Term
| WHAT ARE THE 5 FUNCTIONS OF THE RENAL SYSTEM? |
|
Definition
-REMOVAL OF METABOLIC WASTER
-REMOVAL OF FOREIGN CHEMICALS
-REGULATION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES
-GLUCONEOGENESIS
-PRODUCTION OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES |
|
|
Term
| REMOVAL OF METABOLIC WASTES GOES FROM BLOOD TO ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHEN DOES THE KIDNEY PARTICIPATE MOST IN GLUCONEOGENEIS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT HORMONES AND PEPTIDES ARE PRODUCED BY THE KIDNEYS? |
|
Definition
-ERYTHROPIETIN
-RENIN
-1,25-DIHYDROXYVIATIM D |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE OUTSIDE AND THE INSIDE OF KIDNEY CALLED? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME OF THE MEDULLA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE TIP OF THE RENAL PYRAMIDS CALLED? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE ORDER OF DRAINAGE IN THE KIDNEYS? |
|
Definition
| PYRAMIDS, MINOR CALYX, MAJOR CALYX, RENAL PELVIS, URETER |
|
|
Term
| HOW MANYT NEPHRONS ARE IN THE HUMAN BODY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE NEPRON? |
|
Definition
| THE RENAL CORPUSCLE AND THE TUBULE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 2 PIECES MAKE UP THE RENAL CORPUSCLE? |
|
Definition
| GLOMERULUS AND BOWMAN'S CAPSULE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 3 PIECES MAKE UP THE TUBULE? |
|
Definition
| PROXIMAL CONVULUTED TUBULE, HENLE'S LOOP. AND THE DISTAL CONVULUTED TUBULE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME THINGS THAT ARE NOT FILTERED BY RENAL CORPUSCLE? |
|
Definition
| ALBUMIN, PROTIENS, RBC, WBC, "LARGE CELLS" |
|
|
Term
| THE ______ ARTERIOLES LEAD TO THE BOWMAN'S CAPSULE AND THE _______ LEAD AWAY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE OUTER EPITHELIUM OF THE BOWMAN'S SPACE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ALETERNATE NAME FOR BOWMAN'S CAPSULE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 CELL TYPES OF THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS? |
|
Definition
| MACULAR DENSA, GRANULE, AND EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DID DR. FRAZIER DESCRIBE AS A MINI SPONGE WITH A MESHWORK OF PROTIENS AND PROTEOGLYCANS? |
|
Definition
| GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EPITHELIAL FOOT PROCESSES |
|
|
Term
| _____ EXTEND FROM EACH ARM OF THE PODOCYTES AND ARE EMBEDDED IN THE GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ BRIDGE THE SPACE BETWEEN THE FOOT PROCESSES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT PIECES MAKE UP THE PROXIMAL TUBULE? |
|
Definition
| PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE AND PROXIMAL STRAIGHT TUBULE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT PIECES MAKE UP THE LOOP OF HENLE? |
|
Definition
| DESCENDING THIN LIMB, ASCENDING THIN LIMB, THICK ASCENDING LIMB AND MACULA DENSA |
|
|
Term
| WHAT PIECES MAKE UP THE COLLECTING DUCT SYSTEM? |
|
Definition
| CONNECTING TUBULE, CORTICAL COLLECTING DUCT, OUTER MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCT, AND INNER MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCT |
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|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW? |
|
Definition
| RENAL ARTERY, ARCUATE ARTERY, INTERLOBULAR ARTERY, AFFERENT ARTERIOLE, BOWMANS, EFFERENT ARTERIOLE, PERITUBULAR ARTERY, INTERBUNDLE PLEXUS AND VASA RECTA |
|
|
Term
| _____ NEPHRONS ARE MORE COMPLEX AND CLOSER TO THE MEDULLAR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THESE ARE DIFFERENTIATED SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN THE WALLS OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLES. THEY SECRETE RENIN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CONTINOUS CELLS WITH THE BOWMANS CAPSULE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SPECIALIZED THICK ASCENDING LIMB EPITHELIAL CELLS. THEY DETECT LUMENAL CONTENT OF THE NEPHRON AT THE VERY END OF THE TUBULE AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE CONTROL OF FILTRATION RATE AND RENIN SECRETION. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ IS THE ONLY KIND OF INNERVATION IN THE KIDNEY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 RENAL PROCESSES? |
|
Definition
| FILTRATION, SECRETION AND REABSORPTION |
|
|
Term
| PROCESS BY WHICH WATER AND SOLUTES IN THE BLOOD LEAVE THE VASCULAR SYSTEM THROUGH BARRIERS TO THE BOWMAN'S CAPSULE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PROCESS OF MOVING SUBSTANCES INTO THE TUBULAR LUMEN FROM THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PROCESS OF MOVING SUBSTANCES FROM THE LUMEN INTO THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME ADDITIONAL PROCESSES SUBSTANCES MAY UNDERGO WHEN IN THE KIDNEY? |
|
Definition
| METABOLISM AND PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCES BY KIDNEY CELLS |
|
|
Term
| FRACTION OF BLOOD VOLUME COMPOSED OF RED BLOOD CELLS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TOTAL BLOOD FLOW TO THE KIDNEY/UNIT TIME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AMOUNT OF FILTRATE THAT ENTERS THE TUBULE SYSTEM THROUGH BOWMAN'S SPACE/UNIT TIME |
|
Definition
| GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE APPROXIMATE TOTAL RENAL BLOOD FLOW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT TWO FACTORS SET RENAL BLOOD FLOW? |
|
Definition
| CHANGE IN PRESSURE ACROSS THE RENAL ARTERY AND VEIN |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 2 FACTORS AFFECT FLOW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MAJOR FACTOR THAT AFFECTS RESISTANCE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF SOMETHING IS LESS THAN ____ DALTONS IT WILL PASS FREELY THROUGH TO THE BOWMAN'S CAPSULE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FILTRATION RATE INCREASES AS SIZE _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FILTRATION RATE INCREASES AS CHARGE _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RATE OF FILTRATION IN ANY CAPILLARY IS SET BY 3 FACTORS. |
|
Definition
| HYDRAULLIC PERMEABILITY, SURFACE AREA, AND NET FILTRATION PRESSURE ACROSS THEM |
|
|
Term
| NET FILTRATION PRESSURE IS BASED ON.... |
|
Definition
| 2 HYDROSTATIC AND 2 ONCOTIC PRESSURES |
|
|
Term
| THE NET FILTRATION PRESSURE IS A ___ MMHG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AFFERENT AND EFFERENT ARTERIOLES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INCREASED GFR GENERALLY MEANS _____ SECRETION OF SALT AND WATER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HYDRAULIC PERMEABILITY TIMES GLOMERULAR SURFACE AREA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-DISEASE
-DRUGS
-MESANGIAL CELLS CONSTRICTION |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) REGARDLESS OF SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE THE KIDNEY CAN INDEPENDANTLY REGULATE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF YOU CONSTRICT THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE GFR WILL ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF YOU CONSTRICT THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLE GFR WILL _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF YOU DILATE THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE GFR WILL ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF YOU DILATE THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLE GFR WILL _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT CAN INCREASE PBC AND LOWER GFR? |
|
Definition
| OBSTRUCTION IN COLLECTING DUCT |
|
|
Term
| IF YOU INCREASE OSMOTIC IN THE BLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES GFR WILL _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AMOUNT THAT IS FILTERED PER UNIT TIME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOW DO YOU CALCULATE FILTERED LOAD? |
|
Definition
| GLOMERULAR FLOW RATE X PLASMA CONCENTRATION |
|
|
Term
| A ____ FILTERED LOAD MEANS THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT TO BE REABSORBED. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COLLECTION OF MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH RENAL BLOOD FLOW AND GFR ARE KEPT RELATIVELY CONSTANT ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF ARTERIAL PRESSURES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WITHOUT AUTOREGULATION _____ OUTPUT WOULD VARY WILDLY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE AUTOREGULATORY RANGE IN MMHG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AS MAP INCREASES SMOOTH MUSCLES IN THE WALLS OF THE ARTERIOLES IS STRETCHED INDUCING VASCULAR RESISTANCE.MEDIATED BY A WIDE VARIETY OF PROCESSES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INTRARENAL PROCESS THROUGH WHICH THE DISTAL TUBULES CAN AFFECT GLOMERULAR FUNCTION |
