Term
GI TRACT ORGAN WALLS:
LAYERS |
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Definition
-MUCOSA
-SUBMUCOSA
-MUSCULARIS
-SEROSA |
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Term
GI TRACT ORGAN WALLS:
MUCOSA |
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Definition
-INNER LAYER
-EPITHELIUM OF MUCOSA LINES LUMEN |
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Term
GI TRACT ORGAN WALLS:
SUBMUCOSA |
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Definition
| -CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT BIND MUCOSA TO MUSCULARIS |
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Term
GI TRACT ORGAN WALLS:
MUSCULARIS |
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Definition
| -CONTRACTION OF MUSCLE IN THIS LAYER MOVES FOOD THROUGH DIGESTIVE TRACT |
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Term
GI TRACT ORGAN WALLS:
SEROSA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-SALIVERY SECRETIONS MOISTEN FOOD, BEGIN STARCH DIGESTION
-SALIVARY AMYLASE BREAKS DOWN STARCH INTO GLUCOSE
-MASTICATION MECHANICALLY BREAKS DOWN FOOD
-TONGUE MOVES FOOD
-CHEWED FOOD MOVED FROM MOUTH TO PHARYNX |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS |
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Definition
| -NO DIGESTION, ONLY PASSAGEWAYS FOR FOOD |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
ESOPHAGUS |
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Definition
-PERISTALSIS (CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION MOVES FOOD BOLUS FROM PHARYNX TO STOMACH)
-UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER REGULATES PASSAGE OF FOOD FROM PHARYNX TO ESOPHAGUS
-LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER REGULATES PASSAGE OF FOOD FROM ESOPHAGUS TO STOMACH |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
STOMACH MIXING |
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Definition
| MIXING WAVES ARE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS THAT MIX FOOD BOLUS WITH GASTRIC JUICES TO FORM CHYME |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
STOMACH GASTRIC JUICES |
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Definition
-ACIDIC FLUID THAT CONTAINS HCI AND PEPSIN
-HCI DENATURES PROTEIN
-PEPSIN BREAKS DOWN PROTEIN |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
STOMACH ABSORPTION |
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Definition
| ABSORPTION IS LIMITED, ONLY WATER, ALCOHOL AND ASPIRIN ABSORBED |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
STOMACH PERISTALSIS |
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Definition
| MUSCLE CONTRACTION THAT MOVES CHYME FROM STOMACH TO SM. INTESTINE |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
STOMACH PYLORIC SPHINCTER |
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Definition
-CONTROLS MOVEMENT OF CHYME FROM STOMACH TO DUODENUM
-PREVENTS BACKFLOW OF CHYME TO STOMACH |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
PANCREAS INVOLVEMENT |
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Definition
-SECRETED DIGESTIVE ENZYMES INTO SM. INTESTINE
-AMYLASE BREAKS DOWN STARCH TO SUGAR
-LIPASE BREAK DOWN FATS TO TRIGLYCERIDES AND GLYCEROL
-PROTEASES BREAK DOWN PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
LIVER INVOLVEMENT |
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Definition
-SECRETES BILE INTO SM. INTESTINE
-BILE EMULSIFIES FAT SO THERE IS GREATER SURFACE AREA FOR LIPASES TO BREAK DOWN FATS |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
SMALL INTESTINE DIVISIONS |
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Definition
-DUODENUM (BEGINNING OF SM. INTESTINE)
-JEJUNUM (MIDDLE SECTION)
-ILEUM (JOINS TO LG. INTESTINE) |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
SMALL INTESTINE AND DIGESTION |
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Definition
-MAJOR SITE OF DIGESTION & ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENS & WATER
-MAJORITY OF ENZYMES MADE IN PANCREAS AND SECRETED INTO SM. INTESTINE |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
SMALL INTESTINE ABSORPTION |
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Definition
| MAJORITY OF ABSORPTION OF SUGARS TRIGLYCERIDES, AMINO ACIDS AND WATER TAKES PLACE IN SM. INTESTINE |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
SMALL INTESTINE SEGMENTATION |
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Definition
| CONTRACTIONS THA TMIX CHYME W/ DIGESTIVE JUICES AND INCREASE ABSORPTION |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
SMALL INTESTINE MIGRATING MOTILITY COMPLEX |
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Definition
| -TYPE OF PERISTALSIS THAT MOVES CHYME TOWARD ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
SMALL INTESTINE ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER |
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Definition
| -CONTROLS PASSAGE OF FOOD FROM ILEUM TO LG. INTESTINE |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
LARGE INTESTINE DIGESTION & ABSORPTION |
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Definition
-BACTERIA SECRETE ENZYMES THAT BREAK DOWN UNDIGESTED MATERIALS INTO PRODUCTS THAT ARE EITHER ABSORBED OR EXPELLED IN FECES
-BACTERIA SYNTHESIZE VIT. K AND CERTAIN B VITAMINS THAT ARE ABSORBED BY COLON
-REMAINING WATER ABSORBED FROM FECES |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
