Term
| cancer is the number _________ cause of death in the US, and number ________ for those over the age of ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular, chronic lower respiratory disease, accidents |
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Term
| _________ causes over 1/2 million deaths in US /year |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lungs/bronchus. colorectal, breast, prostate |
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Term
| top 3 cause of cancer in male |
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Definition
| lung/bronchus, prostate, colorectal |
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Term
| top 3 cause of cancer for women |
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Definition
| lung/bronchus,breast, colorectal |
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Term
| cancer is a disease of aging, ________% of deaths occurred after the age of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| cancer associated with smoking (3) |
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Definition
| pancreas, bladder, uterus (PUB) |
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Term
| death rates of cancer peaked in _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| number 1 cause of death for people >85 |
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Definition
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Term
| number one cause of death for people <85 |
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Definition
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Term
| cancer is a disease of______,________,_____ |
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Definition
| growth, cell division, differentiation |
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Term
| cancer is defined as a mass of tissue, the growth of which is incoordinated with the surrounding normal tissues and that persists in the ________ of a __________ |
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Definition
| absence , inciting stimulus |
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Term
| parenchymal regeneration can occur only in tissues that retain the capacity to____ |
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Definition
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Term
| cells that continue to multiply throughout life, examples include |
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Definition
| labile cells, mucosal epithelium in stomach (40 kg per year of epicells are gone per year) |
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Term
| cells that retain the latent capacity to regenerate |
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Definition
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Term
| cells that cannot regenerate |
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Definition
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Term
| stromal repair includes the proliferation of ________ and _____________ |
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Definition
| fibroblast and capillaries buds |
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Term
| stromal repair will result in the loss of ___________ function |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ and __________ are used to dectroy the cappilaries buds and to slow down the division of cancerous cells |
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Definition
| endostatin and angiostatin |
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Term
| an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, maybe pathologic or physiologic |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of pathological hypersplasia |
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Definition
| endocrine organ (Cushings' syndrome-hypertrophy of the adrenal gland results in the overproduction of hormaones), enlargement of the prostate, goiter |
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Term
| in hyperplasia, cells are essentially _______ but may have change in appearance |
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Definition
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Term
| an adaptive substitution of one type for another, usually and adaptive or protective response |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F metaplasia is reversible |
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Definition
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Term
| metaplasia occurs in what kind of tissues |
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Definition
| epithelial and connective tissues |
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Term
| transition between metaplasia and anaplasia |
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Definition
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Term
| loss in uniformity of the individual cells |
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Definition
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Term
| usually reversible, mainly in epithelium, associated with inflammation and chronic irratation |
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Definition
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Term
| a failure of differentiation, marked pleomorphism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| neoplasia is an abnormal mass of tissue, and is reversible. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| benign neoplasm- remain localized, can spread, is enclosed in a fibrous capsule, generally amenable to local surgical revomal. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| can invade and destroy adjacent structures, implies it can spread to distant sites and cause death |
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Definition
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Term
| there are 2 components to malignant neoplasm |
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Definition
1. parenchyma: proliferation neoplastic cells
2. supporting conncetive tissues, blood vessels, and possibly lymphatics |
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Term
| in malignant neoplas, the tumor grows by _______, ________, ______, ________ |
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Definition
| infiltration, invasion, destruction, penetration |
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Term
| in malignant neoplasm, the tumor do/do not develop capsules |
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Definition
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Term
| cancer that has the ability to disseminate to distant sites |
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Definition
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Term
| four pathways that cancer can spread to distant sites |
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Definition
| seeding thruout the body cavities, direct transplantation (during surgery), lymphatic permeation, transport through the blood vessels. |
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Term
| once the cancer has spread, what is the best treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to the extent to which cells resemble thier normal forebears and achieve thier fully mature, specialized, functional and morphological characterisitcs |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ differentiated cells have a high level of __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| malignant tumores display a ________ range of ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| benign tumores are _____________ differentiated |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of benign neoplasm |
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Definition
| fibroma, chondroma, adenoma, papilloma, cystoma, glioma |
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Term
| malignant neoplasm arising from mesenchymal tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| apoptosis is involved in the activation of the ________gene |
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Definition
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Term
| common in embryonic development |
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Definition
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Term
| well differentiated: cells resemble tissues of origin and reatian some specialized func |
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Definition
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Term
| moderately differentiated, show less resemblance to tissues or orgin; more variotio. increase mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
| poorly differentiated, cells don't resemble tissue of origin, much variation, increased mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
| very poorly differentiated, no resembalnce to tissue of origin; great varioation (very anaplastic) |
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Definition
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Term
| phase of the cell cycle where DNA is synthesize |
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Definition
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Term
| gap bt mitosis and s phase, fulfilling the specialized function of a given cell type. Energy directed toward the synthesis of RNA and protein |
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Definition
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Term
| the gap between the end of S phase and mitosis. The time (usually brief) required to organize the nucleus for mitosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| marked by chromosomal condensation and then chromosomal segregation and cell division yielding two daughter cells. Usually requires about an hour to complete. |
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Definition
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Term
| outside the loop. Cells do not respond to signals that normally prompt initiation of DNA synthesis. They continue to synthesize RNA and protein. They often serve as a reserve and can reenter the pool of proliferating cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tc - total cell cycle time for human |
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Definition
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Term
| Tc - total cell cycle time for most malignant cells |
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Definition
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Term
| according to the ____________, all tumore arises from a single _____________cell |
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Definition
| the stem cell model, pluripotent |
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Term
| the critical cell pop is in what phase (according to the stem cell model) |
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Definition
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Term
more _________cells have a low rate of proliferation;
incapable of establishing new tumors when transplanted (stem cell model) |
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Definition
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Term
| only 1 in _________ or _________ tumors cells is capable of forming colonies; most tumor cells have very limited potential, if any, for division outside of the environment of the tumor. |
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Definition
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Term
| tumor response to a drug is best assessed by measuring the _______ not of all tumor cells but rather only of the clonogenic or stem cells |
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Definition
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Term
| several factors influence the shape of curve developed by Gompertz, what are they? |
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Definition
hypoxia, nutrient / hormone supply
, toxic metabolites
, inhibitory cell-to-cell communication |
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Term
| 20 doubling, 1 mm diameter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 30 db, 1.24 cm diameter, 1 g |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
the time required to reach 109 cells for most tumors
is |
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Definition
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Term
| each dose kills the same ______ of cells (a hard concept) not the same _____ of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ probable contributes to wasting in humans |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _________function in the regulation of normal cell growth and / or differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________encode a regulatory protein that has dominant transforming properties |
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Definition
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Term
| mutations in these genes may remove growth inhibition |
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Definition
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Term
| tumor suppressor genes are a ___________ trait |
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Definition
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Term
| considerable evidence indicates that several independent accidents must occur in one cell in order for tumor development to begin |
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Definition
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Term
tumor suppressor genes control cell growth
mutations in these genes may remove growth inhibition
a recessive trait (requires that both copies of the gene be affected) |
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Definition
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