Term
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Definition
Cause: Stimulation of GF receptors on keratinocytes and fibroblasts due to obesity, DM, Cushings, drugs
Look: Symmetrical hyperpigmentation and a velvety appearance in the axillae inguinal, neck folds, hands. |
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Term
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Definition
Cause: Chronic inflammation of psilosebaceous unit because of increased sebum, follicular hyperkeratinization, proprionibacterium acnes growth, inflammation. Begins at puberty in areas of dense sebaceous glands like face and back.
Look: open and closed comedones (blackheads) and erythematous papules and pustules, nodules and cysts |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: neoplastic condition in fair-skinned individuals on their sun exposed areas
• Look for: flat, scaly, rough papules with ill-defined borders and variation in color |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: middle ear infection common in childhood, due to eustachian tube infectio
• Look for: redness and bulging of the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: T-lymphocyte mediated autoimmune disease of the hair follicle resulting in non-scarring hair loss. Equal in both sexes
• Look for: round patchy areas of non-scarring hair loss. Usually on the scalp, also eyelashes, beard, eyebrows. Hair that grows back can be hypopigmented. |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: chronic tears in the mucosa of the anal canal. Common in infancy and children 6-24 months
• Look for: short linear breaks or erosions in the anal mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: swelling of the deep dermis and subcutaneous or submucosa tissue due to foods, drugs, hereditary.
• Look for: non-pruitic swelling with ill-defined margins. Commonly on face, genitalia, trunk |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: chronic inflammatory condition of the corners of the mouth usually associated with a staph infection lasting days to months. Due to DM, immunocompromised, dentures.
• Look for: cracking and fissures and erythema on the corners of the mouth with superficial crusts |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: congenital oral anomaly that decreases mobility of the tongue due to a thickened lingual frenulum
• Look for: a tongue that’s basically tethered to the bottom of the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: cholesterol deposits of corneal stroma associated with familial hyperlipidemia
• Look for: white, gray, or blue ring around corneal margin |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: hypertension
• Look for: arteries in the eye crossing small veins |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: common in women of reproductive age. Obstructed duct causes secondary inflammation and glandular fluid and cyst formation
• Look for: cyst in the labia majora usually 1-8 cm |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: chronic inflammation of the eyelid margin
• Look for: skin changes in peri-ocular skin similar to acne, rosacea with thickened or swelled up eyelid and telangiectasis or clogged oil glands
f |
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Term
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Definition
• Caused by chronic pressure or friction on the skin due to disease like pemphigus or trauma
• Look for: skin colored or red/purple blister on skin |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: change in clarity of crystalline lens that is age related
• Look for: brown or white discoloration of the pupil |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: vascular disorder of CNS
• Look for: deep cutaneous hemangioma, bluish colored growth with erythematous dilated vessels within it |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: common benign vascular cutaneous lesion formed by proliferated dilated venules that increase with age
• Look for: bright red macules or papules usually on the trunk |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed skin areas, especially on the face that worsen due to estrogen levels during pregnancy or birth control pills
• Look for: hyperpigmented skin that are symmetric with a “moth-eaten” appearance around the borders |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: inflammation of cartilage
• Look for: swollen area of cartilage (ear picture) |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: increased vascularity or vasodilation of the fingers that can be acquired, hereditary, or idiopathic
• Look for: angle of the curved nail plate and proximal nail fold to be greater or equal to 180 (usually 160) |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: HPV virus that multiplies in the nuclei of affected epithelial cells.