|
Definition
| TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK |
|
|
Term
| ___ CONCENTRATIONS OF NA+ IN THE DISTAL TUBULE CAUSES RELEASE OF TRANSMITTER AGENTS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRANSMITTER AGENTS ____ GFR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOW DO TRANSMITTER AGENTS LOWER GFR? |
|
Definition
-CONSTRICTION OF AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
- CONTRACTION OF MESANGIAL CELLS |
|
|
Term
| VOLUME OF PLASMA FROM WHICH THAT SUBSTANCE IS COMPLETELY REMOVED/ UNIT TIME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOW DO YOU CALCULATE CLEARANCE? |
|
Definition
| URINE CONCENTRATION X VOLUME URINE/TIME/ PLASMA CONCENTRATION |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 5 CRITERIA DETERMINE ACCURATE GFR? |
|
Definition
-FREELY FILTERED
-NOT REABSORBED
-NOT SECRETED
-NOT SYNTHESIZED BY TUBULES
-NOT METABOLIZED BY TUBULES |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE PERFECT GFR CLEARANCE MOLECULE AND WHAT CLASS IS IT? |
|
Definition
| INULIN; FRUCTOSE POLYSACCHARIDE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT COMPOUND IS USED TO GUESSTIMATE GFR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CREATINE IS SECRETED BY THE TUBULES IN THE AMOUNT OF ___-____% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CREATINE CLEARANCE SLIGHTLY ____ GFR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NORMAL CREATINE IN THE PLASMA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RISING PLASMA CREATINE OVER TIME COULD INDICATE WHAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F)PLASMA CREATINE CHANGES ARE IMMEDIATELY REFLECTED AFTER GFR CHANGES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF THE CLEARANCE OF A MOLECULE IS LESS THAN 1 IT IS ______. GREATER THAN 1 IT IS ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TO BE ABSORBED WHAT MUST A SOLUTE CROSS? |
|
Definition
| APICAL, EPITHELIAL, BASEMENT, INTERSTITAL, ENDOTHELIUM |
|
|
Term
| HOW CAN A SOLUTE BE REABSORBED? |
|
Definition
| DIFFUSION, UNIPORT, SYMPORT, ANTIPORT, GCPR,, ION CHANNELS |
|
|
Term
| HOW DOES A SOLUTE GET TRANSFERRED? |
|
Definition
| NA/K-ATPASE PUMP ACTIVE, ANIONS MOVED TO CELLS, OSMOTIC GRADIANT FOLLOWS, SOULTES MOVE TO PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES |
|
|
Term
| THE VOLTAGE IN THE EARLY PROXIMAL TUBULE IS ____ AND IN THE LATE IT IS ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT 2 LIMITS CAN BE PLACED ON REABSORPTION? |
|
Definition
| TUBULAR MAXIMUM OR GRADIANT LIMITED |
|
|
Term
| AN UPPER LIMIT BECAUSE TTRANSPORTERS ARE SATURATED |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UPPER LIMIT BECAUSE THE LEAKY TIGHT JUNCTIONS AND THE SOLUTE IS TRANSFERED OUT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A BIG DIFFERENCE IN TM AND GRADIANT SYSTEMS IS THAT IN _____ SYSTEMS THE TRANSPORTERS NEVER REACH 100% MAXIMUM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN __ SYSTEMS THE UPPER LIMIT IS TRANSPORTER LIMITED AND IN ___ THE UPPER LIMIT IS BASED ON PERMEABILITY OF THE TIGHT JUNCTIONS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT 2 FORCES FAVOR UPTAKE TO THE CAPILLARY? |
|
Definition
| INTERSTITIAL HYDRAULIC AND ONCOTIC PRESSURE IN PERITUBULAR |
|
|
Term
| WHAT FORCES OPPOSE UPTAKE TO INTERSTITUM? |
|
Definition
| HYDRAULIC PRESSURE OR PERITUBULAR AND INSTRESTITAL ONCOTIC. |
|
|
Term
| SUBSTANCES FROM THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARY TO THE LUMEN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DIFFUSION OR TRANSCELLULAR TRANSPORT |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE 2 THINGS HEAVILY SECRETE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ION IS SECRETION OFTEN COUPLED WITH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SECRETION CAN BE CONTROLLED BE MANY SIGNALLING THAT LIMITS PROTIEN RECEPTORS. NAME THE SIGNALLING |
|
Definition
| AUTOCRINE, PARACINE, ENDOCRINE |
|
|
Term
| ABNORMALITY IN THE NA+/GLUCOSE COTRANSPORT TH MEDIATES REABSOPRTION OF GLUCOSE IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE. LEADS TO GLUCOSE IN URINE |
|
Definition
| FAMILAIAL RENAL GLUCOSURIA |
|
|
Term
| ABILITY TO ABSORB GLUCOSE IS USUALLY NORMAL BUT FILTERED LOAD OF GLUCOSE EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD FOR TUBULE TO REABSORB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE PRIMARY ROLE OF THE ____ _____ IS TO REABSOB MOST WATER AND NON-WASTE SOLUTES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE LOOP OF HENLE CREATES A HIGH ___ CONCENTRATION IN THE MEDULLA TO FURTHER ABSORB WATER AND TO CONCENTRATE URINE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FINE TUNING OF PLASMA LEVELS OCCURS IN THE ___ _____ AND THIS IS UNDER HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UNDER NORMAL CONDTIONS THE BODY REGULATES ___ AND WATER SO NO NET CHANGE OCCURS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE NORMAL WATER OUTPUT IN ADULTS?NACL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE VARIANCE OF URINE IN LITERES? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SALT CAN BE VARIED FROM EXCRETEION OF ___ TO ___ G. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BOTH NA AND WATER ARE FREELY ____ AND UNDERGO CONSIDERABLE REABSORPTION BUT NOT ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS COUPLED WITH NA+ TO ACHIEVE NEUTRALITY IN THE KIDNEY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NA+ REABSORPTION IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE IS DRIVEN BY WHAT PROCESS ACROSS THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NA+ CREATES A _____ THAT DRIVES WATER OUT OF THE TUBULES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NA+ ACHIEVES REABSORPTION OF MANY NUTRIENTS, PHOSPHATE AND SULFATE BY ____ ACROSS THE LUMINAL SURFACE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NA+ ALLOWS SECRETION OF ___ IONS VIA COTRANSPORT. THIS IS A MECHANISM FOR REABSORBING ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE PROXIMAL TUBULE PROMOTES ____ VOLUME REABSORPTION. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) THE ISO-OSMOTIC PROPERTY IS CONSTANT THROUGHOUT ALL OF THE NEPHRON |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE CONTENTS OF THE TUBULAR LUMEN ARE ___ RELATIVE TO THE INTERSTITAL SPACE WHEN THEY REACH THE COLLECTING DUCTS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HYPO-OSMOTICITY IS IMPORTANT FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WATER REABSORPTION THAT AFFECTS ____ CONCENTRATION. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WATER PERMEABILITY OF THE CORTICAL COLLECTING DUCTS IS SENSITIVE TO ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHERE IS VASOPRESSIN SECRETED? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR VASOPRESSIN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AQUAPORIN INSERTION INTO THE LUMINAL MEMBRANE |
|
|
Term
| WHEN AQUAPORINS ARE PRESENT WATER REABSOPRTION IS _____ AND URINE CONCENTRATION IS _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| URINE IS RELATIVELY ______ TO PLASMA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THE ENTIRE ASCENDING LIMB ____ IS ABSORBED AND _____ IS NOT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THE DESCENDING LIMB ____ IS ABSORBED AND ____ IS NOT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THE KIDNEY THE NET ABSORPTION EFFECT IS TO REABSORB MORE ___ THAN ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE DILUTING SEGMENTS? |
|
Definition
| ASCENDING LIMB, DISTAL TUBULE |
|
|
Term
