Term
| What is the main function of the renal system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two metabolic waste products of the renal system which containing nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the range of the plasma levels measured as BUN? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most powerful albeit the slowest method of acid-base balance? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two vasodilators in the renal sys? |
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Definition
| prostacyclin (PGI2) and the kinins |
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Term
| What are the three vasoconstrictors in the renal sys? |
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Definition
| prostaglandins (PGF2), thromboxane (Txa), and angiotensin II |
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Term
| what is the stimulus that increases production of erythropoiesis? |
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Definition
| o2 - low o2 causes more release to increase RBC to carry more o2 |
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Term
| Ca2+ absorption in GI tract will depend on the amount of what vitamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the indentation on edial border thru which the renal vessels, nerves, and ureter exit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the limit in percentage of nephron that can be lost before causing serious complications? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the two types of nephrons? |
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Definition
| cortical and juxtamedullary |
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Term
| The glomerulus in contained in the renal ______. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
The glomerular capillaries contain smooth muscles but no epithelial layer |
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Definition
| False - glomerular capillaries contain no smooth muscle, just an epithelial layer |
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Term
Which arterioles take blood away from the glom. capillaries?
Afferent or efferent |
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Definition
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Term
The bowman's capsule contains two parts:
a ____ layer and a _____ layer |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is bowman's space located? |
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Definition
| in between the parietal and visceral layers |
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Term
| How small are the pores of the capillary endothelial cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basement membrane composed of? |
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Definition
| glycoproteins and mucopolysaccarides |
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Term
| What is the width between interdigitating foot processes in the filtration slits? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
The filtration slits serve as a sieve; molecules smaller than 15 A cannot pass through |
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Definition
False
molecules smaller than 15 A can pass through but molecules of 35 A to 40 A cannot. |
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Term
| What are the two methods of molecular sieving? |
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Definition
1) mechanical straining
2) electrical straining |
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Term
True or False
Mesangial cells are phagocytic cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mesangial cell composed of? |
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Definition
| myofilaments that lay down the msangial matrix |
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Term
| How many layers of epithelial cells rest on a basement membrane of a renal tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
| The proximal tubule is divided into what two parts? |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule and the pars recta |
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Term
True or false?
The ascending limb of the loop of henle penetrates into or toward the medulla |
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Definition
False
--
The DESCENDING limb penetrates into or toward the medulla. The ascending limb returns back to the cortex. |
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Term
| The distal tubule is composed of what two parts? |
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Definition
| The distal convoluted tubule and the connecting tubule. |
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Term
| The __________ carries urine from connecting segment of nephron to a calyx of the renal pelvis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is continuous with the renal pelvis and carries urine to the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Definition
1) juxtaglomerular cells
2) macula densa
3) associated extraglomerular mesangial cells |
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Term
| What capillaries are intimately associated with the renal tubules and derived from division of the efferent arterioles? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| long, straight vessels that run parallel to and give rise to a capillary plexus that is initmately associated with Loops of Henle |
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Term
| According to the Starling Hypothesis..what is the letter J? |
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Definition
| J = fluid flux (in this case, GFR) |
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Term
| In the myogenic mechanism, what induces the smooth muscle to constrict, causing increase in vascular resistance? |
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Definition
| The perfusion pressure going up, and the smooth muscle in the arteriolar walls being stretched. |
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Term
| What is the moderate sympathetic discharge that occurs when small changes in SAP occur. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens in extreme circumstances where there is a large sympathetic outflow - causing vasoconstriction of mainly afferent arterioles? |
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Definition
| A reduction in Pc and GFR. |
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Term
| In the Tubuloglomerular feedback - what is the variable that is sensed by the macula densa and causing effector substances to be released to regulate vascular resistance of afferent aterioles to change GFR? |
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Definition
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular cells produce the enzyme ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver produces the plasma protein ________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| angiotensinogen is cleaved by renin to ___ |
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Definition
| AI (angiotensin I - a decapeptide) |
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Term
| Angiotensin I is cleaved by _________ |
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Definition
| ACE (angiotensin coverting enzyme) to AII (angiotensin II - an octapeptide) |
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Term
| Angiotensin II is further converted to _____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
True or false
The kidneys are innervated by parasympathtic system |
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Definition
| False - they are not innervated by the parasympathetic system |
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Term
| AII acts in the brain to stimulate what action? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what technique is used to measure pressures, withdraw samples, and infuse fluids of known composition? |
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Definition
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Term
| What technique is used to determine what happens to the fluid as it travels through the nephron? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the stop-flow method, after the ureter is unclampled and fluid is collected as small timed samples - what do these samples represent? |
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Definition
| Fluid from different segments of the tubule |
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Term
| What is the difference between the transcellular pathway and the paracellular pathway? |
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Definition
Transcellular - through cell
Paracellular - between cells |
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Term
| What are the five ways substances move across membranes? |
