Term
| What is the most common cardiac symptom? |
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Definition
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Term
What pain...
-Feels like pressure or squeezing discomfort
-Resolves within 15 minutes with/without nitroglycerin
-Radiates into jaw and ulnar nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the difference between pain and tenderness? |
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Definition
Pain is the patient complaint, while tenderness is the patient's response to the physician's exam (palpation). |
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Term
What pain...
-Crushing or vise-like
-Pertains beyond 30 min and is not relieved by nitroglycerin
- associated with nausea, diaphoresis, severe anxiety and shortness of breath |
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Definition
Myocardial infarction pain |
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Term
| What is most common non-cardiac cause of chest pain? |
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Definition
Inflammation
-Costochondritis
(costal-cartilage joint inflammation caused by abnormal force)
-Reflux esophagitis
(stomach acid regurgitation and esophageal inflammation)
- Pleuritic chest pain
(pleural lining inflammation-->worse with deep breathing-->alleviated by holding the breath)
- Gall Bladder pain
(crampy or colicky pain, exacerbated by fatty meals) |
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Term
| What does DOE mean and how does it relate to acute dyspnea? |
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Definition
DOE= Dyspnea on Exertion
- this symptom is found in patients with either cardiac or pulmonary disease |
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Term
| Subacute and chronic dyspnea are typically most indicative of what underlying disease? |
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Definition
Chronic lung disease
(more than chronic heart disease) |
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Term
| What is the most common heart condition that causes chronic dyspnea? |
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Definition
Congestive Heart Failure from systolic and diastolic dysfunction |
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Term
Which of the following symptoms more often indicate heart disease rather than pulmonary disease?
A. Acute dyspnea
B. Subacute and chronic dyspnea
C. Orthopnea
D. PND (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea)
E. A & B
F. C & D
G. All of the Above |
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Definition
F. C & D
PND and Orthopnea tend to indicate a heart problem rather than a lung problem although there is significant crossover.
Subacute and chronic dyspnea tends to indicate a respiratory problem. |
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Term
| Orthopnea can be quantified by what goose-filled home decoration? |
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Definition
The number of pillows it requires for someone to comfortable breathe (and sleep). |
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Term
Which of the following typically consist primarily of triglycerides?
A. Xanthelasma
B. Tendon xanthomas
C. Cutaneous xanthomas
D. Corneal arcus |
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Definition
C. Cutaneous xanthomas
(Xanthelasma can be formed by triglycerides but is primarily from cholesterol. Tendon xanthomas and Corneal arcus are deposits of cholesterol. |
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Term
Which of the following is a cause of palpitations (sensations that make a patient aware of an irregularity of their own heart beat)?
A. Anxiety
B. Myocardial ischemia
C. Caffeine
D. Conduction Problems
E. All of the Above |
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Definition
E. All of the Above
Palpitations can be benign due to a monster or scary exam and can reveal severe heart conditions. Thus is not a very specific or identifiable symptom. |
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Term
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Definition
Corneal Arcus
-Age-dependent diagnostic symptom
-In younger people, it can indicate Coronary Artery Disease
-In old people, this can be a benign occurence (Arcus Senilis) |
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Term
| What are two very strong risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease? |
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Definition
Smoking (nicotine stained fingernails)
Abdominal Obesity |
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Term
| A blue discoloration of the nail beds of the feet and not the hands may indicate what heart abnormality? |
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Definition
Differential Cyanosis
Right-to-left patent ductus shunt- venous blood is being added to arterial blood after the left subclavian artery in the descending aorta |
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Term
| What are the two most common cardiovascular problems that people with marfan's syndrome face? |
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Definition
Aortic regurgitation- due to the flexibility of their heart valves
Aneurysm- due to the distensibility of their arteries (elasticity) |
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Term
| What genetic collagen disease is a common precursor for mitral valve prolapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Endocarditis, an infection of the heart valve, can be indicated by a number of integumentary findings. What are they? |
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Definition
Conjunctival petechiae (eyelid dots)
Roth's spots (clear centered hemorrhage)
Osler's nodes (tender, palpable nodules on hands and feet)
Janeway's lesions (bruising on the digits, palms, and soles) |
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Term
| Turner's syndrome frequently is associated with what heart valve abnormality? |
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Definition
Bicuspid aortic valve
(or)
Coarctation of the aorta |
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Term
| Why does the tricuspid valve close after the mitral valve during systole? |
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Definition
The left ventricle is electrically stimulated before the right ventricle |
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Term
| During systole, in what order do the pulmonic and aortic valves open and why? |
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Definition
The pulmonic valve opens first because the RV pressure exceeds pulmonary pressure before the LV pressure exceeds aortic pressure. |
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Term
| During diastole, do the ventricular valves on the left or right side of the heart stay closed longer? |
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Definition
The valves of the left side of the heart stay closed longer in order to increase LV filling.
Aortic valve closes-->Pulmonic valve closes
Tricuspid valve opens-->Mitral valve opens |
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