| THE DISTAL TUBULE TRANSPORTS _____ OUT OF THE LUMEN AND IS IMPERMEABLE TO _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS NA+ OUTPUT IS ____ THAN NA+ INPUT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BALANCE OF NA+ EXCRETION CAN BE CONTROLLED BY WHAT 2 FACTORS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF PLASMA VOLUME DROPS THAN VENOUS PRESSURE DROPS SO GFR DROPS SO THUS THERE IS A _____ IN THE SECRETION OF NA+ AND WATER. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE _____ MECHANISM OF LOWERING SECRETION OF SALT AND WATER IS BASED ON PRESSURE CHANGES TO THE GLOMERULUS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE ____ MECHANISM LOWERS THE SECRETION OF SALT AND WATER BASED ON INCREASED ACTIVITY OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ IS A STEROID HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE RENAL CORTEX. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ STIMULATES NA+ REABSORPTION BY THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE AND THE CORTICAL COLLECTING DUCTS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF NA+ INTAKE OR BLOOD VOLUME IS LOW ____ SECRETION IS HIGH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT THE CORE REGULATORY SYSTEM FOR ALDOSTERONE SECRETION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GRANULAR CELLS FO THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS |
|
|
Term
| RELEASE OF RENIN FROM THE GRANULAR CELLS DEPENDS ON WHAT 3 FACTORS. |
|
Definition
- ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
- SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION
- NA+ CONTENT IN THE DISTAL TUBULE SENSED BY THE MACULA DENSA |
|
|
Term
| WHAT REGULATES VASOPRESSIN? |
|
Definition
| ACTIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS |
|
|
Term
| THE MOST IMPORTANT INPUTS TO THE HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS OF VASOPRESSIN ARE.... |
|
Definition
| OSMORECEPTORS AND BARORECEPTORS |
|
|
Term
| OSMORECEPTORS OF VASOPRESSIN HELP TO _____ WATER EXCRETION IN TIMES OF EXCESS INTAKE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHEN CARDIO PRESSURE DROPS BARORECEPTORS______ THEIR FIRING RATE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| REDUCTION OF BARORECEPTOR FIRINGS ____ VASOPRESSIN SECRETION. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS NORMAL PLASMA PH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HYDROGEN IONS AND BUFFER IS GOVERNED BY WHAT LAW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HYDROGEN IONS AND BUFFER IS GOVERNED BY WHAT LAW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE MAJOR BUFFER SYTEM IN THE BODY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THE LUNGS THE BODY FAVORS ___ AND WATER AND THEN IN THE BODY FAVORS ___ IONS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF PH IS ABOVE 7.4 IT IS CALLED ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF PH IS ABOVE 7.4 IT IS CALLED ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF PH IS BELOW 7.4 IT IS CALLED _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BICARBONATE IS FREELY FILTERED AND NORMALLY COMPLETELY _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF PLASMA BECOMES TOO ACIDIC THERE WILL BE MORE HYDROGEN SECRETED INTO THE _____ TO ABSORB BICARB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ IS RELEASED FROM THE LIVER AS AN ADDITIONAL BYPRODUCT OF PROTIEN CATABOLISM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES THE FILTERED GLUTAMINE ENETER? |
|
Definition
| TUBULE MEMBRANE AND BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS GLUTAMINE BROKEN DOWN INTO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE AMMONIUM IS SECRETED THROUGH A SODIUM/AMMONIUM ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AS ALKALOSIS BEGINS TO OCCUR HYDROGEN ION SECRETION FROM _____ CELLS WILL BECOME INSUFFICENT TO REABSORB FILTERED BICARB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AS A RESULT OF AN INCREASE IN BICARBONATES IT WILL SECRETED WHERE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ONLY ABOUT 2% OF THE TOTAL BODY _____ IS IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID BUT ITS REGULATION IS VERY IMPORTANT IN ACTIVITY OF EXCITABLE CELLS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOW CAN K+ BE SECRETED. (2 MECHANISMS) |
|
Definition
| INCREASED N+/K+ ATPASE; DEPOLARIZATION OF ADRENAL TO RELEASE ALDOSTERONE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 3 THINGS MUST OCCUR FOR THE KIDNEY TO FUNCTION NORMALLY? |
|
Definition
| BLOOD FLOW, GLOMERULUS, TUBULES |
|
|
Term
| FOR NORMAL KIDNEY FUNCTION THERE MUST BE ADEQUATE ____ ______ THROUGH THE GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FOR NORMAL RENAL FUNCTION THE _____ MUST BE INTACT AND FILTER ONLY FLUIDS AND SMALL SOLUTE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ OF THE KIDNEY MUST BE ABLE TO REABSORB ESSENTIAL SUBSTANCES FROM THE FILTRATE WHILE EXCRETING OTHER SUBSTANCES INTO THE FILTRATE TO BE ELIMINATED IN THE URINE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| REGARDLESS OF ITS CAUSE, RENAL DISEASE CAN TERMINATE IN RENAL ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A CONDITION IN WHICH THE KIDNEYS FAIL TO REMOVE THE METABOLIC END PRODUCTS FROM THE BLOOD AND TO REGULATE FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND PH BALANCE OF THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF RENAL DISEASE. |
|
Definition
| RENAL DISEASE AND SYSTEMIC |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 CATEGORIES OF RENAL DISEASE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PROGRESSIVE SLOW DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL FAILURE OVER THE COURSE OF YEAR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES PRIMARILY INVOLVE THE ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INFLAMMATION OF THE GLOMERULUS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE 2 LESS COMMON CAUSES OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE? |
|
Definition
| RENAL TUBULE DEFECTS OR BLOOD DIFFUSION TO THE PARAENCHYMA |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME CHRONIC RENAL TUBULE DEFECTS? |
|
Definition
| PYELONEPHRITIS AND POLCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME IMPEDIMENTS TO BLOOD FLOW THAT CAN RESULT IN CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) CHRONIC RENAL DISORDERS CAN BE REVERSED |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHY IS IT HARD TO DEFINE THE CAUSE OF CHRNIC RENAL FAILURE? |
|
Definition
| ALL OF THE KIDNEY MAY BECOME DESTROYED OR SCARRED. |
|
|
Term
| A RAPID DECLINE IN KIDNEY FUNCTION RESULTING IN AN INABILITY TO MAINTAIN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS AND FAILURE TO EXCRETE NITROGENOUS WASTES. USUALLY A SUDDEN DROP IN URINE OUTPUT AND FALL IN GFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SUDDEN DROP IN URINE OUTPUT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IS REVERSIBLE UNTIL PROVEN OTHERWISE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACUTE RENAL FAILURE THAT IS CAUSED BY PRE-RENAL DYSFUNCTION IS USUALLY RELATED TO ______ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACUTE RENAL DISEASE THAT IS DUE TO POST-RENAL DYSFUNCTION CAN BE DUE TO AN ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A RENAL CAUSE OF ACUTE RENAL DISEASE IS WHAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THIS TYPE OF RENAL FAILURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND IS MORE COMMON IN THE ELDERLY AND SERIOUSLY ILL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IS MORE SUSCEPTIBILE IN THE ELDERLY BECAUSE ____ DECREASES WITH AGE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IS MORE COMMON IN SERIOUSLY ILL PATIENTS BECAUSE IT IS COMBINED WITH WHAT? |
|
Definition
| OTHER LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS A MAJOR INDICATOR OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RETENTION OF NITROGENOUS WASTES, EITHER THROUGH INABILITY OF THE KIDNEY TO EXCRETE THEM OR THROUGH THEIR FAILURE TO BE DELIVERED TO THE KIDNEY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT LAB VALUE SIGNALS AZOTEMIA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 100'S OF TOXIC BUILD-UP NOT JUST NITROGENOUS WASTE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COMPLEX SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY VARIABLE AND BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL CHANGES THAT OCCURS WHEN AZOTEMIA BECOMES SYMPTOMATIC WHEN ALL ORGANS ARE AFFECTED. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE PIECES OF UREMIA? |
|
Definition
| VOLUME DERANGEMENTS, ACID/BASE PROBLEMS, ELECTROLYTE, ENDOCRINE CHANGES, OTHER BUILD UP OF NITROGENOUS WASTES |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES THAT OCCUR WITH UREMIA ARE WHAT? |
|
Definition
| HYPERKALEMIA AND HYPOCALCEMIA |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE LEADING CAUSES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE? |
|
Definition
| DIABETES MELLITUS AND HYPERTENSION |
