Term
|
Definition
-one second expiratory volume
-it measures the max volume of air that can be expelled in one second
-if the bronchioled are narrowed then FEV1 decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the max volume of air that can be forcefully expelled after a maximum inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Pleural space! |
|
Definition
-it is between the lungs and the chest wall
-has a negative pressure that is always less that the intrapulmonary pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is Pneumothroax? s/s? |
|
Definition
-when air flows into the pleural space if the lung/chest is punctured
-results in a collapsed lung
-s/s: chest pain, SOB, air in pleural cavity tension pneumothorax |
|
|
Term
| What is Atelectasis? What are the two types |
|
Definition
-an incomplete expansion of the lung or a collapse of part of the lung
1-obstructive
2-compression |
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 reason people get atelectasis? |
|
Definition
| post op pain = not breathing fully to circulate air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-severe acute respiratory syndrome
-no effective drug to treat it
-transmitted from person to person via droplets |
|
|
Term
| TB! What are the s/s of TB? What are the TX for it? |
|
Definition
-Is very resistant to drugs because of waxy/fatty capsule
-s/s: granulomas
-dx include skin test, chest xray and sputum sample |
|
|
Term
| Explain Pulmonary Emphysema |
|
Definition
-inflammation and narrowing of terminal bronchioles
-dialation of pulmonary air apaces
-decrease in lung capacity
-s/s: dyspnea, cyanosis, SOB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blue tinge of skin and mucous membranes from an excessive amount of reduced Hb in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What is pulmonary fibrosis? |
|
Definition
| - fibrous thickening of the avelolar speta which leased to the lungs becoming ridgid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a benign fibrous tissue formation in the breast
-needs to be removed because it keeps growing
-seen usually in young women
-"bleeding nipples" |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for breast carcinoma? |
|
Definition
-no pregnancy
-early first period
-late menopause
-family Hx |
|
|
Term
| Which is better, having a tumor that is estrogen receptor positive or negative? why? |
|
Definition
| -better outcome with estrogen receptor positive results because then the drug that is used to eat up all the extra estrogen is effective = better prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Which increases your chances of developing breast carcinoma more: estrogen or estrogen & progestin? |
|
Definition
| estrogen and progestin because it increases the density of breast tissue and increases the risk of cancer |
|
|
Term
| Explain the BRCA 1 & 2 gene, what are the stats? |
|
Definition
BRCA1- increases risk of breast and ovarian cancer greatly
BRCA2 - increases breast but less in ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
-metabolism
-synthesis of plasma proteins and blood clotting proteins
-storage of vitabin B12
-detox and excretion of substances |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of liver injury? |
|
Definition
-Hepatitis
-viral hepatitis
-alcoholic hepatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-virus secreted in throat/nose and still
-person to person contact
-fecal contamination of food
-self limiting with no carriers/liver disease
-immunization available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-blood of bodily fluids
-immunization available
-10% become carriers
-maybe develop chronic liver disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-blood and bodily fluid tx
-75% become carriers and many develop chronic liver disease
-no prevention after or before exposure |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you give children asprin? |
|
Definition
-Reye's syndrome
-increases fat deposits in liver which leads to hepatic encephalopathy and neurological dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka gallstones
-inflammation of the gall bladder
-4 f's: female, fertile, fat and fair
-increases with birth control |
|
|
Term
| What are the three causes of jaundice? |
|
Definition
1-hemolytic = increase in breakdown of bile
2- hepatocellular = damage leads to decrease in billirubin conjugation
3- obstructive = prevents bile from getting to the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What are the three different cells of the pancreas and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
-Alpha: glucagon
-Beta: insulin
-Delta: somatostatin (suppresses insulin/glucagon) |
|
|
Term
| What causes Acute Pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
1- obstruction of pancreatic duct
2-alcohol
3- cholesterol and drugs
s/s: pain, ill and high mortality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-genetic disease that results in a defective transfer of Cl, NA and water acrosss the cell membrane
-because of this lung secretions become very thick and get pneumonia and also blocks pancreatic duct
-sweat test
-very serious 50% die by 32 |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Diabetes? |
|
Definition
DM1: insulin deficient, juvenile diabetes, results from damage to inslets
DM2:adult onset, caused by inadequate response to insulin |
|
|
Term
| What is Diabetic Ketosis? |
|
Definition
-when the body starts digesting other carbs