LARGE INTESTINE PERISTALSIS |
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Definition
| MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS THAT MOVE FECAL MATTER THROUGH COLON |
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Term
GI TRACT FUNCTION:
LARGE INTESTINE; DEFECATION |
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Definition
| CONTRACTION ON SIGMOID COLON AND RECTUM ELIMINATE FECES |
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Term
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Definition
-DYSPHAGIA
-ACHALASIA
-ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULUM
-GI REFLUX DISEASE
-HIATAL HERNIA
-CANCER OF THE ESOPHAGUS |
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Term
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Definition
-DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING
-CAUSED BY ALTERED NERVE FUNCTION, STROKE, NARROWING OF THE ESOPHAGUS |
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Term
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Definition
| LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER FAILS TO RELAX, AND FOOD HAS DIFFICULTY PASSING INTO STOMACH |
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Term
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Definition
-POCKETS OR SACS IN ESOPHAGEAL WALL THAT TRAP FOOD
-CAUSED BY WEAKNESS OF THE MUSCULARIS LAYER OF ESOPHAGUS |
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Term
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Definition
-Lower esophageal sphincter passes through gap or hiatus in diaphragm
-Enlargement of gap can cause herniation of stomach into thorax
-Reflux of stomach contents into esophagus can cause burning (heartburn)
-Can be caused by aging trauma, surgery, obesity, pregnancy. Can also be hereditary. |
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Term
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUS DISEASE (GERD):
MOVEMENT OF STOMACH CONTENTS INTO ESOPHAGUS |
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Definition
Causes heartburn
Occurs if lower esophageal sphincter is weak and cannot completely close after food enters stomach
Pressure difference between stomach and esophagus forces food into esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
-Stomach contents are acidic and irritate esophageal lining (mucosa)
-Number of mucus producing cells in mucosa of esophagus less than in mucosa of stomach
-Not enough mucus to protect musosa of esophagus from acidic stomach contents
-Severe GERD causes damage to epithelial lining and can result in erosion of muscularis |
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Term
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Definition
PREGNANCY
OBESITY
OVEREATING |
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Term
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Definition
-HEARTBURN
-REGURGITATION
-DYSPHAGIA |
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Term
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Definition
-GASTRITIS
-GASTRIC ATROPHY
-PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
-ULCER DISEASE
-CANCER OF STOMACH |
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Term
STOMACH DISORDER:
GASTRITIS (MUCOSAL BARRIER) |
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Definition
-EPITHELIAL CELLS TIGHT TOGETHER TO PREVENT PENETRATION OF GASTRIC JUICES INTO SUBMUCOSA
-MUCUS ADHERES TO LINING TO PROTECT FROM GASTRIC JUICES |
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Term
STOMACH DISORDER:
GASTRITIS (DAMAGE CAUSED BY) |
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Definition
| -H+ CAUSES DAMAGE OF MUCOSA |
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Term
STOMACH DISORDER:
GASTRITIS (SYMPTOMS) |
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Definition
-PAIN
NAUSEA AND VOMITING (DUE TO IRRITATION OF MUCOSA) |
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Term
STOMACH DISORDER:
GASTRITIS TYPES |
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Definition
ACUTE-CAUSED BY: ENDOTOXINS, ALCOHOL, NSAIDS
CHRONIC-CAUSED BY: HELIOBACTER PYLORI |
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Term
STOMACH DISORDER:
GASTRIC ATROPHY |
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Definition
-CAUSES BY CHRONIC GASTRITIS
-CAN RESULT IN:
*ACHYLORDIA(FALIURE TO PRODUCE HCI)
*HYPOCHLORHYDIA (DECREASED HCI SECRETION) |
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Term
STOMACH DISORDER:
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA |
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Definition
-ABSENCE OF INTRINSIC FACTOR
-CAN BE CAUSED BY GASTRIC ATROPHY AND ACHYLORHYDIA |
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Term
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Definition
-PEPTIC ULCERS:STOMACH
-DUODENAL ULCERS: DUODENUM
-CAUSED MOSTLY BY H. PYLORI BACTERIA, SOME CAUSED BY NSAIDS |
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Term
STOMACH DISORDERS:
STRESS ULCERS |
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Definition
| USUALLY FOLLOW SEVERE ILLNESS SUCH AS BURNS, TRAUMA, SURGERY, SHOCK OR RENAL FAILURE |
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Term
STOMACH DISORDER:
pEPTIC ULCERS SYMPTOMS |
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Definition
