Term
|
Definition
| served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony, nearly monopolized diamond mining in South Africa and controlled 90% of the world's diamond production, & urged the expansion of British empire until it embraced all the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used as justification for expansion and routinely justified foreign intervention as duty to fix "backwards" people |
|
|
Term
| Suez Canal & Panama Canal |
|
Definition
| enhanced the effectiveness of steamships, facilitated the building and maintenance of empires, while lowering costs of trade between imperial powers and subject lands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New gun that was light and powerful weapon that fired 11 bullets per second. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| armies composed of mostly indian troops, rebelled because they were deeply dissatisfied with recent British policies regarding taxation and law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defeated Napoleon and gained Egypt, launched a program of industrialization and established himself as the effective ruler of Egypt which was the most powerful land in the Muslim world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their own laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ottoman "reorganization era" radical reform; 1 of their primary aims was to make Ottoman law more acceptable to Europeans so they could get rid of capitulations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the most active dissident organization was the Ottoman Society for union and Progress. founded by Ottomans that had been exiled. Called for universal suffrage, equality before the law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state & the emancipation of women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made plain the military power differential between Europe and China [China loses] Conflict over British commercial agents pressed their government into a military retaliation designed to re open the opium trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of pacts, curtailed China's soverignty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most dangerous rebellion under Hong Xiuquan which raged throughout most of China and brought the Qing dynasty to the brink of collapse. |
|
|
Term
| self strengthening movement |
|
Definition
| program of reform that held on to Confucian values and seeking to re-establish a stable agrarian society, movement leaders, built modern shipyards, constructed railroads, established weapon industries, opened steel foundries with blast furnaces, and founded academics to develop scientific expertise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| violent movement that tried to rid China of foreigners and those who had ties with foreigners, they were heavily crushed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prospects of exploiting African resources and nationalist rivalries between European powers. [frenzied quest for the empire] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colonized Central Africa. Employed the American journalist Henry Morton Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony, the Congo Free State. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a free trade zone assessable to merchants and business-people from all European lands where working conditions were so brutal, taxes so high, and abuses so many that 4-8 million died under king Leopolds rule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To avoid war, delegates from 14 European states and the U.S. [yet no one from Africa] met at the Berlin West Africa Conference to devise ground rules for the colonization of Africa. According to the rules, any European state could establish African colonies after notifying the others of its intentions and occupying previously unclaimed territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descendants of dutch settlers who had founded Cape town in 1652 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| started because of the influx of 1000's of British miners and prospectors and led to tensions growing. British win and take over the provinces in the union of south Africa under British dominion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| war broke out as anti colonial tensions mounted in Cuba and Puerto Rico—the last remnants of Spain’s American empire—where U.S. business interests had made large investments.US easily defeated spain and took control & possessions of Cuba & Puerto rico they also allied with Philippines in exchange for their independence, however took them under American control after they won the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Japanese forces overran Russian installations before reinforcements could arrive from Europe. transformed Japan into a major imperial power |
|
|
Term
| indentured labor [Migration] |
|
Definition
| migrants traveled from Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands generally traveled as indentured laborers. labor recruiters generally offered workers free passage to their destinations and provided them with food, shelter, clothing, and modest compensation for their services in exchange from a commitment to work for 5-7 years. majority came from India, but sizable numbers also came from China, Japan, Java, Africa, and the Pacific Islands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that Americans should occupy all land in North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 800 mile migration from eastern woodland to Oklahoma where thousands died from disease, starvation and the difficulties of relocation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| last symbolic conflict that took place in South Dakota, where U.S. calvary overreacted badly towards the Sioux |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U.S. instigated the war over Texas and then inflicted a punishing defeat on the Mexican army. The U.S. took possession of 1/2 of Mexico's territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revolved around mainly slavery, 11 states witdrew from the union, North Vs. the South. Resulted in the Emancipation Proclamation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U.S. declared war on Britain in retaliation for encroachments on U.S. rights during the Napoleonic wars, and the British colony of Canada formed on of the front lines of the conflict. Canadian forces repelled U.S. incursions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The british North America Act of 1867 joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and recognized them as the Dominion of Canada. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regional military leaders who helped by division in the newly independent state to come to power in much of Latin America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the most notable Caudillos, called for regional autonomy in an attempt to reconcile competing interests, but he worked to centralize the government he unsurped. used terror as a tool of the government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| President who led the Reform in Mexico, Liberal who chose to suspend loan payments to foreign powers to lessen Mexico's financial woes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a liberal movement attempted to reshape Mexican society [challenged conservatives] Aimed to limit the power of the military and the Roman Catholic Church in Mexican Society; ideals set forth through the Constitution of 157 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powerful dictator, represented the interest of large landowners, wealthy merchants, and foreign investors. caused the Mexican revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bitter bloody conflict broke out when middle class Mexicans joined with peasant workers to overthrow Porifio Diaz. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing the lands to the peasants, while Villa attacked and killed U.S. citizen in retaliation for U.S. support of Mexican government officials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized a huge army fought for land and liberty, embodied the ideals and aspirations of the indigenous Mexican masses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influenced American economic development and spurred the development of other industries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idea was to attract migrants, protect nascent industries through tariffs and build national transportation systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emerged as the leader of the metis and indigenous peoples of western Canada. Led the resistance to the Canadian Pacific Railroad and the white settlement it promised to bring. Organized a military and was soon executed for treason |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Argentinian cowboys, where society was egalitarian-- symbol of Latin America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social ethic that honored male strength, courage, aggressiveness, assertiveness and cunning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the archduke of the Austro Hungarian dynasty, which got assassinated and brought the tensions between the Austro Hungarian dynasty and the neighboring kingdom of serbia to a head. [catalyst for the war] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief of idea