Describe a possible mechanism for palmar erythema and name some commonly associated conditions.

What are the characeteristics of the fingers and fingernails of a normal adult female and a normal adult male. Relate the normal rate of nail growth to the patients' previous medical history.

What is the significance of fingernail clubbing? Describe how clubbing is measured.

Relate abnormalities of the fingernails to liver disease, hypoalbuminemia, renal failure, iron deficiency, psoriasis, arsenic poisoning, scleroderma, and lymphatic obstrcution.

Know the common causes of paronychia, onychomycosis, and ingrown nails.

Describe three causes for pigmentation changes in nails, along with distinguishing features of each.