-high in type 2
-low in type 1 |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of hyperglycemia? |
|
Definition
- DM
-pancreative disease
-endocrine deficiencies
-drugs
-hereditary disease |
|
|
Term
| What can cause a person to be hypoglycemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Adrenal Medulla reclease? |
|
Definition
-epinephrine -stimulated by SNS-
-which increases blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Insulin? |
|
Definition
-promotes entrance of glucose into the cells
-favors glucose as a source of energy
-promotes storage of glucagon
-favors production of glucose into fat
-promotes entry of AA's into cells
-stimulates protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior lobe of the pituitaty glad release? |
|
Definition
-Growth Hormone
-Prolactin
-adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
-FSH
-LH |
|
|
Term
| What does the posteriod lobe of the pituitary release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is diabetes insipidus? |
|
Definition
-when the posterior lobe produces no ADH
-results in no water reabsorption and a dilute urine |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of GH overproduction? |
|
Definition
adults: acromegaly
children: gigantism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-caused by an increase in Thyroid Hormone
-enlarged thyroid gland
-tx: radioactive iodine or surgery
-also called Grave's disease which is an autoimmune disorder
-A goiter that does not secrete excess thyroid hormone is called a nontoxic goiter. |
|
|
Term
| What is hypothyroidism called in adults? children? |
|
Definition
adults = myxedema
children = cretinism |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of Thyroid Tumors? |
|
Definition
well differentiated = 90% of the time
undifferentiated & medullary = very severe |
|
|
Term
| What does the parathyroid do? |
|
Definition
-regulates the calcium leves
-a decrease in Ca leads to tetany
-increase leads to decrease in neuromuscular excitability |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Adrenal Cortex! |
|
Definition
-disturbances of the glad result in abnormalities in metabolism of carbs & protein
-Hormones that it makes:
*Glucocorticosteroids
*Mineralcorticosteriods (Aldesterone)
* Sex hormones
-Sugar, Salt & Sex- |
|
|
Term
| What is Addison's disease? |
|
Definition
-an adrenal hypofunction
-leads to deficient in all steroid hormones and results in hyperpigmentation |
|
|
Term
| What is Cushing's disease? |
|
Definition
-results in microadenoma in the pituitary
-high levels of ACTH & cortilsol
-excessive production of adrenal corticosteriods can be caused by:
*hormoneproducing pituitary hormone
*hormone producing adrenal tumor
*given large amounts of hormone |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Adrenal Medulla: |
|
Definition
-produces catacholamines that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
*nonephrine
* epinephrine
* any emotional stress |
|
|
Term
| What is a pheochromocytoma? |
|
Definition
| -tumor in the adrenal medulla that results in an increase in BP, Pulse and # of catacholamines produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innflammation of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of cardiac spinchter dysfunction? |
|
Definition
1- cardiospasm (fails to open properly)
2- incompetent cardiac spincter (inability to remain closed) |
|
|
Term
| What causes acute gastritis? |
|
Definition
-it is inflammation of the stomach
1-NSAIDS
2-Alcohol |
|
|
Term
| What causes chronic gastritis? |
|
Definition
-H. Pylori cause it
-the ammonia produced by the bacteria damages the gastric mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-usually in the small bowel
-a type of chronic enteritis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of inflammatory intestine disease? |
|
Definition
1-antiobiotic accociated colitis
2-appendicitis
3-mekles diverticulum |
|
|
Term
| What is Ulceritive colitis? |
|
Definition
-inflammation of colon/rectum
-tends to lead to colon carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inflammation whenthe outpouching of the colon mucosa gets trapped
-chronic constipation and low residue diets tend to lead to this
-tx: high fiber and regular soft BM's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twisting with the bowel and the omentum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bowel outpouches through the abdonimal wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of hernia? |
|
Definition
1-incarcirated:stuck and cant be pushed back in
2-reducable: can be pushed back in
3-strangulated: no blood flow is getting to the bowel and starts to die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the bowel pushes itself into the bowel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the bowl twists around its self and leads to reduced blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PID - pelvic inflammatory disease-
inflammation of the fallopian tubes and along the ovaries, usually caused by STI infection
-predisposes the female to ectopic pregnancies |
|
|
Term
| What is Cervical dysplasia? |
|
Definition
-when the tissue at the end of the cervix does not mature right and can change into cancer
1-mild=results from inflammation
2-sevear= in situ carcinoma that leads to invasive carcinoma
tx: removal of carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Irregular Uterine bleeding? |
|
Definition
-dysfunctional uterine bleeding from failure to ovulate
