoid
2) III: greater horn and lower portion of hyoid
3) IV: supraglottic structures (thyroid cartilage), superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) structures (cricothyroid muscle and pharyngeal constrictors)
4) V/VI: glottic/subglottic (cricoid, cuneiform, corniculate and arytenoid cartilages), RLN, intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid. |
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Term
| What are the typical causes of congenital bilateral VF paralysis? |
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Definition
1) Idiopathic
2) Neurologic (AC malformation)
- AC malformation w/ 4th vent compression leading to CN X stretch injury
3) Iatrogenic |
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Term
| Where are congenital airway webs most commonly found? |
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Definition
Glottic (75%), Subglottic (7%), Supraglottic (2%)
Most commonly anteriorly based
Get genetics eval (22q11 deletion) |
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Term
| What are the causes of tracheal stenosis from external compression? |
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Definition
1) Double aortic arch (R persists)
2) Right aortic arch
3) Anomalous innominate
4) Anomalous left carotid
5) PA sling
6) Retroesophageal R subclavian artery) |
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Term
| What is the grading system for laryngeal clefts? |
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Definition
Benjamin-Inglis Classification
1) Inter-arytenoid
2) Cricoid
3) Cervical trachea
4) Thoracic trachea |
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Term
| What are the typical causes of acquired subglottic/tracheal stenosis? |
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Definition
1) Intubation
2) Post-operative
3) Granulomatous disease
4) Infectious
5) Idiopathic
6) Trauma
7) Systemic
8) Neoplasia |
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Term
| Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: What is pathophysiology, where are locations located and how is it treated? |
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Definition
1) HPV 6, 11 association, with progress dysphonia, stridor and dyspnea (rarely malignant change in adults)
2) Wartlike exophytic masses between any junction of ciliated and swuamous eiithelium (limen vestibuli, midzone of epiglottis, ventricle margin and undersurface of true VF)
3) Endoscopic excision. AVOID tracheostomy due to seeding. |
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Term
| Where are the salivary glands derived from |
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Definition
First pharyngeal pouch
4th week: parotids (ectoderm)
6th week: submandibular(endoderm)
9th week: sublingual glands (endoderm) |
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Term
Describe the appropriate audiometric interventions for children in the following age groups
1) Birth-6 months
2) 6 mos-3 years
3) 3-5 years
4) 6 years and older |
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Definition
1) ABR, OAE, Behavioral observation
2) Visual Response Audiometry, Visual reinforcement Operant Conditioning Audiometry
3) Conditioned Play Audiometry: Task in response to auditory stimulus, ear specific and frequency specific
4) Standard Audiometry |
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Term
| What are the criteria for BAHA placement? |
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Definition
1) >5 years
2) >3mm calvarial cortical bone thickness |
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Term
| What are the features of Michel Aplasia? |
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Definition
Complete Labyrinthine Aplasia with Absent Cochlea
- Complete developmental failure, autosomal dominant
- Normal middle and outer ear, absent cochlea/labrynth |
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Term
| What are the features of Mondini Dysplasia? |
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Definition
Incomplete partition (most common cochlea malformation)
- Developmental arrest of bony and membranous labyrinth at week 7 gestation
- Congenital and progressive SNHL
- CT with 1.5 turn (variable) cochlea with no interscalar septum, enlarged vestibular aqueduct
- Use Amplification +/- CI |
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Term
| Which congenital inner ear abnormality makes children's hearing very susceptible to minor trauma? |
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Definition
Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct
>1.5mm vestibular aqueduct diameter, leads to decrements in hearing after minor head trauma in sports. |
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Term
| What is Scheibe Dysplasia? |
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Definition
Cochleosaccular Dysplasia
- Partial or complete membranous aplasia of pars inferior (cochlea and saccule) with normal pars superior (semicircular canals and utricle)
- Get CT and provide amplification |
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