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• Woodrow Wilson gave a speech to Congress in January 1918 in which he presented his aims for a peace settlement (Wilson's 14 points)
• The aims were idealistic. Wilson wanted to create world peace by eliminating what he thought had caused the war.
• Freedom of navigation
• Democracy and national self-determination
• Free trade
• Stop treaties that were being made in secrecy
• General disarmament
• Create the League of Nations
• Wilson wanted to make Germany pay to some extent for causing the war and establish a period of probation after which Germany would be able to join the League of Nations. |
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• Had suffered disastrous losses during the war and feared that Germany would attack again in the future once it had rebuilt a strong economy. Georges Clemenceau was premier of France.
• Wanted to weaken Germany by placing many restrictions on it
• Extensive demilitarisation of Germany
• German territorial reductions
• Reparations to weaken the German economy and also to pay for the damage Germany had caused.
• The Rhineland to be taken from Germany and to be set up as an independent state
• Take the Saar region from Germany as financial compensation
• Control Luxemburg and Belgium
• Regain Alsace-Lorraine which had been by Germany in 1871
• Make the West area of the Rhine a French puppet state in case of future German attack
• Wanted a guaranteed agreement with the United States and the United Kingdom to form a firm alliance in case of a future German attack. |
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• Promises were made by politicians in the December 1918 General Elections about making Germany pay for all the loss and damage it had caused.
• Germany to pay extensive reparations
• Stop Germany from tacking control of Europe
• Stop Germany from becoming a potential source of conflict
• Get rid of the German fleet
• Germany to return the territories it had taken during the war
• Self-Government for the nations of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and for the non-Turkish people within the Ottoman Empire
• The creation of an independent Polish state
• Unlike France, Britain wanted German economic recovery as Britain would benefit greatly from the trade with Germany.
• Wanted to keep the balance of power within Europe stable
• Did not want France to expand beyond Alsace-Lorraine and did not support France in the domination of Europe
• Did not want to form a guaranteed alliance with France. Believed in freedom of action
• Only wanted to intervene if the balance of power was threatened |
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• Wanted the territories that had been promised to it in the Treaty of London
• These included South Tyrol, Trentino, the Dodecanese Islands and Trieste
• Did not take into account national self-determination
• When Italy was denied these territories it walked out of the Versailles Conference. |
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• Wanted to be recognised for its dominant position in China
• Wanted possession of the former German territories in China and the Pacific
• Wanted to secure a larger empire for security and economic strength
• Did not support self-determination
• Wanted to be one of the major powers
• Wanted racial equality in the peace settlement |
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