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Definition
1) simple diffusion
2) facilitated diffusion
3) cotransport
4) countertransport
5) primary active transport |
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Term
| What is the average amount (in grams) of glucose excreted in renal filtration for a non-diabetic. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does sodium cross the basolateral membrane? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the maximal tubular transport capacity (Tm) of glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a substance crosses one membrane by diffusion, it will cross the other by __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The same secretory system that moves organic anions also moves penicillin. Does this mean that penicillin can be moved removed from the body slowly or quickly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Standing Gradient theory state about the movement of water? |
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Definition
| It is coupled to sodium transport. |
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Term
| What is the process of water reabsorption dependent on, according to the standing gradient theory? |
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Definition
1) the anatomy of the epithelial cells and
2) the localization of the transport mechanism. |
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Term
| In the standing gradient theory - when sodium is pumped into the intercelluar spaces, what pulls water from the tubular lumen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The increase in hydrostatic pressure within the spaces results in water flows into - where? |
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Definition
| the interstitium and then the peritubular capillaries. |
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Term
| In measuring GFR, the amount filtered equals the plasma concentration times __________? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A true measure of GFR must have what 5 characteristics? |
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Definition
1) freely filterable
2) not reabsorbed
3) not secreted
4) not synthesized by the tubules
5) not metabolized by the tubules |
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|
Term
| What endogenous compound is used for routine clinical estimations of GFR? |
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Definition
|
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Term
True or False
Creatinine is used to measure GFR because it meets all five criteria. |
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Definition
False
---
It is secreted by the tubules but only in small amounts |
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|
Term
| The measurement of GFR is known as ________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When using inulin to measure GFR, how long is urine collected? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unit of measurement for clearance? |
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Definition
| volume of plasma per time. |
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Term
| When determining net secretion or reabsorption, if the clearance is less than that of inulin there is (net secretion/net reabsorption). |
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Definition
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Term
| When some of the blood supply that goes to the kidney does not always go to the nephron, where else does it go? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the approximate amount of total waste products in a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum urine concentration in the human kidneys? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum amount of water required to remove the 600mOsm of waste per day? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Concentrated urine utilizes the existence of concentrated fluid from where? |
|
Definition
| within the medullary interstitum |
|
|
Term
| which limb of the loop of henle reabsorbs sodium by active transport? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is formed as a result of the low permeability of water of the ascending limb? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is transported out of the ascending limb that raises the osmolality of the medullary interstitum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the maximum gradient that the cells of the loop of henle can sustain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the salt concentration within the tubule at the loop of henle in the human kidney? |
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Definition
600 mOsm/l due to salt
1200 due to salt + urea |
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Term
| The ability to concentrate urine correlates with the relative _____ of the loop of henle. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two essential components of urine formation? |
|
Definition
1) active transport of sodium in the ascending limb
2) differences in the permeability between ascending and descending limbs |
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Term
| In urine formation, the water is osmotically withdrawn from the collecting duct into the __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure minimizes the losses of solute and water from the interstitum, but does not prevent bulk flow of interstitial fluid into the capillaries? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The countercurrent exchanger system is only partially passive. |
|
Definition
False
--
It is completely passive |
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Term
| The ability to excrete large amounts of urea in relatively small quantities of urine is due to what? |
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Definition
| Due to the different urea permeabilities in various segments of the renal tubule. |
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|
Term
| Approximately what fraction of the 1200 mOsm/l found in the medulla is due to high concentrations of urea? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is ADH synthesized and stored? |
|
Definition
synthesized in the hypothalamus
stored in the posterior pituitary gland |
|
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Term
| How does ANP affect renal function? |
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Definition
| decreases BP by decreasing total peripheral resistance and by enhancing urinary NaCl and water excretion. |
|
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Term
| What is secreted by the distal tubule and collecting duct - and inhibits NaCl and water reabsorption by the collecting duct? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is aldosterone synthesized? |
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Definition
| by the glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
| How do catecholamines function to affect urine output? |
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Definition
| stimulates NaCl and water reabsorption by the proximal tubule, thick ascending lib, distal tubule, and collecting duct. |
|
|
Term
True or False
Dopamine is a type of catecholamine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four routes of regulating hydrogen-ion balance? |
|
Definition
1) gastrointestinal absorption of ingested acids and bases
2) metabolic generation of H+
3) sickness
4) urine |
|
|
Term
True or False
Vomitus is high in H+ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much H+ is normally excreted in the urine per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Eating acidic or basic foods plays a major role in H+ levels. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major extracellular system that acts as a buffer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the major intracellular system use to prevent extreme changes in H+? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the respiratory system, changes in H+ can stimulate system to alter rate of ________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal system can control HCO3 in which two ways? |
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Definition
1) reabsorption of HCO3 - filtered at the glomerulus
2) adding new HCO3 to the plasma flowing thru the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum H+ concentration the tubular lumen can achieve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much HCO3 is reabsorbed by the renal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does reabsorption start with a tubular reaction between the filtered HCO3 and secreted H+ ? |
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Definition
| By forming carbonic acid that dissociates into water and CO2. |
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