|
|
Term
| THE KIDNEY HAS AMAZING _______ CAPACITY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% OF THE NEPHRONS MAY NEED TO BE DESTROYED BEFORE SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION IMPAIRMENT IS SEEN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| YOU ARE GENERALLY ASYMPTOMATIC UNTIL GREATER THAN ___% OF RENAL FUNCTION IS LOST. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE BODY CAN MAINTAIN BASIC KIDNEY FUNCTIONS AT THE EXPENSE OF .... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF YOU DESTROY NEPHRONS THE OTHERS WILL _____ TO MAINTAIN GFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GREATER THAN NORMAL PROTIEN IN THE URINE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME WAYS TO ASSES RENAL DYSFUNCTION? |
|
Definition
| PROTIENURIA, HEMATURIA, H+ ION CONCENTRATION, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, GFR, TUBULAR FUNCTION TESTS, MICROSCOPIC, IVP, RETROGRADE PYELOGRAM, RENAL ANGIOGRAPHY, |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME WAYS TO ASSES RENAL DYSFUNCTION? |
|
Definition
| PROTIENURIA, HEMATURIA, H+ ION CONCENTRATION, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, GFR, TUBULAR FUNCTION TESTS, MICROSCOPIC, IVP, RETROGRADE PYELOGRAM, RENAL ANGIOGRAPHY, |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 MAIN WAYS TO ASSESS RENAL DYSFUNCTION? |
|
Definition
| BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL |
|
|
Term
| IF PROTIEN IN URINE IS GREATER THAN ____ MG/DAY THERE MAY BE A KIDNEY PROBLEM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES PROTIENURIA SIGNAL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES HEMATAURIA SUGGEST? |
|
Definition
| LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE OR RENAL DISEASE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS NORMAL H+ ION CONCENTRATION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PH ___ AFTER A MEAL, ____ WITH SLEEP AND ____ WITH FEVER |
|
Definition
| INCREASES; DECREASES; DECREASES |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES ACIDIC URINE INDICATE? ALKALINE? |
|
Definition
| URIC ACID IN GOUT; PHOSPHATE STONES OR UTI |
|
|
Term
| USE OF URIMOMETER FOR MEASUREMENT OF OSMOLARITY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS NORMAL RANGE FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF YOU ARE DEHYDRATED YOUR SPECIFIC GRAVITY CAN CONCENTRATE TO ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE THE KIDNEY LOSES THE ABILITY TO ____ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF YOU CANNOT CONCENTRATE URINE THE FIRST SIGN IS USUALLY THIS SYMPTOM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF FUNCTIONAL RENAL TISSUE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO MEASURE GFR? WHAT DO WE USE INSTEAD? |
|
Definition
| INULIN CLEARANCE; BUN OR ENDOGENOUS CREATINE CLEARANCE |
|
|
Term
| IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THIS YOU MAY NEED TO CHALLENGE THE KIDNEY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THIS TEST FILTERED AND EXCRETION SHOULD BE 92% CLEARED ON FIRST PASS. THIS IS A GOOD ESTIMATE OF RENAL PLASMA FLOW. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THIS TEST YOU RESTRICT THE NA+ IN DIET AND CHECK URINE. IF URINE LOSS IS MORE THAN INGESTED THERE MAY BE A PROBLEM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 5-DAY TEST WITH A CHALLENDE OF NH4CL TO CHECK PH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON ABNORMAL FINDINGS IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL MICROSCOPIC EXAM? |
|
Definition
-RBC > 1/2 PER FIELD
-WBC 3/4 PER FIELD
-BACTERIA
-CAST |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND CONSTITUENTS OF MUCOPROTIEN MATRICES WITH CELLS AND DEBRIS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HYALINE, RBC LEAKING, WBC, FATTY, OR BROAD AND GRANULAR |
|
|
Term
| A CAST THAT I DEVOID OF CELLS AND CLEAR OR PROTIEN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAST THAT IS A LEAKING GLOMERULI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAST OF INFECTION THAT IS OFTEN SEEN IN PYLENONEPHROTIC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAST ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAST THAT CONTAINS DEAD CELLS. IT IS FORMED IN THE COLLECTING DUCTS AND IS TYPICAL OF ESRF. IT IS CALLED A RENAL FAILURE CAST. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THIS YOU HAVE A CONTRAST MEDIA GIVEN VIA IV AND TAKE X-RAYS TO VISUALIZE THE CORTEX OF THE KIDNEY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN AN IVP WHAT IS IT INDICITIVE OF IF THE CORTEX IS THIN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS SUSPECTED IF IN AN IVP THE KIDNEY CORTEX APPEARS MOTH EATN? |
|
Definition
| PYLEONEPHRITIS AND ISCHEMIA |
|
|
Term
| IN THIS TEST A CATHETER IS ADVANCED UP THE URETER AND CONTRAST MEDIA IS INJECTED INTO THE RENAL PELVIS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THIS RADIOLOGIC TECHNIQUE YOU ADVANCE A CATHETER VIA THE FEMORAL ARTERY TO THE LEVEL OF THE RENAL ARTERY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHEN IS A RENAL ANGIOGRAPHY USEFUL? |
|
Definition
| ARTERIOL STENOSIS, NEOPLASMS, ARTERY AND VEIN ARRANGEMENT |
|
|
Term
| THIS IS WHEN A RENAL TISSUE SAMPLE IS TAKEN FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RENAL BIOPSY IS USEFUL FOR WHAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A GENERAL TERM WHICH CAN BE USED TO DESCRIBE ANY EVENT IN WHICH RENAL FUNCTION IS SUDDENLY IMPAIRED; A SUDDEN DROP IN THE OUTPUT OF URINE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RELATIVE ABRUPT REDUCTION OF RENAL FUNCTION IS CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASEING ______ OVER A PERIOD OF TIME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE 3 CATEGORIES OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE. |
|
Definition
| PRE-RENAL, RENAL, POST-RENAL |
|
|
Term
| WHAT 2 ABNORMALITIES DOES PRE-RENAL USUALLY INDICATE? |
|
Definition
RENAL BLOOD FLOW
MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE COMMON ACUTE RENAL FAILURE INTTINISIC CAUSE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF POST-RENAL ARF IS DUE TO A ____ ______ THAT INTERFERES WITH ELIMINATION OF THE THE URINE FROM THE KIDNEY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN ARF ____% OF THE CASES ARE PRE-RENAL OR RENAL IN NATURE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ARF IS USUALLY MANIFESTED BY URINE OUTPUT OF LESS THAN ____ ML/DAY, A SUDDEN DECREASE IN ____, OFTEN LESS THAN 1-2% OF NORMAL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BROAD CATEGORIES OF ARF ARE _____ AND _____ INJURY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN ORDER FOR THE KIDNEY TO EXCRETE THE DAILY LOAD OF WASTE 3 CONDITIONS MUST PREVAIL. |
|
Definition
-ADEQUATELY PERFUSED KIDNEY
-NORMAL KIDNEY FUNCTION
-URINE MUST BE ABLE TO LEAVE THE BODY |
|
|
Term
| NORMALLY THE KIDNEY RECIEVES ___% OF CARDIAC OUTPUT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AUTOREGULATION CNA BE OVERCOME IN CONDITIONS OF SEVERE _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE PRESSURE NEEDED FOR AUTOREGULATION TO BE OVERCOME? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE 5 SITUATIONS THAT BLOOD PRESSURE TO THE KIDNEY COULD BE SEVERLY LOW? |
|
Definition
| HEMORRHAGE, LOSS OF ELECTROLYTES, DIURETICS, BURNS, DEHYDRATION |
|
|
Term
| WHEN YOU LOSE VOLUME THE KIDNEY VESSELS _____ AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW AND GFR ____ AND THIS RESULTS IN WHAT IS KNOWN AS A ____ _____ STATE. |
|
Definition
| VASOCONSTRICT; FALL, PRE-RENAL |
|
|
Term
| PRE RENA;L AZOTEMIA IS COMMONLY CAUSE BY LOSS OF WHAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WITH VASODILATING DRUGS THE VOLUME OF FLUID IS CONSTANT HOWEVER THE DISTRIBUTION IS EXPANDED SO WHAT HAPPENS? |
|
Definition
| LESS IS AVAILABLE TO THE KIDNEY |
|
|
Term
| IN THIS STATE YOU GET VENODILATION WITH INCREASE IN CAPACITANCE BED OF THE CIRCULATION. |
|
Definition
| GRAM NEGATIVE SEPTIC SHOCK |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME OTHER DISEASE STATES THAT CAN CAUSE A PRE-RENAL STATE FOR ARF? |
|
Definition
| CHF OR CIRRHOSIS AND NEPHROTIC SYNDROME |
|
|
Term
| IN A PRE-RENAL STATE THERE IS A FALL IN WHAT 2 THINGS? |
|
Definition
| URINE OUTPUT, GFR, RENAL PERUFSION |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE NORMAL BUN/SCR RATIO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN ARF THE BUN/SCR IS WHAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHY IS THERE A CONSERVATION OF SODIUM EXCRETION IN A PRE-RENAL STATE. |