that peoples with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form sovereign states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressed for unification and an independent kingdom; Russia supported them and Germany supported Austria Hungary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Central powers: Germany, Austria Hungary, & Italy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A combination of nations commonly referred to as the Allies: British Empire, Russia, and France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plan that called for a swift knockout of France, followed by defensive action against Russia. Created by general Count Alfred Von Schlieffen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| firepower of modern weapons slaughtered soldiers by the millions; weaken the other side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the initial German thrust toward Paris in August 1914 came to a grinding halt along the river Marne, after which each side tried to outflank the other in a race to the Atlantic Coast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in 1916 the Germans tried to break the dead lock with a huge assault on the fortress of Verdun; the French cried "they shall not pass" and they didnt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to relieve the pressure on Verdun, British Forces counterattacked at the Somme by November they had gained a few thousand yards at the cost of 420,000 casualties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fought between entire societies, and total victory was the only acceptable outcome that might justify the terrible sacrifices made by all sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expressed the important reality that the outcome of the war hinged on how effectively each nation mobilized its economy and activated its noncombatant citizens to support the war effort |
|
|
Term
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk [1918] |
|
Definition
| Germans were very harsh on Russia, ended Russia's involvement in the war and gave the Germans possession of control of 1/3 of Russias territory and 1/4 of population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Peace treaty that ended the war. Made
Germans have to pay reparations based on the idea of German "war guilt" European borders re-drawn. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Japanese presented Chinese government with 21 secret demands as an ultimatum, if accepted they would be protected by Japan; however China leaked the note to British authorities and Britain spoke up for them. Reflected Japan's determination to dominate east Asia and served as the basis for future Japanese pressure on china. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Romanov government in Russia was forced to abdicate in favor of this government because of the war , eventually yielded power to the Bolshevik revolutionaries who took Russia out the war early; allowed the allies to take the league because Russia pulled out during the entry of the U.S. and their resources were enough to finally win. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| were revolutionary councils organized by socialists, surfaced all over Russia, wielding considerable power thought their control of factories and segments of the military. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a revolutionary marxist who was the most popular and most radical; leader of the Bolshevik socialist party who had been living in exile until German powers helped him to return Russia so he could arouse the revolution and bring about their withdrawal from the war. appealed to the people who wanted the opposite of the provisional government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a proposal for a just enduring post war peace settlement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the French and the British agreed that the defeated Central powers must pay for the cost of the war and required the payment of reparations either in money or in kind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas and colonies of the former Central Powers were considered unable to rule themselves and gave the responsibility to the victorious powers of the Great War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| world organization that wasnt successful in stopping the tensions but did establish a pattern for a permanent international organization and served as a model for the UN. set up in order to maintain peace treaty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| started the Nazi Movement; transformed the dying republic into a single party dictatorship & made the National Socialist Party the only legal party; got in because of the great depression [was a success] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Label Gertrude Stein gave to a group of American intellectuals and literati who congregated in Paris and expressed the state of the world through poetry after the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the revolution in physics that transformed science; relativity; and uncertainty principle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Austrian medical doctor who identified a conflict between the consicous and unconscious mental processes that lay at the root of neurotic behavior. man not fully rational, added alot to modern psychology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artists who sought to abolish sovereignty of appearance; paintings no longer depicted recognizable objects from the everyday world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1929, the world plunged into an economic depression that lasted a long time and was really severe; economic problems because of an interdependent financial system; huge stock market crash in 1929 also the cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most influential economist; wrote a novel solution; urged the government to increase the money supply thereby lowering interest rates and encouraging investment. |
|
|
Term
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
|
Definition
| took aggressive steps to reinflate the economy by launching the New Deal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| program of reform that included legislation designed to prevent the collapse of the banking system, to provide jobs, and farm subsidies, to guarantee minimum wages, and to provide social security in old age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposition to the Bolshevik Party [Russian communist party] erupted into a civil war that lasted 2 years. red party won because peasants feared the return of whites meant return of monarchy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soviet plan for nationalization that transformed the economy; the government took over everything & got rid of private property completely, private trade was abolished |
|
|
Term
| New Economic Policy [NEP] |
|
Definition
| Lenin decided on a radical reversal of communism, temporarily restored the market economy & some private enterprise in Russia (a return to capitalism) established technical schools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Took over as the new leader of the soviet union in 1928 after Lenin took over. Totalitarian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aimed at transforming the soviet union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The soviet state expropriated privately owned land to create collective or cooperative farm units whose profits were shared by all farmers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The soviet state expropriated privately owned land to create collective or cooperative farm units whose profits were shared by all farmers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Took place after the congress of victors which came to be known as Congress of Victims where he purged 2/3 of the delegates because Stalin heard about a plan to bring more pluralism back into leadership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A political movement and ideology that sought to create a new type of society, developed as a reaction against liberal democracy and the spread of socialism and communism. Believed in veneration of the state, a strong leader, nationalism, ethnocentrism, and militarism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founded the 1st fascist party. Got support through the use of violence against socialists; took over Rome and became a dictator; ruled Italy as Il Duce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mussolini threatened Rome w/ 10,000 men, the Italian government made him prime minister; they let him come to power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germany in the guise of National Socialism; appealed to the members of the lower- middle class. Used all available means, largely anti-Semitic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pursued the creation of a race based national community; killed people they thought were useless to society, especially physically and mentally handicapped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deprived German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and other Germans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The night of the broken glass
the Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues and the murder of more than 100 Jews throughout Germany & Austria |
|
|