*GASTRIC ULCERS:
-HEARTBURN AND EPIGASTRIC PAIN IMMEDIATELY AFTER EATING
*DUODENAL ULCERS
-RIGHT EPIGASTRIC PAIN WHEN STOMACH IS EMPTY |
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Term
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Definition
THE FOLLOWING FACTORS INCREASE RISK OF STOMACH CANCER:
-H. PYLORI INFECTION
-CHRONIC GASTRITIS
-CARCINOGENIC FOODS IN DIET |
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Term
| SMALL INTESTINE DISORDERS: |
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Definition
-INCOMPLETE DIGESTION OF FOOD
-MALABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS (SPRUE) |
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Term
SMALL INTESTINE DISORDERS:
INCOMPLETE DIGESTION OF FOOD |
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Definition
-Lack of pancreatic digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into absorbable units
-Over ½ fat not absorbed and 1/3 – ½ of proteins and carbohydrates not absorbed
-Results in malnutrition and steatorrhea (excessive fat in feces) |
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Term
SMALL INTESTINE DISORDERS:
MALABSORPTION OF FOOD |
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Definition
| -NUTRIENTS NOT ABSORBED EVEN THOUGH FOOD IS DIGESTED |
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Term
SMALL INTESTINE DISORDERS:
MALABSORPTION OF FOOD (SPRUE) |
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Definition
-DISEASES THAT CAUSE DECREASED ABSORPTION BY MUCOSA OF SM. INTESTINE
-EARLY STAGES: MALABSORPTION OF FATS CAUSING STEATORRHEA
-SEVERE: MALABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS CAUSING WASTING, OSTEOMALACIA, LACK O CLOTTING AND PERNICIOUS ANEMIA |
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Term
SMALL INTESTINE DISORDERS:
GLUTEN SENSITIVE HYPERTROPHY (CELIAC) |
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Definition
-GLUTEN DESTROYS MICROVILLI IN SM. INTESTINE
-DECREASES SURFACE AREA FOR ABSORPTION, CAUSING MALNUTRITION |
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Term
SMALL INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CELIAC SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN |
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Definition
-ABDOMINAL BLOATING/PAIN
-CHRONIC DIARRHEA
-VOMITING
-ABNORMAL STOOL
-WEIGHT LOSS
-FAILURE TO THRIVE, SHORT STATURE |
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Term
SMALL INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CELIAC SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS |
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Definition
-unexplained iron-deficiency anemia
-fatigue
-bone or joint pain
-arthritis
-bone loss or osteoporosis
-depression or anxiety
-tingling numbness in the hands and feet
-seizures
-missed menstrual periods
-infertility or recurrent miscarriage
-canker sores inside the mouth
-an itchy skin rash called dermatitis herpetiformis |
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Term
| LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS: |
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Definition
-DIARRHEA
-INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
-INFECTIOUS ENTEROCOLITIS
-DIVERTICULAR DISEASE |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
DIARRHEA |
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Definition
-RAPID MOVEMENT OF FECAL MATTER THROUGH LG. INTESTINE
-CAN RESULT IN DEHYDRATION |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
DIARRHEA CAUSED BY |
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Definition
-INFECTIOUS ENTEROCOLITIS: BACTERIA OR VIRUS
-PSHCHOGENIC DIARRHEA: NERVOUSNESS
-ULCERATIVE COLITIS: INFLAMMATION AND ULCERATION OF LG. INTESTINE WALLS
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CROHN'S DISEASE |
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Definition
| INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE INTESTINES |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CROHN'S DISEASE INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
-CAN OCCUR ANYWHERE IN GI TRACT
-MOST COMMONLY IN ILEUM AND COLON
-INVOLVE ALL LAYERS OF THE INTESTINAL WALL |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CROHN'S DISEASE TYPES OF LESIONS |
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Definition
-ULCERS
-GRANULOMAS
-FISSURES |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CROHN'S DISEASE LESIONS CAN CAUSE |
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Definition
-EDEMA AND FIBROSIS OF INTESTINAL WALL
-FISTULAS AND ABSESSES
-SKIP LESIONS |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CROHN'S DISEASE-WHAT CAUSES IT |
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Definition
-CAUSE UNKNOWN
-MAY BE DUE TO ABNORMAL RESPONSE TO NORMAL BACTERIA
-RUNS IN FAMILIES
SMOKING INCREASES RISK |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CROHN'S DISEASE SYMPTOMS |
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Definition
-NAUSEA
-VOMITING
-FLATULENCE
-MALAISE
-WEIGHT LOSS
-MULTIPLE STOOLS DAILY
-PAIN IN LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT
-MUCUS IN STOOLS |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
ULCERATIVE COLITIS |
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Definition
-INFLAMMATORY DISEASE AFFECTING MUCOSA OF COLON
