• Low Oxygen in the tissue
• Neuromuscular, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems are involved and can relate to HYPOXIA.

• Low Oxygen in the blood.
• PO2= partial pressure of O2
• Normal PO2= 80-100
• When get O2 in: 3% of O2 is dissolved into plasma, 97% is attached to the Hemoglobin.

      People have less O2 in the tissue because you dont have enough proper amount disolved in the plasma.

• Anemia: deficiency of RBC or Hemoglobin in blood.
• e.g: lack of iron in the blood (lack Hem), sickle cell (abnormall bigger cell--> bleeding alot), Hematoric (solid portion related with plasma or liquid portion, if more solid than liquid = blood clot)

• Result of low cardiac circulatory output.
• e.g: heart attack, cardiact arrest, or shock, are all results
• Irregular heartbeat (arythmia): make venous return irregular.
• Causes Anemic

• Hem for male= 14-18
• Hem for female= 12-16
• Number of RBC= 4-6 millions
• HCT for male= 42-52
• HCT for female=37-46

• A toxin works on the cytochrome oxidide enzyme that alows O2 get into the cell.
• e.g: Cyanide is a toxin that blocks O2 from entering a cell.

• Kidneys produces Erythropoietin horemon that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBC--> polycythemia
• Decrease renal blood flow--> stimulate to release Renin--> Renin activate Angiotension 1&2 (vasoconstrictor)
• Renin also stimulate Aldosteron secretion

•  Affects the reabsorption of Na and H2O in kidney tubules.
• Hypoxia--> aldosteron produces--> retaing Na--> retaining H2O--> reduce Oliguria.
• secreted by adrenal gland, control reabsorption Na+ and water by exchanging Na ions for K ions or H ions

• Refers to an excessive of fluid which cause swelling or enlargement of the tissue.
• Prolong edema interferes with venous return, arterio circulation, and cell functions

• transport across cell membran by Na-K pupm resulting in high Na in extracellular and low inside the cell.
• Na levels controlled by kidneys through action of Aldosteron
• involve in the conduction of nerve pulse and muscle contraction.

• Hormone Insulin promotes K move into  cells.
• Influenced acid-base balance in the body.
• K has role in many metabolic process, conduction of nerve, contraction of all muscle types, and most impotant is effect on the contraction of cardiac muscle.

• Retaining CO2 (not breathing enough) 

Papilledema (choked disk)

(acute hypoxia symptom)

• When pressure is put on the obtic nerve (cause blumed vision) (from cerebral edem) causes u to brath faster and become fatigued. 

• a blueish tint to the lips or nails, cause from lack O2 

• A sudden loss of O2 (happen fast)
• Causes change in vital signs 

• lack of O2 that has been going on for longer period of time. 

• Polycythemia: rapid breathing, bone marrow produces more RBC
• Clubbing
• Lactic acidosis: change pH of body (increase acidicity)
• Cause H/A, pulmonary HTN, convulsions 

• tend to follow Na because of the opposite charge --> high Na=high Cl.
• Cl and HCO3 have same charge--> can exchange to maitain the acid base in the blood circulation
• decrease cloride = increase bicabonate= alKalosis 

• Metabolism with O2 

• Reflects ventilation and acid-base balance.
• The numbers indicate arterial blood pH (concentraion of H+ in the blood), partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) dissolved in blood and the concentration of NaHCO3 in the blood. 

• 2 major body systems regulate of acid-base balance.
• buffer or self-regulate acid-base balance to maintain pH within the normal range. 

• Becuz cell metabolism is producing CO2 or H2CO3 and nonvolatile metabolic acids:

1. Lactic acid results from the anaerobic metabolism of glucose.
2. ketoacids result from incomplete oxidation of fatty acid
3. protein metabolism may produce sulphates or phosphates 

• CO2 (product of cell metabolism) move into blood, then to lungs. Then CO2 mixed with H2O @ lungs= Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
• pH will change based on the amount of H2CO3. This signal the lungs to increase or decrease the rate and depth of ventilation until CO2 normal 

• excrete or retain HCO3 (bicarbonate).
•  pH decrease (H+ increase)--> retain HCO3
• ph increase (H+ decrease)--> excrete HCO3 through the urine.

• pH= 7.35 - 7.45 (low= acidosis, above= alkalosis)
• PaO2= 80 - 100(hypoxia) mmHg
• PaCO2= 35-45  mmHg (low: hypervent, above: hypovent)
• HCO3= 22-26 mEq/L
• O2 sat= 95-100
• Base Excess= -2, +2 mEq/L

• Increasing of CO2 or H+ in the serum of blood-->respiratory rate increase to remove CO2 or acid out of the body.
•  Alkalosis occurs--> Respiratory rate decrease-->retaining CO2--> acid levels in body increase

• aldosterone hormone stimulus to exchange Na+ for H+
• Kidney also provide HCO3 ions for buffer pair as need

• Lungs: CO2+H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+HCO3 : kidneys

• pH< 7.35 and pCO2 > 45
• Causes: hypoventilation (drugs effect), repiratory congestion.
• Effect: Increase PCO2
• Compensation: Kidneys excrete more H+ and reabsrob more HCO3