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| Composed entirely of amino acids |
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| Primarily globular in nature. Functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes |
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| Fibrous in nature anode act as structural proteins. Collagen is ane exampl |
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| Nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles vacuoles lysosomes mitochondria chloroplasts and centrioles |
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| monerans protista fungi plants and animals |
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| Controls the activities of the cell. It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. It contains the DNA which is complexed with structural proteins called histones to form chromosomes. |
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| Is a dense structure in the unless where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs |
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| Site of protein production and are made by the nucleolus. Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm Bound ribosomes line the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum |
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| network of membrane encolsed spaces involved in the transport of materials hroughout the cell, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by the cell |
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| receives vesicles and their contents from the smoot ER, modifies them, repackages them into vesicles and distribues them to te cell surface by exocytosis |
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| site of aerobic respiration within the cell and hence the suppliers of energy. each mitochondria is bounded by an outer and inner phosphopholipid bilayer |
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| most of the cells metabolic activity occurs here. transport within occurs by cyclosis |
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| streaming the movement within the cell |
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| membrane bound sacs invovled in the transport of storage of materials that are ingested,secreted,processed, or digested by the cells. |
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| larger than vesicles and are more likely to be found in plant than animal cells |
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| involved in spindle organization during cell division and are not bound by a membrane. |
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| animal cells usually have a_____ that are oriented at _________ and lie in a region called the _______. plants do not contain ______ |
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| pair of centrioles, right angles to each other, cetrosome, centriols |
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| membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion. they break down material ingested by the cell. a dying cell might commit apoptosis by this |
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| composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
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| hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin that radiate throught out the cel and provide it with support. they provide a framework for organelle movement within he cell |
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| centriols ( direct seperation of chromosomes during cell division) cilia and flagella are specialized arrangements of microtubules that extend from certain cells and are invovled in cell motility and cytoplasmic movement |
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| solid rods of actin which are important in cell movement as well as support. muscle contraction is based on the interaction of actin with myosin. they move materials across the plasma membrane in the contration phase of cell division and in amoeboid movement |
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| plant cell differ from the animals cells.... |
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| no centrosome, presence of a cell wall composed of cellulose, chloroplasts in many cells of green plants are sites of synthesis of organic compounds, no lysosomes, many vacuoles/mature plants usually contain on large vacuole |
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| dissolved particles move from high to low through passive process |
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| simple diffusion of water froma region of lower solute concentration to a high concentration |
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| when the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concetration than the extracellular medium. water will flow out of the cell. causing the cell to shrivle |
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| the cause of a cell to shrivles due to hypertonic conditions |
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| if the extracellular environment is less concentrated thant the cytoplasm. the water will move into the cell causing the cell to lyse |
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| energy independent carriers, symporters, antiporters, pumps |
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| energy independent carriers |
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| facilitate the movement of compounds along a concetration gradient |
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| move two or more ions or moleucels |
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| exchange one or more ions or molecules for another |
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| energy dependent carriers(require ATP) like the sodium potassium pump |
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| process in which the cell membrane invaginates forming a cesicle that contains extracellluar meddium. Pinocytosis and phagcytosis |
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| ingestion of fluids or small particles |
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| engulfing of large particles |
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| a vesicle will fuse with the cell membrane from the inside and releases its contents on the outside |
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| the transportation of material within cells and throughout the body of a multicellular organism |
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| intracellular circulation |
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| materials move about within the cell. Brownian movement, cytosis or streaming, or endoplasmic riticulum are examples |
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| kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell |
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| the circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transports molecules |
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| provides channels throughout the cytoplasm and provides a direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane of the nuclear membrane |
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| extracellular circulation |
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| diffusion and circulatory system |
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| for unicellular organisms, cell divison is_____ whereas multicellular organics, _____ |
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a means of reproduction
is a method of growth, development, and replacement of wornout cells. |
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| the divison and distribution of the cells's DNA to its two daugter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of the origional genome. Nuclear divison (karyokinesis) is followed by cell division(cytokinesis) |
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| a period of growh and replication of genetic materail |
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| a period of growh and replication of genetic materail before mitosis begins. a cell normally spends at least 90% of its life in interphase. During this period, each chromosome is replicated so that during division, a complete copy of genome can be distributed to both daughter cells. after replication, the chromosomes consist of two identical sister chromatids held together at a central region called the centromere. during interphase, the individual chromosomes are not visible. The DNA is uncoiled and is called chromatin. |
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G1- initiates interphase. is described as the active growth phase and can vary in length. the cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins. The length of the G1 phase dethermines he length of the entire cell cycle
S- The period of DNA synthesis
G2- The cell prepares to divide. It grows and synthesis proteins
M- cell divison occurs ( mitosis), resulting intwo identical daughter cells |
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| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cutokinesis |
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| the chromosomes condense, and the centriole pairs seperate and move towards te opposite poles of the cell. the spindleapparatus forms between them and the nuclear membrane dissolves, allowing the spindle fivers to interact with the chromosomes |
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| the centriole pairs are now at opposite poles of the cell. the fibers of the spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at the cetromere to align the chromosomes ate the center of the cell forming the metaphase plate |
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| the centromeres split so that each chomatid has its own distinct centromere, thus allowing sister chromatids to separate. The sister chromatids are pulled towards teh opposite poles of the cell by the chortening of the spindle fivers. spindle fivers are composed of microtubles |
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| the spindle apparatus disappears. a nuclear membrane forms around each set of newly formed chromosomes. thus each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes ( the diploid number 2n) as the origional or parent nucleus. the chromosomes uncoil, resuming their interphase form |
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| near the endo of telophase, the cytoplasm divides into two daugter cells, each with a complete nucleus and its own set of organelles. in animals, a cleavage furrow forms and the cell memebrane indents along the equater of the cell and finally pinches through the cell, seperating the two nuclei |
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