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Definition
| A condition characterized by the rapid loss of renal function resulting in retention of nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous waste products that may lead to metabolic disturbances, altered body fluid balance, or oliguria. |
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Definition
| A condition in which the kidney undergoes ischemic or nephrotoxic injury because of severe hypotension, aminoglycosies, or radiocontrast agents; produces granular and epithelial cell casts in urine. |
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Definition
| Active hormone that is formed from the cleavage of Angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme; stimulates aldosterone secretion and vasoconstriction. |
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Definition
| An abnormal formation in the body, usually formed of mineral salts and most commonly found in the gallbladder, kidney, or urinary bladder. |
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Term
| Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) |
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Definition
| A slowly developing condition that can result as a complication of a large number of kidney diseases, such as IgA nephritis, glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and urinary retention; leads to end-stage renal failure for which dialysis is generrally required while a donor kidney is found. |
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Definition
| An autoimmune or infectious disease characterized by inflammation fo the glomeruli tha may not product symptoms or may present with hematuria and proteinuria. Inflammation of the ? caused by caused by numerous factor, including immunologic abnormalities, ischemia, free radicals, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, and systemic diseases, including diabetes mellitus and lupus erythematosus. The most common cause of chronic and end-stage renal failure. |
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Term
| Intrarenal Acute Renal Failure |
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Definition
| A type of acute renal failure characterized by renal parenchymal damage that disrupts glomerular filtration and eventually destructs the glomeruli. |
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Definition
| A condition in which the glomerular membrane is attacekd by complement, resulting in symptoms of nephritis, hematuria, hypertension, and renal failure. |
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Definition
| The underactivity or overactivity of the bladder caused by nervous system damage that prevents the bladder muscles from contracting to empty completely or that causes rapid bladder contraction that causes too rapid or too frequent emptying. |
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Definition
| A condition i nwhic hteh flow of urine is blocked, frequently by ureteral or kidney stones, resulting in the reflux of urineand subsequent injury to the kidneys. |
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Definition
| Elevated urine following surgery to remove an obstruction that causes the renal tubules to be unable to reabsorb water and electrolytes normally |
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Term
| Postrenal Acute Renal Failure |
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Definition
| A condition characterized by an obstruction that affects the normal flow of urine out of both kidneys and causes pressure to build in the nephrons that eventually shuts them down. |
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Term
| Prerenal Acute Renal Failure |
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Definition
| A conditon characterized by azotemia that results from a reduction in effective arterial blood volume, which causes the kidney to behave as though renal perfusion is impaired. |
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Definition
| A conditon in which a bacterial infection of the urinary system has extended through the urethra, bladder, and ureters, causing abdominal or back pain, fever, malaise, nausea, and vomiting. |
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Definition
| A benign tumor originatin in the renal tubules of the cortex that is similar in appearance to a renal cell carcinoma. |
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Definition
| A malignancy arising from the renal tubule that produces hematuria, flank pain, and an abdominal mass. |
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Definition
| A condition in which a tiny stone passing through the ureter prpoduces intermittent but severe abdominal pain that begins in the side or upper abdomen and travels down to the lower abdomen and possibly radiating into the pubic region or into the penis or testis in men. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called an infection stone, this urinary stone develops when a urinary tract infection neutralizes the urine, enabling the bacteria to grow more rapidly and a jagged ammoniomagnesium phosphate stone to develop. |
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Definition
| A conditoin in which uric acid levels in urine are elevated, preventing the uric acid from dissolving and causing uric acid stones to form. |
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Definition
| An infection of the urnary tract that may occur anywhere from the kidneys to the urethra; much more common in females b/c of a decreased distance b/w the urethra and the anus. |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of urine in the ureter that causes dilation of the ureter |
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Term
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Definition
| Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces proximal to a blockage leads to this condition, the enlargement of the relan pelvis and calyces. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dilation of both the ureter and plevicaliceal system due to dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces proximal to a blockage. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflammation of the bladder and the most common site of a UTI. Mild inflammation-mucosa is hyperemic. More advanced cases-hemorrhagic cystitis, pus formation, or suppurative cystitis. Uncomplicated (when it occurs in individuals with a normal urinary tract) or Complicated (abnormality in the urinary system). Pathophysiology: retrograde movement of bacteria (usually E. Coli) into the urethra and bladder, then to ureter and kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins abruptly (usually 7-10 days) after a strep infection of the skin or throat and commonly affects children. Glomerular injury is immune-mediated-releases complement and causes damage to the endothelial and epithelial basement membrane cells. S/S: hematuria, proteinuria, decreased GFR, oliguria, hyptertension, edema around the eyes, feet or ankles. |
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Term
| Anti-gomerular Basement Membrane Disease |
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Definition
| a type of RPGN. Disease is rare and assoc. w/antibody formation against both pulmonary capillary and glomerular basement membranes, w/ activation of complement and neutrophils that damage the GBM |
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Term
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Definition
| increased serum urea levels and often, increased creatinine levels as well. Caused by chronic renal failure or renal insufficiency. |
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Definition
| accounts for 70-80% of all stones requiring treatment. Individuals have idiopathic calcium urolithiasis. Who gets? Those w/hypercalcuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, mild renal tubular acidosis, or crystal growth inhibitor deficiencies. |
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Term
| Chronic Glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