|
Definition
| IT IS AN ATTEMPT FOR THE BODY TO MAINTAIN BLOOD PRESSURE |
|
|
Term
| SINCE THE KIDNEYS ARE INTRINSICALLY NORMAL IN THE PRE-RENAL STATE YOU WOULD NOT EXPECT TO FIND ____ IN THE URINE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 4 SIGNS YOU LOOK FOR IN PRE-RENAL ARF. |
|
Definition
| RAPID PULSE, LOW BP, POOR SKIN TURGOR, DRY MUCOUSAL MEMBRANES |
|
|
Term
| IN PRE-RENAL STATES WHAT MAIN DRUG CLASS DO YOU AVOID AND WHY? |
|
Definition
| NSAIDS/ IT INHIBITS PG SYNTHESIS SO YOU VASODILATE THAT WORSENS ISCHEMIA |
|
|
Term
| THE BEST TREATMENT IN PRE-RENAL ARF YOU WOULD SO WHAT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PRE-RENAL AZOTEMIA IN THE EDEMATOUS STATE MUST CORRECT THE UNDERLYING CAUSE. WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF THIS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN ORDER TO DISTINGUISH PRE-RENAL ARF FROM TUBULAR NECROSIS WHAT DO YOU LOOK AT? |
|
Definition
| URINE OSMOLARITY AND FRACITONAL EXCRETION OF NA+ |
|
|
Term
| IN SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL CAUSES OF PRE-RENAL CONDITIONS LEADING TO ARF ARE WHAT 4 THINGS. |
|
Definition
| HYPOVOLEMIA, DECREASED VASCULAR FILLING, HEART FAILURE, DECREASED RENAL PERFUSION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ ____ RESULTS IF BOTH KIDNEYS ARE COMPLETELY OBSTRUCTED. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF THERE IS A ___ ____ YOU WILL GET POLYURIA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ IS RARELY SEEN IN PRE-RENAL OR RENAL PARENCHYMAL DISEASES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) WHEN TALKING ABOUR POST-RENAL ARF OBSTRUCTIONS ALWAYS OCCUR AT THE URETER AND BELOW |
|
Definition
| FALSE; BLADDER, OUTLET, ETC |
|
|
Term
| THE MOST COMMON POST-RENAL ARF IN MEN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OBSTRUCTION OF THE _____ RARELY CAUSES ARF UNLESS ONR IS THE KIDNEYS IS ALREADY DESTROYED. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) YOU CANNOT DIAGNOSE POST-RENAL CONDIIONS WITH URINALYSIS |
|
Definition
| TRUE; IT IS USUALLY NORMAL |
|
|
Term
| HOW DO YOU TREAT POST-RENAL ARF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT OCCURS TO THE URINE AFTER REMOVAL OF A POST-RENAL OBSTRUCTION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN POLYURIA FOLLOWING A POST0RENAL ARF URINE IS ____ COMPARED WITH PLASMA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT NEEDS TO BE GIVEN IN POLYURIA OF POST-RENAL ARF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RENAL PARENCHYMAL DISEASE IS CAUSED BY A VARIETY OF MECHANISMS THAT DAMAGE WHAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME 5 CAUSES OF RENAL PARENCHYMAL DISEASE. |
|
Definition
| IMMUNOLOGICAL, ALLERGIC, OBSTRUCTION LEADING TO NECROSIS, ISCHEMIC, TOXINS |
|
|
Term
| OBSTRUCTION AND SUBSEQUANT NECROSIS CAN RESULT FROM _____. |
|
Definition
| HYPERURICEMIA PRECIPITATES |
|
|
Term
| IF BLOOD FLOW TO THE KIDNEY IS BLOCKED FOR MORE THAN ___ MINUTES THERE CAN BE ACUTE TUBULAR DAMAGE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% OF RENAL ARF FALL INTO THE CATEGORY OF ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT KIDNEY CELLS ARE SPECIFICALLY SENSITIVE TO ANOXIA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TUBULAR DAMAGE TRIGGERS WHAT OF THE PREGLOMERULAR ARTERIOLES TO REDUCE ARF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO URINE IN TUBULAR DAMAGE AND WHY. |
|
Definition
| OLIGURIA; TUBULAR DEBRIS MAY BLOCK URINE OUTPUT |
|
|
Term
| WHAT CANNOT BE DAMAGED IF KIDNEY FUNCTION IS TO BE RESTORED IN ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT CANNOT BE DAMAGED IF KIDNEY FUNCTION IS TO BE RESTORED IN ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F)RENAL ARF IS MUCH WORSE THAN PRE-POST RENAL ARF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE KIDNEY MORPHOLGICALLY IN RENAL ARF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AFTER A FEW DAYS OF INJURY WHAT WILL DEVELOP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHERE IS TREATMENT DIRECTED FOR RENAL ARF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NOT ALL ATN INVOLVE THE TUBULES |
|
|
Term
| ACUTE, POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE DECREASE IN RENAL FUNCTION FOLLOWING TOXIC KIDNEY INJURY OR ISCHEMIC KIDNEY INJURY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATN HAS DESTRUCTIONS OF THE ____ CELLS WITH ACUTE SUPRESION OF RENAL FUNCTION. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTIC URINE PATTERN FOR ATN? |
|
Definition
| OLIGURIA FOLLOWED BY POLYURIA |
|
|
Term
| WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INCREASE IN ATN? DECREASE? GFR, BUN, PLASMA CREATINE, REABSORBTION |
|
Definition
DECREASE- GFR, REABSORBTION
INCREASE- BUN, SCR |
|
|
Term
| IN ATN URINE CONCENTRATION IS (SAME, INCREASED OR DECREASED) THAT OF THE PLASMA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN URINE CONCENTRATION IN ATN NA IS ___, AND k IS ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT KIND OF CASTS ARE PRESENT IN ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WILL THE GFR OF ATN RETURN TO NORMAL AFTER RENAL BLOOD FLOW IS RETURNED TO NORMAL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF ATN? |
|
Definition
| NEPHROTIC DRUGS OR , PRE RENAL DISEASES, SYSTEMIC INJURIES, OBSTRUCTIONS, VERY RARELY DE NOVO |
|
|
Term
| WHAT CAN INCREASE YOUR RISK OF ATN? |
|
Definition
| DRUGS, ANESTHETICS, ORGANIC SOLVENTS, HEAVY METALS, DYES |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE TEH DRUG CLASSES THAT CAN INCREASE YOUR RISK OF ATN? |
|
Definition
| SULFONAMIDES, AMINOGLYCOSIDE, CANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ANESTHETIC INCREASES YOUR RISK OF ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ORGANIC SOLVENT CAN INCREASE YOUR RISK OF ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT HEAVY METAL PUTS YOU AT RISK FOR ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS A SALYCYLATE THAT CAN HARM YOUR KIDNEY IN ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT COMBINES WITH OTHER RISK FACTORS OF ATN TO CAUSE A NECROSIS AND ISCHEMIA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME SYSTEMIC INJURIES THAT PUT YOU AT RTISK FOR ATN? |
|
Definition
| SEVERE TRAUMA, HEAT STROKE, OVERDOSE, MYOGLOBURNURIA, RHABDOMYLOSIS, FLUID LOSS, PREGNANCY, ISCHEMIA |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DRUG OD CAN CAUSE ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DISINTEGRATION OF MUSCLE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN MYOGLOBIN IN THE URINE IF EXTENSIVE AND INTENSE PHYSICAL EXERTION AND IN PEOPLE THAT EXERCISE THAT HAVE OCCULSICE ARTERIAL DISEASE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT THREE ISSUES CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE LOSS OF FLUIDS THAT CAN CAUSE ATN? |
|
Definition
| SEPTIC SHOCK, BURNS AND LOSS OF FLUID TO GUT |
|
|
Term
| WHAT PARTS OF A COMPLICATED PREGNANCY CAN LEAD TO ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT OBSTRUCTIONS CAN CAUSE ATN? |
|
Definition
| MYELOMA LIGHT CHAINS, EXCESS URIC ACID, MYOGLOBIN, HEMOGLOBIN |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 4 EFFECTS OF ATN? |
|
Definition
| DECREASE GFR, TUBULAR DYSFUNCTION, LOW URINE OUTPUT, INCREASED PERATUBULAR PRESSURE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 4 THEORIES OF PATHOPHYSICOLOGY OF ATN? |
|
Definition
| REDUCTION OF RBF, OBSTRUCTION, BACK LEAKAGE, REDUCTION OF GFR |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES PROFOUND DROP OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW LEAD TO? |
|
Definition
| ISCHEMIA AND TUBULAR ANOXIA |
|
|
Term
| WHERE DOES BACKLEAKAGE OF TUBULAR FLUID GO? |
|
Definition
| RENAL INTERSTITIAL SPACES |
|
|
Term
| WHAT COULD CAUSE A REDUCTION OF GFR THAT IS A THEORY OF ATN? |
|
Definition
| GLOMERULI STRUCTURE ALTERATIONS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 PHASES OF CLINICAL ATN? |
|
Definition
| INITIATION, MAINTENANCE, AND RECOVERY |
|
|
Term
| TIME OF THE PRECIPTIATING EVENT UNTIL TUBULAR INJURY OCCURS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR OLIGURIA AND AZOTEMIA TO PRESENT IN ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT DISTINGUISHES ATN FROM PRE-RENAL OLIGURIA? |
|
Definition
| BUN IS LESS THAN 10:1 IN ATN AND URINE IS 1:1, K IS NOT SECRETED |
|
|
Term