• Look for: small 1-2 mm or larger white, gray, or skin colored warty papules that can be cauliflower-like |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: can be allergic, viral, or bacterial
• Look for: swelling, erythema and scaling of eyelids and periocular skin. The whites of the eye are all red. |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: lipid infiltration of the corneal stroma usually occurs with age
• Look for: greyish-white ring around periphery of cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| • Look for: secondary lesion made of dried exudates |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: glaucoma progression and increased ocular pressure
• Look for: white enlarged cup and a 2:1 disc/cup ratio |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: autosomal dominant presents in early adolescence with greasy hyperkeratotic papules. High penetrance with variable expressivity
• Look for: small symmetrical skin colored or yellow-brown papules on face and chest, described as greasy and can crust |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: autosomal dominant congenital ear condition that presents as a thickening on the helix creating a nodule
• Look for: little nodule on helix of ear |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: congenital or occurs with age due to loss of elasticity of supporting tissue in eyelid
• Look for: excess skin that hangs down over the edge of the eyelid (don’t get confused with ptosis) |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: accumulation of extracellular material between bruch’s membrane and retinal pigment epithelium of the eye, seen in macular degeneration
• Look for: yellow or white spots in a picture of an optic disc |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: fibro-proliferative condition affecting palmar aponeurosis, most common above age 60 with a history of alcoholism.
• Look for: palpable bands of fibers along palm and flexion of fingers in late stages |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: burns, surgery, sun exposure, paralysis
• Look for: eversion of the eyelid away from the globe—usually the lower lid |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: chronic relapsing itchy dermatitis most frequently in infants and children
• Look for: erythematous scaly plaques with variable degree of crusting |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: changes in orbit volume or loss of function of orbitalis muscle
• Look for: posterior placement of eyeball within the orbit |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: congenital
• Look for: eyelid that’s folded inward, and eyelashes rubbing against cornea |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: occur during development of palate
• Look for: small white or yellow cystic vesicles on the roof of an infants mouth |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: benign tumor on the gingival/alveolar mucosa. Poor oral hygiene
• Look for: red, soft swelling that bleeds easily |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: acute self-limiting inflammatory skin reaction
• Look for: concentric color change or “target” lesions less than 3 cm in diameter with 3 distinct color zones and can have crust or bulla in the center |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: form of strabismus where the eyes turn inward can be caused by lesion
• Look for: crossed eyed if bilateral, can also have just 1 eye turned inward |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: compulsive scratching or picking of the skin or rubbing off of the epidermal layer
• Look for: lesions of variable size at different stages of healing and scarring |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: grave’s Disease, hyperthyroidism, increased intraocular pressure
• Look for: prominent globes that appear to bulge out |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: Group A strep, EBV, Adenovirus
• Look for: red throat with white exudate and enlarged cervical nodes |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: hereditary, environmental, primarily affects adults
• Look for: multiple furrows and grooves on dorsal surface of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: benign skin growth caused by HPV through direct or indirect contact where autoinoculation is common
• Look for: minimally elevated flat-topped papules that can be skin colored or hyperpigmented with a tendency to occur in groups or linear distribution on face, neck, wrists, legs |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit due to infection—staph/pseudomonas, physical irritation, systemic drugs
• Look for: small erythematous papules and pustules pierced by a central hair that can vary in size and can erupt to form crust |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: fordyce granules are normal superficial sebaceous glands seen on mucosal surfaces in 80% of the population. Not associated with hair follicles.