-benign endometrial hyperplasia
-endometrial or cervical polyps
-uterine myomas
-uterine carcinoma
-painful menstrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-painful menstruation
1-primary= normal organs
2- secondary = diseased organs or endometriosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
toxic shock syndrome
caused by staphlococcus bacteria that release toxins into the body
no cure, just remove tampon to decrease the toxin concentration |
|
|
Term
| What does the placenta produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the placenta attaches lower than normal |
|
|
Term
| What does an ACE inhibitor do? |
|
Definition
| reduces the level of Angiotension 2 levels resulting in a decrease in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is Glomerulophritis? |
|
Definition
| innflammation of the glomeruli via Ag/Ab reaction and results in kidney injury/destroyed which leads to kidney failure |
|
|
Term
| What is Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis? |
|
Definition
-caused by high BP
-narrowing of the tubules and a decrease in blood flow into the kidney
-results in kidney failure/death |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology of kidney stones? |
|
Definition
| when Calcium salts (hyperparathyroidism) or uric acid (Gout) or infections get stuck in the pelvis of the kidney and block the output |
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of Kidney Failure? |
|
Definition
-Uremia = build up of toxins
-weakness
-decreased apetite
-nausea
-vomiting
-anemia
-hypertension
-rentention of salt and water
-tx: dialysis or transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benign Prostatic Hypertropy
-usually happens in older men
-obstructs the urine flow
-tx: transurethral rescetion cures the blockage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-WHen the testes do not descend properly.
-results in no sperm production because of the increase in temp
-also increases chances of malignancy and should be removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a compound that in a solution dissolves into positive and negative ions |
|
|
Term
| What is Metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
-results in excess enderogenous acid that depletes the bicarbonate
-usually caused by renal failure (Ketosis and overproduction of lactic acid) |
|
|
Term
| What is respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
-results in inefficient excretion of carbon dioxide by the lungs
-caused by chronic pulmonary diseases |
|
|
Term
| What is metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
-is excess plasma bicarbonate
-caused by a decrease in gastric juices
-a decrease in Cl-
-excess corticosteroid
-or ingestion of too much bicarb/antacids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -any injury to the brain caused by disturbances of its blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-transient ischemis attack
-a temporary cerebral dysfunction as a result of an obstruction of a cerebral vessel by a bit of artheromatous debris or a blood clot |
|
|
Term
| What does bone require to grow |
|
Definition
calcium
vitamin d
phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a syndrome associated with an increase in uric acid in the blood/bodily fluids
-leads to a precipitation of urice acid into sodium urate crystals in the joints and other tissues
-results in join pain arthritis and spreads to kidneys and urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| Does an intraductal carcinoma of the breast have a very favorable prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the features of pulmonary emphysema? |
|
Definition
Nonuniform ventilation of alveoli reduces the efficiency of ventilation.
Chronic inflammation of bronchioles leads to trapping of air in the lungs.
A loss of lung elasticity requires active expiratory effort.
Enlargement of air spaces and reduction of capillary surface area within the lungs reduces the efficiency of gas exchange. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone or combination of hormones used for treatment of menopausal symptoms presents the greatest risk for breast cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fluid filled sac in the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum
-Hydrocele is an acutely painful condition that is usually associated with severe symptoms and must be surgically treated as quickly as possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dialated spermatic cord
-cause discomfort and may eventually lead to impotence. |
|
|
Term
| what is a laparoscope primarily used for? |
|
Definition
| Visualize the ectopic deposits within the pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammation and ulceration of the distal ileum |
|
|
Term
| In diabetes, when excessive ketones are formed it results in...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypervention and a fall in PCO2 results in...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impaired lung function from COPD results in....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney failure and the retention of nonvolatile acids results in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess adrenal corticosteroids results in...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F:
Episodes of severe hypoglycemia can sometimes be the result of beta cells that give rise to insulin-secreting tumors |
|
Definition
|
|