| _____ IS IMPORTANT IN PREVENTING PRE-RENAL OLIGURIA FROM GETTING TO THE ATN STATE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ IS IMPORTANT IN PREVENTING PRE-RENAL OLIGURIA FROM GETTING TO THE ATN STATE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE URINE OSM OF PRE-RENAL OLIGURIA? ATN? |
|
Definition
| GREATER THAN 350; LESS THAN 350 |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE URINE NA OF PRE-RENAL OLIGURIA? ATN? |
|
Definition
| LESS THAN 20; GREATER THAN 40 |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE URINE PROTIEN OF PRE-RENAL OLIGURIA? ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE URINE SEDIMENT OF PRE-RENAL OLIGURIA? ATN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DURING THIS PHASE OF ATN THERE IS A DECREASE IN GFR, FLUID RETENTION, HYPERTENSION, UREMIA AND POSSIBLY NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THIS PHASE OF ATN HAS TUBULAR PHASE OF UP TO 1 YEAR WHILE THE CONCENTRATING ABILITY GRADUALLY IMPROVES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DURING RECOVERY PHASE ___ INCREASES AND ____ DECREASES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DURINE THE RECOVERY PHASE OF ATN 25% OF PATIENTS DIE BECAUSE ___ MAY OCCUR BEFORE RENAL FUNCTION IS CORRECTED. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) ALTHOUGH ATN CAN BE REVERSED THAT MORTALITY RATE IS VERY HIGH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ LOADING CAN HELP PREVENT ATN BEFORE SURGERY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT CONDITIONS CAN RESULT IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. |
|
Definition
| HYPERTENSION, DIABTES, GLOMERULUONEPHROTIS, OTHER KIDNEY DISEASES |
|
|
Term
| THERES ARE __ STAGES OF KIDNEY DISEASE THAT DEPEND ON GFR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS GFR AT PHASE 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? |
|
Definition
| GREATER THAN 90, 60, 30, 15, LESS THAN 15 |
|
|
Term
| WHAT MUST ACCOMPANY A GFR OF GREATER THAN 90 FOR CKD TO BE STAGE 1. |
|
Definition
| KIDNEY DAMAGE SUCH AS PROTEINURIA, URINE SEDIMENT, ABNORMAL BLOOD |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) STAGES 1 AND 2 OF CKD HAVE SOME SYMPTOMS FROM THEIR DECREASED GFR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ORGAN SYSTEMS IN PARTICULAR ARE AFFECTED BY CKD? |
|
Definition
| ANEMIA, IONIC AND WATER ABNORMALITIES |
|
|
Term
| WIN STAGE 5 OF CKD TOXIN ACCUMULATE AND ____ ___ IS EVIDENT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CKD IS DEFINED AS EITHER KIDNEY DAMAGE OR A GFR OF LESS THAN ___ FOR MORE THAN ___ MONTHS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GFR OF LESS THAN 15 AND SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF UREMIA THAT REQUIRES THE NEED FOR TRANSPLANT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A TERM THAT INDICATED THE PERSON IS BEING TREATED WITH DIALYSIS AND TRANSPLANTS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE REASON THE DAMAGE TO THE KIDNEY IS NOT EVIDENT UNTIL LATE OF CKD IS BECAUSE THE KIDNEY _____ AND NEPHRONS ______ IN AN ATTEMPT TO MAINTAIN RENAL FUNCTION. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AS MANY AS 90% OF THE NEPHRONS MAY BE DESTROYED BEFORE SIGNIFICANT FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT IS SEEN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHY DOES THE ADAPTIVE COMPATIABILITY OF HYPERTRIPHY AND HYPERFILTRATION BECOME MALADAPTIVE. |
|
Definition
| INCREASED PRESSURE AND FLOW MAY CAUSE SCLEROSIS OF THE OTHER NEPHRONS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 BROAD MECHANISMS OF DAMAGE IN CKD? |
|
Definition
| INITIATING AND PROGRESSIVE |
|
|
Term
| INITIATING MECHANISMS OF CKD ARE SPECIFIC TO WHAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THE PROGRESSIVE MECHANISM OF CKD THERE IS ____ AND ____ OF THE REMAINING NEPHRONS AND REDUCTION OF RENAL MASS. |
|
Definition
| HYPERTRIPHY AND HYPERFILTRATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOW MUCH DOES GFR DECREASE PER YEAR AFTER 30? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE AVERAGE GFR AT 70? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHO HAS LOWER GFR: MEN OR WOMEN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE MEASUREMENT OF ____ IS HELPFUL FOR MONITROING NEPHRON INJURY AND THE RESPONSE TO THERAPY IN FORMS OF CKD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CKD? |
|
Definition
| GLOMERULAR DISORDERS AND TUBULOINTERSTITUAL DISORDERS |
|
|
Term
| THIS FORM OF CKD IS ACUTE OR CHRONIC, WHERE THE CHRONIC PRODUCES FIBROSIS, ATROPHY MONONUCLEAR INFILTRATES AND FLUID OR ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES RESULTING IN INABILITY TO CONCETRATE URINE, POLYURIA, NOCTURIA, METABOLIC ACIDOSIS AND LOWER NA REABSORPTION |
|
Definition
| TUBULOINTERSITITAL DISORDER |
|
|
Term
| INFECTION OF THE KIDNEY PAENCHYMA AND RENAL PELVIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THIS DISORDER REPRESENTS AN INFECTION OF UPPER URINARY TRACT, USUALLY WITH GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA. HIGHER IS DIABETICS, CATHERTIRZATION AND VESICOURETERAL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE PYLEONEPHRITIS. |
|
Definition
| FEVER, PAIN IN ABS, DYSURIA, URGENCY, FREQUENCY, FATIGUE, NAUSEA |
|
|
Term
| HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR ACUTE PYLEONEPHRITIS TO CLEAR UP ON ITS OWN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THIS DISEASE REPRESENTS A PROGRESSIVE PROCESS OF SCARRING AND DEFORMATION OF RENAL STRUCTURES OFTEN FROM RECURRENT INFLAMMATION AND REFLUX |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL FEATUERS OF CHRONIC PYLEONEPHRITIS |
|
Definition
| RECURRENT UTI, ISIDIOUS ONSET, LOSS OF TUBULAR FUNCTION RESULTING IN POLYURIA AND NOCTURIA, HYPERTENSION |
|
|
Term
| CHRONIC PYLEONEPHRITIS RESULTS IN __% OF ESRD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FUNCTIONAL OR STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE KIDNEY IN RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE TO DRUG. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME SOME FACTORS THAN CAN EFFECT HOW YOU TOLERATE DRUGS AND THEIR METABOLITES. |
|
Definition
| AGE, HYDRATION, RENAL FUNCTION, BP, PH |
|
|
Term
| DRUG DAMAGE TO THE KIDNEY CAN OCCUR IN 4 WAYS. |
|
Definition
| DECREASED RBF, URINE OBSTRUCTION, DAMAGE TO THE TUBULOINTERSTITIAL, HYPERSENSITIVITY |
|
|
Term
| ____ CAN INHIBIT PG TO CAUSE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS WITH PAPILLARY NECROSIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ABOUT 2 WEEKS AFTER DRUG EXPOSURE THAT CAN CAUSE TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS TO DAMAGE THE TUBULE AND INTERSTITIUM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE INTIAL SIGNS OF DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY. |
|
Definition
| FEVER, EOSINIPHILIA, HEMATURIA, MILD PROTEINURIA, RASH |
|
|
Term
| WHAT CELLS ARE PROLIFERATIVE IN GLOMERULAR DISEASES? |
|
Definition
| ENDOTHELIAL, MESANGIAL, LEUKOCYTES, AND CRESCENT FORMATIONS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE IN GLOMERULAR DISEASE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN GLOMERULAR DISEASE THERE ARE DIFFUSE GLOMERULAR CHANGES INCLUDING FOCAL, SEGMENTAL _____ AND ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A MAJOR CAUSE OF GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IS A DISEASE THAT PROVOKES A _____ RESPONSE OF THE ENDOTHELIAL, MESANGIAL OR EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE GLOMERULUS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INFLAMMATORY PROCESS DAMAGES THE ___ WALL, PERMITS ___ AND ___ TO ESCAPE TO THE URINE AND PRODUCES HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES THAT DECREASE ____. |
|
Definition
| CAPILLAR; RBC; PROTEINS; GFR |
|
|
Term
| THE NUMBER FOR PRIMARY RENAL DISEASE AFFECTING THE GLOMERULUS AND THE GLOMERULAR LESIONS THAT MAY NOT BE THE RESULT OF PRIMARY DISEASE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT DISEASES CAN MANIFEST TO GLOMERULONEPHRISITS? |
|
Definition
| DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, SLE |
|
|
Term
| ____ FORM AGAINST THE GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE AND FORM A LINEAR PATTERN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE IN WHICH ANTIBODIES FORM AGAINST THE BASEMENT MEMBRANT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN ____ ______ THE ANTIBODY COMPLEXES DAMAGE THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE TO GIVE A GRANULAR PATTERN OF IMMUNE COMPLEXES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS SOME TYPE 3 INJURIES THAT RESULT IN GLOMERULAR DISEASE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE URINARY CHANGES TO GLOMERULONEPHRITIS? |