• Look for: multiple 1-2 mm lesions that are yellowish papules on the buccal mucosa, or vermillion border of the lip near corner of the mouth and are often symmetrical. |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: cutaneous abscess associated with hair follicles caused by staph (MRSA)
• Look for: erythematous papules, pustules single or in clusters near a hair follicle |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: unknown, chronic relapsing condition, in adults, mostly females
• Look for: areas of redness on dorsum of tongue surrounded by raised white borders |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: poor oral hygiene and bacterial plaque leads to immune response against gingival tissues between teeth
• Look for: inflamed red and swollen gums around the teeth |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: enlargement of the breast tissue from an impaired estrogen/androgen ratio
• Look for: enlarged breasts symmetrical or asymmetrical |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: benign hyperplasia of the filiform papillae of the tongue, depositing layers of keratin
• Look for: thickened yellow, brown, or black plaque on the dorsum of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: benign melanocytic nevi surrounded by ring of depigmentation due to a secondary immune response to melanocytes
• Look for: ring of white around a mole |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: osteoarthritis
• Look for: hard swellings at DIP joints of fingers or toes |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: irregular bowel movement, portal hypertension, low fiber diet
• Look for: dilated veins below pectinate line of anus |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: HSV
• Look for: small painful clusters of blisters |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: HSV 1 or 2 infection
• Look for: groups of umbilicated vesicles on the oral or genital mucosa with a erythematous base that rupture easily with painful lesions |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: reactivation of a latent VZV virus triggered by stress, immunocompromised, meds
• Look for: unilateral group of small bullae with a erythematous base that are confined to a dermatome level and don’t cross midline |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: excessive androgen dependent terminal hair growth in females
• Look for: excessive terminal hair growth in areas of androgen dependent growth like beard/pubic area |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: painful common acute purulent infection of the eyelash follicle and its associated gland
• Look for: eyelid erythema and edema usually unilateral along the lid margin |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: destructive chronic inflammation of the terminal follicular epithelium in apocrine bearing regions due to follicular occulsion
• Look for: firm tender erythematous nodules with extensive scarring under the surface with malodorous pus in axillae, butt, breasts, groin |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: non-tender fluid mass in tunica vaginalis
• Look for: enlarged scrotum that transilluminates |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain causing increased intracranial pressure “water on the brain”
• Look for: enlarged head |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: congenital
• Look for: urethral opening on ventral surface of penis (inferior) |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: highly infectious superficial skin infection in kids and teens caused by Group A S. aureas
• Look for: honey crusted plaques with small inflammatory halos with rare vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: malignancy of the vascular endothelial cells common in AIDS patients
• Look for: deep red, brown, purple macules, plaques or nodules |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: dense, fibrous tissue nodules caused by traumatized skin, expand beyond the wound margin
• Look for: smooth and shiny, red hyperpigmented skin |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: degenerative, development, osteoporosis, compression
• Look for: convexity of the spine “hump” |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: mucosal white plaque that can not be scraped off and is a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
• Look for: white asymmetric plaques on a muscosal surface. Usually unilateral |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: thickening of epidermis with hyperkeratosis due to chronic inflammation from scratching or irritation
• Look for: flaky, bark-like appearance that’s dry and scabby |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: increase in melanin secondary to increased estrogen levels
• Look for: linear hyperpigmented patch running vertically from the pubis up to the xiphoid process |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: commonly seen in infants/pregnacy
• Look for: inward curvature of lumbars |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: immune mediated inflammatory disease resulting from a borrelia burgdorferi
• Look for: bulls eye lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| • Look for: flat, non-palpable circumscribed area <1 cm |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: hereditary
• Look for: misalignment of the teeth |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: inflammation of breast tissue from staph aureas or strep. Milk stasis in the ducts. Cancer.