-INFLAMMATION ALONG WHOLE COURSE OF COLON
-CAUSES ULCERS THAT MAY BECOME FIBROTIC IN LATER STAGE OF DISEASE
-NO SKIP LESIONS OR FISTULAS |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
ULCERATIVE COLITIS COMPLICATIONS |
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Definition
-INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
-DEHYDRATION
-FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES
-MALABSORPTION
-IRON DEFICIENCY
-SCARRING OF BILE DUCT
-LIVER DISEASE
-TOXIC MEGACOLON(SWELLNG TO MANY X'S NORMAL SIZE)
-RISK OF COLON CANCER |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
ULCERATIVE COLITIS CAUSED BY |
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Definition
-UNKNOWN CAUSE
-MAY BE DUE TO ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO NORMAL BACTERIA
-STRESS DOES NOT CAUSE, BUT MAY WORSEN |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
ULCERATIVE COLITIS |
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Definition
-CHRONIC BLOODY DIARRHEA MIXED WITH MUCUS
-OTHER SYMPTOMS SIMILAR TO CROHN'S DISEASE |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
INFECTIOUS ENTEROCOLITIS |
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Definition
-Infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, endotoxins released by bacteria
-Most infections spread by oral-fecal route, often through contaminated food or water
-Signs: diarrhea and vomiting
Decreased intestinal function |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
VIRAL INFECTIOUS ENTEROCOLITIS |
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Definition
-Destroys superificial epithelial cells that line small intestine
-Superifical cells replaced with immature cells that incompletely absorb nutrients and water
-Deeper secretory cells not destroyed so have fluid with electrolytes still secreted
-Fluid and electrolytes lost with diarrhea |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
VIRAL INFECTIOUS ENTEROCOLITIS (RETROVIRUS) |
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Definition
Rotovirus: causes enterocolitis
-Most severe in children 3-24 months of age
-Breast-feeding helps protect against disease
-Frequent water stools last for 5-7 days
-Fever and vomiting disappear on second day |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
BACTERIAL ENTEROCOLITIS |
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Definition
-ClostrIdium difficile colitis
-Toxins released by bacteria cause inflammation and stimulates peristalsis
-Moderate to severe diarrhea with abdominal cramping |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
DIVERTICULOSIS |
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Definition
-Formation of diverticula (small pockets or sacs) in wall of colon. -(“o” in osis indicates formation of diverticula)
-Occur when musosal layer of colon herniates through muscularis layer
-Usually asymptomatic |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
DIVERTICULITIS |
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Definition
-Inflammation and perforation of diverticula.
- (“i” in -itis indicates inflammation of diverticula)
-Complications include perforation with peritonitis, hemorrhage, bowel obstruction and fistulas involving bladder |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CONSTIPATION |
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Definition
| SLOW MOVEMENT OF FECES THROUGH LG. INTESTINE RESULTS IN OVERABSORPTION OF WATER AND DRY HARD FECES |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
CONSTIPATION CAUSED BY |
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Definition
-IRREGULAR BOWEL HABITS
-LACK OF FIBER OR FLUID IN DIET |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
OBSTRUCTION |
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Definition
| BLOCKAGE OF INTESTINAL LUMEN PREVENTING PASSAGE OF FECES |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
OBSTRUCTION-TYPES |
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Definition
-MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION (ANY CONDITION THAT BLOCKS LUMEN)
-FUNCTIONAL OR PARALYTIC OBSTRUCTION (IMPAIRMENT OF NERVES OR MUSCLES THAT INHIBITS PERISTALSIS) |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE |
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Definition
| ONE TYPE OF BOWEL PROBLEM CAN CAUSE ANOTHER |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
HEMORRHAGE -FRANK HEMATAMESIS |
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Definition
| HEMORRHAGE ABOVE THE STOMACH |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
HEMORRHAGE -COFFE-GROUNDS VOMITUS |
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Definition
| HEMORRHAGE INTO THE STOMACH W/ PARTIAL DIGESTION OF BLOOD |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
HEMORRHAGE -OCCULT BLOOD |
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Definition
| HEMORRHAGE IN THE INTESTINE W/ BLOOD MIXING INTO STOOLS |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
HEMORRHAGE -MELENA |
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Definition
| HEMORRHAGE INTO THE ITESTINES W/ LG. VOLUMES OF BLOOD |
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Term
LARGE INTESTINE DISORDERS:
HEMORRHAGE -RED BLOOD COATING STOOLS |
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Definition
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