Term
| What natural sources have recently been under investigation as potential drugs? |
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Definition
| Microbial metabolites, marine plants, corals |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural products utilized as chemical models or templates for the design and synthesis of many important drugs |
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Term
| What is a natural source of corticosteroids? |
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Definition
| Sapogenin-derived hormones from plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Crude drugs of vegetable origin utilized for the treatment of disease states, often of a chronic nature, or to attain or maintain a condition of improved health |
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Term
| List five types of natural products in pharmacy |
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Definition
1. Pharmaceuticals (active or expedients)
2. Hervs
3. Phytopharmaceuticals/ phytomedicinals
4. Health foods
5. Dietary supplements |
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Term
| Define phytopharmaceuticals |
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Definition
| Plant drug preparations (ex. extracts) |
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Term
| What is the term for pharmaceutical science dealing with natural products? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Products derived from plants, animals, fungi, or microorganisms |
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Term
| In a fresh natural product, what is the most common chemical component? |
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Definition
Water! (60-95%)
Drying facilitates handling, preserves, and concentrates activity |
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Term
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Definition
| A natural product not advanced beyond state of collection and drying |
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Term
| What is the inorganic component of a crude natural product? |
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Definition
Ash or minerals, but medicinally important
(ex. Na, K, Ca, I, Se, etc)
1-2% of fresh weight, ~5% dried |
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Term
| What is the organic component of a crude natural product? |
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Definition
Primary and secondary metabolites
20% of fresh weight, ~95% of dried |
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Term
| What is the difference between "pharmaceutically active" and "pharmacologically active"? |
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Definition
Pharmaceutically active- pharmaceutic aid (ex. lactose, waxes)
Pharmacologically active- therapeutic (ex. morphine, cocaine) |
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Term
| What sort of things can change the active fraction in a plant? |
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Definition
| Plant species, habitat, processing, season, part of plant |
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Term
| List some ways an active fraction can be put into an "extractive" (extracted) |
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Definition
| Powdered, fluid, tinctures, teas |
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Term
| Are drugs found from primary metabolic products or corresponding secondary metabolites? |
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Definition
| Corresponding secondary metabolites |
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Term
| List some lipid secondary metabolites |
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Definition
| Polycyclic aromatics, phenylpronanoids, steroids, terpenoids, etc |
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Term
| List the four groups of natural products |
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Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Glycosides
4. Alkaloids |
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Term
| List some examples of lipid natural products |
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Definition
Fixed oils, fats, and waxes
Steroids, terpenoids
Volatile oils, resins |
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Term
| How much of the world uses herbal medicine as their primary medicine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Use of whole plants in the promotion of health and the treatment of disease
Evidence of human use for several centuries |
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Term
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Definition
A plant or plant part valued for its medicinal or therapeutic properties
Ex. Fresh herbs, essential herbals
Herbs are a subset of botanicals |
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Term
| List some advantages to herbal medicine |
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Definition
1. Tradition
2. Natural
3. Less expensive
4. Easy access
5. Synergism (multiple ingredients better than extracted ingredient) |
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Term
| List some disadvantages to herbal medicines |
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Definition
1. Lack of FDA regulation
2. Potential for toxicity, interactions
3. More effective therapy may be delayed
4. Many not superior to Rx meds |
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Term
| What law declared herbal products food substances, instead of drugs? |
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Definition
DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health Education Act) of 1994
-FDA must prove unsafe to remove product from market |
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Term
| How are supplements regulated in Europe, compared to the US? |
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Definition
| Europe is much more regulated. Dietary supplements are required to be standardized. |
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Term
| What are advantages to using medicinal plants? |
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Definition
-Usually gentle and balanced
-Synergy within and between plants
-Low costs
-Safe and effective if Rx inappropriate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A small plastic or silicone medical device which is inserted into the vagina or rectum, coated with extracts or tinctures of plants |
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Term
| What two books does he suggest to read more about herbal medicines? |
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Definition
Herbs of Choice (Dr. Varro Tyler)
Medicinal Herb Therapy (not as good) |
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Term
| What is the purported use of Commiphora wightii (guggul)? |
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Definition
| Lower cholesterol, reduce obesity |
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Term
| What are some polysacchrides for food storage? |
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Definition
1. Starch
2. Dextran
3. Glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Dextrose, fructose, maltose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are secondary carbohydrates? |
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Definition
Products of reductive, glycolytic, or oxidative metabolism
Such as mannitol, sorbitol, or citric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds that yield one or more sugars among the products of hydrolysis |
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Term
What is the non-sugar portion of a glycoside?
What is the sugar portion of a glycoside? |
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Definition
Non-sugar: aglycone
Sugar: glycone |
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Term
| What kind of bonds make up a glycosidic bond? |
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Definition
Acetal or ketal
(Sugar attached to something else by an ether/glycosidic linkage)
Alpha or beta oriented |
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Term
| What is the term for the group attached to a sugar with a glycosidic bond? |
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Definition
A heteroside
Usually beta attached |
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Term
| What are the four possible types of glycosides? |
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Definition
O-glycoside (by far most common)
N-glycoside
S-glycoside
*C-glycoside (active methylene) |
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Term
| What is an aglycone usually composed of? |
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Definition
A lipid or a lipophilic organic compound
Can be surface active glycosides because they are poorly soluble |
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Term
| Where in a glycoside is the biological activity? |
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Definition
| In the aglycone (non-sugar) portion |
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Term
| What properties does the glycone part of a glycoside give? |
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Definition
Solubility and pharmacokinetic properties
(Not the biological activity) |
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Term
| What is an anthraquinone? |
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Definition
[image]
A three ring structure with 2-keto groups. Ex. Aloe and Senna. Number in name tells you where R-group is. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a glycoside and a glucoside? |
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Definition
| Glycoside is a more generic term, a glucoside is a glycoside with glucose as the sugar moiety |
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Term
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Definition
A cardiac glycoside with four sugars attached
One of the glycones is digitoxin, but the digitoxin is most effective (and less toxic) when it is attached to the digitoxigenin and other sugars |
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Term
| Define gums and mucilages |
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Definition
Natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysacchrides or salts of polysaccharides.
Gums are soluble while mucilages form slimy masses in water |
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Term
| List some commonly used gums and their sources |
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Definition
1. Shrub or tree: acacia, tragacanth
2. Marine: agar, carragennan, algin
3. Seed: guar, locust bean, psyllium
4. Plant extract: pectin
5. Microbial: dextran |
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Term
| Define aminoglycoside antibiotics |
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Definition
Special antibiotics with 3 or 3 uncommon sugars linked glycosidcally to an amino-substituted aglycone
Ex. neomycin, streptomycin, amikacin |
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