• Look for: swelling, lumpy and redness of skin on breast |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: viral infection
• Look for: erythematous macules and papules starting at the hairline and spreading down the body. Also koplik spots on the buccal mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: malignancy of melanocytes, risks include family history, sun exposure
• Look for: Asymmetric ragged edged macule. ABCDE |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: hyperpigmentation of sun exposed skin especially in the face that can worsen due to estrogen like in pregnancy called cholasma
• Look for: hyperpigmented patches usually symmetric with a moth eaten border |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: sweetened liquids in babies
• Look for: dental caries and tooth decay |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: congenital hyperpigmentation caused by excess dermal melanocytes on sacrococcygeal area
• Look for: evenly pigmented blue, gray macules ranging from 1 cm to > 10 cm |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: obstruction of a duct, usually parotid or minor salivary gland
• Look for: cyst on buccal mucosa or tongue |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: overgrowth of nasal mucosa accompanied frequently by allergic rhinitis
• Look for: shiny mucosal growth in the nose |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: formation of new blood vessels due to diabetic retinopathy
• Look for: lots of new narrow blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: multisystem genetic disorder, autosomal dominant
• Look for: cutaneous findings include 6+ café au lait macules, and neurofibromas that are pink, brown, or skin colored nodules |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: usually apparent at birth
• Look for: moles |
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Term
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Definition
| • Look for: elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion deeper in dermis than papule (1-2 cm) |
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Term
| Notched teeth (Hutchinsons) |
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Definition
• Cause: congenital syphilis
• Look for: small, widely space teeth with notches on biting surface of teeth |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: fungal infection of the nail caused by a dermatophyte fungi
• Look for: nail thickening, yellow discoloration |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: inflammation of outer ear canal caused by swimming, fungal, bacterial
• Look for: swollen, eczema-like ear canal with scaly shedding skin |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: neoplastic condition of apocrine bearing skin
• Look for: dry , red and scaly plaques with secondary crusting or erosion of the nipple area |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: benign epithelial growths
• Look for: finger-like or cauliflower like lesion that’s lobulated, fleshy, and mobile |
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Term
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Definition
| • Look for: elevated, firm, circumscribed (<1 cm) |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: inflammation of a nail fold with pain, redness, and swelling (ingrown toenail)
• Look for: periungual erythema, tenderness, and swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| • Look for: flat, nonpalpable, irregular shaped macule >1 cm |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: cutaneous lymphatic edema associated with inflammatory breast cancer
• Look for: orange peel skin |
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Term
| Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) |
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Definition
• Cause: overgrowth of cartilage, congenital
• Look for: anterior displacement of sternum |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: most common congenital deformity where ribs and sternum grow abnormally
• Look for: caved in sternum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: autoimmune skin disorder against desmoglein 1 cell adhesion molecule
• Look for: superficial blisters with crusted erosions |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: hardening of the dorsum of the penis of unknown cause
• Look for: deviated erect penis with a hardening on the dorsal side due to irregular plaques of fibrous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: yellowish slightly raised deposit in temporal limbal conjunctiva
• Look for: slightly raised yellowish mass that does not touch the corneal edge |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: cutaneous eruption that arises spontaneously and is self limiting
• Look for: oval or circular patches or plaques that begins with 1 “herald patch” and later a Christmas tree pattern develops |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: capillary vascular malformation that don’t spontaneously improve like salmon patches
• Look for: segmental, flat, irregular vascular patch that darken with age |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: chronic relapsing inflammatory disease. Polygenic disease where genetically susceptible people with certain HLA types mount an immune response
• Look for: sharply demarcated, erythematous and silver-scaled plaques |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: fleshy benign growth that can extend over the cornea. Exposure to UV, allergens, chemicals, irritants, and genetics all contribute.