|
Definition
| PROTEINNURIA, HEMATURIA, PYURIA, EDEMA, LOW GFR, AZOTEMIA, OLIGURIA, HYPERTENSION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MOST GLOMERULAR DISEASES PRODUCE NEPHRITIC AND NEPHROTIC SYNDROMES FO DIAGNOSIS MAY REQUIRE ____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A DISEASE OF THE GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBREANT THAT HAS NUMEROUR CAUSES AND RESULTS IN INCREASED PERMEABILITY TO PLASMA PROTEINS, GENERALIZED EDEMA, AND DECREASED PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE TEH 3 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME. |
|
Definition
| HYPOALBUMINURIA, PROTEINURIA AND HYPERLIPIDEMIA |
|
|
Term
| THE CAUSE OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IS UNKNOWN HOWEVER THE CHLOSETERAL CAN EXCEED ____ MG/ DL AND INCREASES RISK OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME? |
|
Definition
| MINIMAL CHANGE GOMERULONEHPRITIS, MEMBRANEOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLMERULOSCLEROSIS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR MINIMAL CHANGE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT TYPE OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME HAS NORMAL APPEARING GLOMERULI IN A LIGHT MICROSCOPE, SELECTIVE ELECTRONEGATIVE PROTEIN LOSS, A GOOD RESPONSE TO STEROID TREATMENT AND IS MORE COMMON IN CHILDREN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT TYPE OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IS MOST COMMON IN ADULTS, HAS DIFFUSED THICHKING OF THE GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE DUE TO IMMUNE COMPLEX DEPOSITION, THICKENED GLOMERULI IN LIGHT MICROSCOPES, UNSELECTIVE PROTIEN LOSS AND IS USUALLY UNRESPONSIVE TO STEROID TREATMENT. |
|
Definition
| MEMBRANSOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS |
|
|
Term
| IN WHAT TYPE OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IS THE GLIMERULI SCLEROTIC, MORE COMMON IN HISPANICS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS, HAS HYPERTENSION AND DECRESED RENAL FUNCTION AND MAY BE TREATED WITH STEROIDS |
|
Definition
| FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS |
|
|
Term
| CLINCIAL CORRELATE OF ACUTE GLOMERULAR INFLAMMATION USUALLY CHARACTERIZED BY SUDDEN HEMATURIA, OLIGURIA AND SOME PROTIENURIS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN NEPHRITIC SYNDROM THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS CAN OCCULDE THE GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY LUMEN AND DAMAGE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NEPHRITIC SYNDROME HAS DECREASED ___ AND ENHANCED ___ AND ___ RETENTION RESULTING IN EDEMA AND HYPERTENSION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN CKD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN CKD THE ABILITY TO REGULATE SODIUM EXCRETION IS _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THIS IS COMMON IN ADVANCED KIDNEY FAILURE AS TUBULAR REABSORPTION IS IMPARIED. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FOR SALT WASTING IF YOU EAT ____ GFR MAY IMPROVE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN CKD POTASSIUM EXCRETION IS ____ AS KIDNEY ADAPTS TO THE GFR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ RESULTS IN CONSTRIPATION, ACIDOSIS, TRAUMA OR INFECTION. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE KIDNEY REGULATES PH BY SECRETING ___ AND REABSORBING ____ AND PRODUCING AMMONIA TO BUFFER ACID. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AS KIDNEY FUNCTIONS DECLINES ___ ___ MAY OCCUR ESPECIALLY IN DIARRHEA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ OF PEOPLE WITH STAGE 3 CKD HAVE ANEMIA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO ANEMIA IN CKD |
|
Definition
| BLOOD LOSS, HEMOLYSIS, BONE MARROW SUPPRESION, DECREASED RBC PRODUCTION |
|
|
Term
| WHY IS THERE A DECREASED RBC PRODUCTION IN CKD? |
|
Definition
| IRON DEFICENCY AQND IMPAIRED ERYTHROPOIETIN PRODUCTION |
|
|
Term
| ____ CONTRIBUTES TO WEAKNESS, FATIGUE, DPRESSION, INSOMNIA, AND LOW COGNITIVE FUNCTION WITH CKD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ANEMIA RESULTS IN ___ BLOOD VISCOSITY AND ____ IN HR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ANEMIA LIMITS MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN SUPPLU PREDISPOSING PATIENTS TO ____ EVENTS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH IN PATIENTS WITH CKD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IN THE CARDIO SYSTEM CHANGES WITH CKD. |
|
Definition
| LIPID ABNORMALITIES, HYPERTENISON, LV HYPERTROPHY, HEART DISEASE, CHF, PERICARDITIS |
|
|
Term
| IN CKD WHAT LIPID ABNORMALITIES ARE PRESENT? |
|
Definition
| LOW HDL, INCREASED TRIGLYCERIDES AND LIPOPROTIENS |
|
|
Term
| PERICARDITIS OCCURS IN ABOUT ___% OF PATIENTS IN DIALYSIS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DISORDERS OF ___ AND ___ OCCUR EARLY IN THE COURSE OF CKD DUE TO IMPARIED PHOSPHATE ELIMINATION AND VITAMIN D ACTIVATION. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASE WHEN SERUM PHOSPHATE LEVELS RISE IN ORDER TO INCREASE CALCIUM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CALCIUM CAN CONVERT INACTIVE VITAMIN D TO _____ THE ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN D. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PEOPLE WITH CKD CAN DEVELOP SECONDARY _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ DISEASE IN CKD CAN LEAD TO BONE PAIN AND WEAKNESS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN CKD THE HIGHEST BUN CAN GET IS ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NEUROPATHY THAT IS SYMMETRICAL AND INCLUDES BOTH MOTOR AND SENSORY NERVES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SOME GI MAIFESTATIONS OF CKD INCLUDE ANOREXIA, NAUSEA, VOMITTING, AND ____ TASTE IN THE MOUTH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THERE CAN ALSO BE ULCERATIONS AND BLEEDING OF THIS ORGAN IN CKD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WITH ACCUMULATION OF NITROGEN WASTE THERE MAY BE INCREASED INFECTION RESULTING IN DEFECTIVE _____, IMPAIRED HUMORAL AND CMI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IMPOTENCE IS INN ___% OF MALE PATIENTS ON DIALYSIS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DECREASED TESTOSTERON AND ANEMIC MAY DECREASE ____ IN MEN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN WOMEN ON DIALYSIS THIS SEXUAL ABNORMAILITY IS COMMON. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE SKIN IN CKD? |
|
Definition
| DRYNESS, PRUITUS, BRUISING |
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPEN TO THE FINGERNAILS IN CKD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN UREMIA DRUG METABOLISM VIA HYDROLYSIS IS ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN DIABTETICS WHAT DRUG WOULD HAVE TO BE REDUCED AS KIDNEY DETERIORATES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ANTACIDS SHOULD YOU NOT USE IN KIDNEY DISEASE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A DECREASE IN ALBUMIN MAY RESULT IN A ___ AMOUNT OF FREE DRUG CIRCULATING. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SOME DRUGS THAT CONTAIN NITROGEN AND SHOULD NOT BE USED IN CKD ARE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FLUID OR SEMISOILD FILLED SACS OR SEGMENTS OF A DILATED NEPHRON |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT CAN CAUSE CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE? |
|
Definition
| TUBULAR OBSTRUCTION, CHANGES IN THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF CYSTIC DISEASE? |
|
Definition
| RENAL CYSTS, MEDULLARY CYSTIC DISEASE, POLYCYSTIC DISEASES |
|
|
Term
| HOW MANY GENES CONTRIBUTE TO POLYCYSTIC DISEASE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THE ____ _____ FORM OF INHERITED CYSTIC DISEASE THOUSANDS OF LARGE CYSTS ARE DERIVED FROM EVERY SEGMENT OF THE NEPHRON. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN THE ____ _____ VERSION OF PCKD THE CYSTS ARE DERIVED FROM THE COLLECTING TUBULES WHICH REMAIN CONNECTED TO THE NEPHRON IN ORIGIN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHICH PCKD IS MORE COMMON IN ADULTS? MORE RARE? |
|
Definition
| AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT; AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE |
|
|
Term
| ADPKD REQUIRES __% OF TRANSPLANTS AND DIALYSIS EACH YEAR. __% WILL DEVELOP KIDNEY FAILURE BY AGE 60. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CYSTS BEGIN TO FORM AT WHAT AGE IN ADPKD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADPKD IS A ____ DISORDER AFFECTING OTHER ORGANS LIKE THE LIVER. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PKD1 MAKES UP __% OF THE CASES ALTHOUGH PKD2 DEVELOPS LATER LIKE IN THE 70S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE MUTATED GENE OF ADPKD IS A MUTATED GENE IN THE CILIA THAT LINE THE TUBULAR EPITHELIUM CALLED ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ ACT AS SENSORS FOR URINARY FLOW AND ARE SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS FOR TUBULAR CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION AND APOPTOSIS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A DEFECTIVE ____ ____ UNDER THE EPOTHELIAL LAYER ALLOWS FOR DILATION AND CYST FORMATION IN ADPKD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL FEATURES OD ADCKD? |
|
Definition
| HYPERTENSION, PROTEINURIA, LARGE KIDNEY VOLUMES |
|
|
Term
| IN ADPKD HAS _____ FROM THE LARGE CYSTS, ____ FROM BLEEDING OF THE CYSTS, _____ FROM THE CYSTS. |
|
Definition
| PAIN; HEMATURIA, INFECTIONS |
|
|
Term
| ____% OF ADPKD HAVE KIDNEY STONES. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MEDULLARY CYSTIC DISEASE COMPLEX |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THIS HAS AN AUTOSOMAL DISORDER THAT IS ONSET IN CHILDHOOD WITH SMALL AND SHRUNKEN KIDNEYS WITH VARIABLE BUMBERS OF CYSTS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE INTIAL INSULT OT THE NEPHRON PHTHSIS IS IN THE ____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NEPHRON PHTHISIS IS ____% OF RENAL FAILURE IN CHILDREN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME SYMPTOMS OF NEPHRON PHTHISIS. |
|
Definition
| POLYURIA, POLYDIPSIA, BEDWETTING, SALT WASTING, STUNTED GROWTH, ANEMIA |
|
|
Term
| THIS IS A COMMON ACQUIRES DISORDER OF THE KIDNEY WHERE CYSTS ARE CONFINED TO THE CORTICAL REGION AND ARE USUALLY ASYMPTOMATIC AND COMMON IN PEOPLE OVER 50. |
|
Definition
| SIMPLE AND ACQUIRED RENAL CYSTS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF SIMPLE AND ACQUIRED RENAL CYSTS. |
|
Definition
| FLANK PAIN, HEMATURIA, INFECTION, HYPERTENSION |
|
|
Term
| RENAL OBSTRUCTIVE DISORDERS CAN OCCUR AT ANY AGE AND ANY LEVEL, MAY BE SUDDEN OR INSIDOUS, PARTIAL OR COMPLERE AND ARE USUALLY _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME CAUSES OF A URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION? |
|
Definition
| DEVELOP DEFECTS, STONES, PREGENANCY, PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, SCAR TISSUE, TUMORS, NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME DAMAGING EFFECTS OF A URINE OBSTRUCTION? |
|
Definition
| STASIS OF URINE AND BACK PRESSURE |
|
|
Term
| URINE FILLED DILATION OF RENAL PELVIS ASSOCIATED WITH ATROPHY OF THE KIDNEY DUE TO OBSTRUCTION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT CAUSES MORE PAIN AN ACUTE OR INSIDIOUS OBSTRUCTION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACUTE BILATERAL OBSTRUCTION CAN MIMIC WHAT DISEASE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE SOME SIGNS OF A RENAL OBSTRUCTION? |
|
Definition
| POLYURIA AND NOCTURIA, HYPERTENSION |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CUASE OF UPPER URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CUASE OF UPPER URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| POLYCYSTALLINE AGGREGATES COMPOSED OF MATERIAL THAT THE KIDNEY NORMALLY EXCRETES IN URINE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES STONE FORMATION DEPEND ON? |
|
Definition
| CONCENTRATION OF URINE, PRESENCE OF A NUCLEUS FOR FORMATION, AND DEFICENCY OF AN INHIBITOR |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS AN INHIBITORY FOR STONE FORMATION AND WHEN MIGHT IT BE LOW? |
|
Definition
| CITRATE; ACIDOSIS, FASTING, HYPERKALEMIA |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES? |
|
Definition
| CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, URIC, CYSTINE |
|
|
Term
| THESE KIDNEY STONES ARE THE MOST COMMON AND MAY BE INCREASED IN BONE DISEASE, AND RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THESE KIDNEY STONES FORM IN ALKALINE URINE AND IN THE PRESENCE OF A BACTERIA THAT SPLITS UREA INTO AMMONIA AND CO2 |
|
Definition
| MAGNEISUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE |
|
|
Term
| THESE KIDNEY STONES DEVELOP IN GOUT AND AT A URINE OF PH 5-6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THESE STONES ACCOUNT FOR LESS THAN 1% OF THE KIDNEY STONES AND IS SEEN IN CYSTINURIA IN WHICH CYSTINE TRANSPORT IS DYSFUNCTIONAL |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DIAGNOSIS OF KIDNEY STONES? |
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Definition
| URINALYSIS, RADIOGRAPHY, IVP, ULTRASONOGRPAHY |
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Term
| HOW DO YOU TREAT KIDNEY STONES? |
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Definition
| DIET RESTRICTION, CALCIUM SUPPLEMTN, THIAZIDE DIURETICS, CELLULOSE PHOSPHATE, PAIN MANAGEMENT, ANTIBITOICS, AND REMOVE STONE |
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Term
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Definition
| URETEROSCOPIC, PERCUTANEOUS AND EXTRACORPOREAL LITHOTRIPSY |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE 2ND MOST COMMON BACTERIAL INFECTION? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT INCREASES UTI CHANCES? |
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Definition
| DECREASE URINE FLOW, DECREASE IMMUNE, CHANGES IN URINARY TRACT LINING |
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Term
| WHAT ARE 5 PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS OF THE KIDNEY? |
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Definition
| WASHOUT, MUCIN LAYER, IMMUNE RESPONSES, NORMAL FLORA AND PROSTATE SECRETIONS |
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Term
| WHAT ARE 5 PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS OF THE KIDNEY? |
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Definition
| WASHOUT, MUCIN LAYER, IMMUNE RESPONSES, NORMAL FLORA AND PROSTATE SECRETIONS |
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Term
| WHAT IS A NORMAL FLORA THAT PREVENTS UTI? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ASYMPTOMMATIC, SYMPTOMATIC, UPPER AND LOWER |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF UTI? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHERE DO BACTERIA OF THE UTI COME FROM? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF UTI WITH STASIS URINE FLOW? |
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Definition
| ANATOMICAL OBSTRUCTION, FUNCTIONAL OBSTRUCTION, REFLUX |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME ANATOMICAL CAUSES OF UTI? |
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Definition
| URINE STONES, PROSTATE ENLARGEMENT, PREGNANCY, MALFORMATIONS |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME FUNCTIONAL OBSTRUCTIONS OF UTI? |
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Definition
| NEUROGENIC BLADDER, INFREQUENT VOIDING, DETUSOR INSTABILITY, CONSTIPATIONS |
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Term
| THIS REFLUX OCCURS WHEN URINE FROM THE URETHRA MOVES INTO THE BLADDER SUCH AS IN INTERRUPTED VOIDING, COUGHING OR SQUATTING |
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Definition
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Term
| THIS THIS REFLUX OCCURS AT LEVEL OF BLADDER AND URETER |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME CLINICAL SIGNS OF UTI? |
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Definition
| LOWER AB/BACK DISCOMFORT, FREQUENT URINATION, BURNING AND PAIN, CLOUDY, FOUL URINE |
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Term
| WHO IS AT AN INCREASED RISK FOR UTI? |
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Definition
| URINARY OBSTRUCTION, NEUROGENIC DISODERS, SEXUALLY ACTIVE WOMEN, PREGNANT WOMEN, POST-MENOPAUSE WOMEN, DIABETIC, HOSPITAL URINARY CATHETERS, STD,ELDERLY, WOMEN 16-35 |
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Term
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Definition
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