| encompasses several ? diseases with a progressive course leading to chronic renal failure. R/t glomerulosclerosis and interstitial injury. Primary cause difficult to establish. DM & lupus erthyrematosus are secondary causes. May be no hx of renal disease prior to dx. Hypercholesterolemia & Proteinuria assoc. w/ progressive ? and tubular injury |
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Term
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Definition
| a persistent or recurrent infection of the kidney leading to scarring. One or both may be involved. More likely to occur in pt. with renal infections assoc. w/ some type of obstructive pathologic condition, i.e. renal stones & vesicoureteral reflux. S/S: minimal, may include hypertension, frequency, dysuria, and flank pain. |
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Term
| Chronic Renal Insufficiency |
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Definition
| A decline in renal function. Levels of serum creatinine are mildly elevated and there are usually no systemic symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| process that enables thte body to counteract the negative consequences of unilateral obstruction. Diminishes w/ age. Result of 2 growth processes: obligatory growth and compensatory growth.The contralateral kidney increases size of individual glomeruli & tubules but not total # of functioning nephrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Underactive bladder-results from a motor neuron disorder (lesions that involve the sacral micturation center). An atonic bladder w/ retention of urine and distention. May have symptoms of stress and overflow continence. Assoc. disorders: myelodysplasia, MS, tabes dorsalis, & peripheral neuropathies. |
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Term
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Definition
| uninhibited or reflex bladder. upper motor neuron disorder in which the bladder empties automatically when it becomes full and the external sphincter functions normally; b/c the pontine micturition center remains intact, there is coordination b/t detrusor muscle contraction and the relaxation of the urethral sphincter. S/S urine leakage and incontinence. |
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Term
| Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia with detrusor hyperreflexia |
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Definition
| results from neurologic lesions that occur below the pontine micturition center but above the sacral micturition center.loss of pontine coordination of detrusor contraction and external sphincter relaxation, so both the bladder and the sphincter are contracting at the same time causing a functional obstruction of the bladder outlet. S/S: overactive bladder syndrome with symptoms of frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence and increased risk for urethral turbulence and UTI. Assoc. disorders: spinal cord injury, Guillan-Barre syndrome & disk problems |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of coordinated neuromuscular contraction; results from lesions that develop in upper motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord; related to neurogenic bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| results from progressive chronic renal failure. There is less than 10% of remaining renal function and dialysis or kidney transplant is required to sustain life. |
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Term
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Definition
| a persistent and chronic form of “non-bacterial” ?. The cause is not known, but an autoimmune reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity. The inflammation is associated with a derangement of the bladder mucosa that makes it more susceptible to penetration by bacteria.May be linked to APF-blockes normal growth of cells that line inside bladder wall-->increases bladder sensation. S/S: bladder fullness, frequency (including nocturia), small urine volume, and chronic pelvic pain w/ symptoms lasting longer than 9 mo |
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Term
| Low Bladder Wall Compliance |
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Definition
| When the ? loses its ability to stretch and accommodate urine. chronically elevates intravesicular pressure, greatly increasing the problems of hydroureter, hydronephrosis, and impaired renal function. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by the presence of blood in the urine w/ red cell casts, white cell casts, and varying degrees of protein, which is usually not severe. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains massive amounts of protein and lipids and either a microscopic amount of blood or no blood |
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Term
| Overactive Bladder Syndrome |
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Definition
| a syndrome of detrusor activity characterized by involuntary detrusor contractions during the bladder-filling phase that may be spontaneous or provoked. There is coordination b/t the contracting bladder and the external sphincter, but the detrusor is too weak to empty the bladder, resulting in urinary retention w/ overflow or stress incontinence. defined by the International Continence Society as a symptom syndrome or urgency, w/ or w/o urge incontinence and usually associated w/ frequency and nocturia. |
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Term
| Painful Bladder Syndrome/ Interstitial Cystitis |
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Definition
| a condition that includes non-bacterial infectious cystitis (viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, fungal), non-infectious cystitis (radiation, chemical, autoimmune, hypersensitivity), and interstitial cystitis; occurs most commonly in women ages 20-30 who have symptoms of cystitis, such as frequency, urgency, dysuria, and nocturia, but w/ negative urine cultures and no other known etiology. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in women when a cystocele (downward protrusion of the bladder into the vagina) descends below the level of the urethral outlet; in severe cases, causes bladder outlet obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of the prostate caused by acute infection, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or prostate cancer. Each of these disorders can cause encroachment on the urethra w/ obstruction to urine flow |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive serum proteins in the urine. results from glomerular hyperfiltration and increased glomerular capillary permeability. Contributes to tubulointerstitial injury by accumulating in the interstitial space and activating complement proteins and other mediators and cells, such as marcophages, that promote inflammation and progressive fibrosis. |
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Term
| Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN) |
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Definition
(aka subacute, cresentic, or extracapillary glomerulonephritis), disease that develops over a period of days to weeks.
o Disease affects primarily adults in theirs 50s and 60s and may be idiopathic or associated w/ proliferative glomerular disease (w/ diffuse proliferation of extracapillary cells), such as poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.
o By diagnosed, renal insufficiency is apparent. There is extensive proliferation of cells into the Bowman space w/ crescent formation. Typically, the glomerular injury is accompanied by a rapid decline in glomerular function, progressing to renal failure in a few weeks or months.
o Hematuria is common and may/may not be accompanied by proteinuria, edema, or hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes from protein metabolism as well as the system symptoms caused by decline in renal function w/ the accumulation of toxins in the plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| narrowing of the urethral lumen; it occurs when infection, injury, or surgical manipulation produces a scar that reduces the caliber of the urethra |
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