• Look for: soft smooth and fleshy mass that overlies the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: levator muscle damage, neurologic, muscle weakness, trauma, mechanical growth
• Look for: one or both eyelids, eyebrow might be raised to try and lift lid. Don’t get confused with dermatochalasis |
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Term
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Definition
| • Look for: purple discoloration of skin caused by bleeding under the skin that doesn’t blanch 0.3-1 cm (petechia <0.3cm, ecchymosis >1cm ) |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: rapidly growing benign vascular growth
• Look for: glistening, bright red papule or nodule that easily bleeds |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, diabetes
• Look for: gingival recession, bleeding gums, swelling |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: mucous extravasation or mucocele on the floor of the mouth due to disruption of the sublingual or salivary duct
• Look for: bluish non-tender swelling on one side of the floor of the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: vascular disorder with arteriolar vasospasm
• Look for: white (pallor), blue (cyanosis), or red (hyperemia) of digits, usually bilateral and symmetrical |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: straining of bowel movement, weakening of muscular wall
• Look for: mass protruding from anus |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: inherited or spontaneous mutation of Rb tumor suppressor gene. Autosomal dominant requires mutation in 2 alleles. Spontaneous in 1 eye, hereditary in 2 eyes
• Look for: leukocoria, strabismus |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: hypertrophy of sebaceous glands, can be associated with untreated rosacea
• Look for: large bumpy and bulbous nose |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: chronic inflammatory condition
• Look for: “red face” erythema, edema, telangiectasia, papules, pustules |
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Term
| Salmon patch (stork bite) |
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Definition
• Cause: vascular lesion on the nape of the neck in infants, usually fade
• Look for: irregular pink to red macules at the nape of the neck also glabella, occiput, sacrum |
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Term
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Definition
| • Look for: lateral spine curvature |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: benign thickening of the epidermis that usually appear on the chest and back
• Look for: pink, brown-black, look like they’re “stuck on”, well circumscribed (don’t get confused with malignant asymmetric melanomas) |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: blockage of Eustachian tube from allergy or upper respiratory
• Look for: serous fluid build-up In middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: malignancy of cutaneous epithelial cells usually on sun exposed areas, actinic keratosis can be a precursor, presentation variable
• Look for: erythematous, hyperkeratotic papule or nodule or skin colored and smooth. Can get a depressed center |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: immunologic reaction to a variety of materials that the mucosa gets exposed to
• Look for: white or red patches with blending margins |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: benign self-limiting tumor of endothelial cells of blood vessels
• Look for: ripe strawberry appearance (be careful distinguishing with pyogenic granulomas) |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: tearing of the dermins
• Look for: flat or depressed wrinkle like thinning of skin in a longitudinal and parallel conformation |
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Term
| Subconjunctival hemorrhage |
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Definition
• Cause: orbital trauma, increased ocular pressure, spontaneous
• Look for: blood in sunconjunctival space that doesn’t cross the limbus |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Look for: DIP flexion, PIP hyperextension |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: autosomal dominant, congenital
• Look for: webbing or fusion of fingers and toes |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: capillary dilation, pregnancy, rosacea,etc
• Look for: fine, irregular, spider like vessels |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: C. albicans result of immunosuppression or AIDS
• Look for: white thick plaques that can be scraped off |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: embryological remnants that fail to regress after fetal descent of the thyroid gland
• Look for: midline neck lump, smooth and cystic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: excess of uric acid crystals depositing due to gout
• Look for: hard, white and chalky nodules on helix of ear, near joints of hands and feet |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: benign localized bony protuberance in midline of palate. Genetic and environmental
• Look for: bony growth on hard palate |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: allergies
• Look for: transverse crease across nose |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: enlarged turbinates can lead to blocked breathing, sleep apnea, nosebleeds, sinus infections
• Look for: pink, hard, immobile (compared to pale, soft, mobile nasal polyps) |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: deposition of hyaline material in tympanic membrane, can be due to otitis media
• Look for: chalky, white patches on the tympanic membrane with irregular margins |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: VZV
• Look for: erythematous macular eruptions that form papules then vesicles then crust over, usually discrete lesions in multiple stages of healing. Not on soles/palms |
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Term
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Definition
• Cause: enlargement of pampiniform plexus
• Look for: “bag of worms” appearance of scrotum |
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Term
|
Definition
| • Look for: elevated, circumscribed, superficial not in dermis that’s filled with serous fluid (<1cm) |
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Term
|
Definition
| • Look for: macules of depigmented skin that lake melanin |
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Term
| Wheals/urticarial (hives) |
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Definition
• Cause: release of histamine and other vasoactive substances from mast cells triggered by allergic and non-allergic
• Look for: well-circumscribed, erythematous papules, patches, or plaques that vary in size and are sharply marginated |
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Term
|
Definition
• Cause: hyperlipidemia
• Look for: yellow to orange macules or plaques on superior eyelids, usually symmetric |
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