Term
Jennifer Whitaker: Anemias
In the physiology of iron-deficiency anemia, we saw that sickle cell disease lead to hemolysis. What is the event that causes hemolysis to occur? |
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Definition
| Sickling of the RBC’s which in turn is caused by a low oxygen event. |
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Term
Savannah Bridges: Mitral Valve Defects
Why, exactly, does decreased blood flow into the aorta with MVD cause chest pain? |
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Definition
| Because flow to the coronary circuit occurs when the ventricles are in diastole and the aortic semilunar valves are closed, exposing the opening to the R and L coronary arteries. If there is less cardiac output because some of the L ventricular volume flows back into the atrium, there will be less blood to perfuse the heart myocardium. |
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Term
Rachel Negri: Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Is the QRS and T complex in atrial fibrillation mostly normal? |
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Definition
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Term
Sarah Sherbrook: Rheumatic Heart Disease
What are the antibodies attacking in RHD? |
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Definition
| They are attacking antigens from the group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Unfortunately, these antigens are similar to self-antigens found on the cusps of the heart valves of susceptible individuals, so they are attaching the valves. |
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Term
Breandan Arbuckle: Acute Pulmonary Edema
Which of the four Starling’s forces is causing the increase in fluid in the lungs? |
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Definition
| Intracapillary hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
Samantha Brunell: Congestive Heart Failure
What, exactly, is the connection between a decrease in GFR and edema? |
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Definition
| As the GFR determines the filtrate volume and that ultimately drives what is urinated, more volume is retained in the blood. This leads to an increased arterial and venous pressure, which leads to an increase in IFF. |
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Term
Amanda Seeholzer: Congestive Heart Failure-Thyrotoxicosis
Which of the thryroid hormones is responsible for the increased demands on the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
Stephanie St. Onge: Hypovolemia
Where are the vascular stretch receptors responsible for sensing hypovolemia? |
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Definition
| In the proximal end of the vena cavae (VC sinuses), the carotid sinus, and the atria. |
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Term
| Megan Campbell: Strep Throat What agar plate is Group A betahemolytic Streptococcus cultured on? |
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Definition
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Term
Sierra Charette: Appendicitis
What do the lymphatic channels and small mucosal veins have in common that they collapse? |
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Definition
| Both are thin walled and thus any surrounding increase in pressure due to swelling will collapse them. |
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Term
Ashley Luneau: Inflammatory bowel disorder
What layer(s) of the digestive wall are inflamed in Crohn’s disease that are not inflamed in ulcerative colitis? |
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Definition
| Submucosa, muscularis, serous. |
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Term
Amanda Millette: Diarrhea
Why the focus on the loss of bicarbonate ions in diarrhea? Why not focus on the loss of H+ as well? |
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Definition
| Because hydrogen ions are introduced in the stomach, they are neutralized in the duodenum as bicarbonate from the pancreas is added on a one-for-one basis. Other glands in the small intestine add alkaline secretions that upset this balance slightly. Normally this bicarbonate is reabsorbed as some of the carbonic acid (review path IVC-7) there is converted back to H+ and bicarbonate. If there is no time for this reabsorption to occur (as in diarrhea), there is a risk of bicarbonate loss. |
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Term
Sandra Cheeseman: Pancreatitis
In the pancreas, there are 7 types of secretory cells: ductal, acinar, alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and PP. Which ones are secreting the enzymes that are active in pancreatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
Hilary Hinerth: Cirrhosis
In this path, when I was helping Hilary, I wanted to remind you of the three classes of plasma proteins and I intended to indicate that one of the three was not made in the liver, but I forgot to point that out to Hilary, so her path has a mistake in it (again, it is my doing, not hers). Which of the three classes of plasma proteins is NOT made in the liver? |
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Definition
| Although most classes of globulins are made in the liver, the immunoglobulins are not, they are made by B-lymphocytes in the blood and lymph. |
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Term
Casey Hackett: Obesity
Triglycerides are not directly transported in the blood. They are broken down in the gut to two general compounds, which are absorbed into the blood. What are they? They are also transported as triglycerides in micelles. Where are micelles formed? |
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Definition
| Monoglycerides and fatty acids (glycerol is also produced, although not as readily as monoglycerides). Micelles are mostly formed In the duodenum when the bile salts (formed in the liver and concentrated in the gall bladder) that comprise their outer layer first encounter sufficient water to form hydrophobic spheres. They are also formed secondarily in the liver. |
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Term
Bobbi Davis: pyelonephritis
In pyelonephritis does the renal medulla or renal cortex or both (or neither) become inflamed in addition to the structures in the renal sinus? |
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Definition
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Term
Lindsay Dyer: Prostatitis
Why does the enlarged prostrate of prostatitis (or BPH) cause incomplete emptying of the bladder? |
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Definition
| Because the prostate protrudes irregularly into the urinary bladder leaving the internal os urethra higher than the low point(s) on the floor of the bladder. Urine pools in these low points and is not excreted during urination. |
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Term
Matthew Huard: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Why isn’t increased stimulation of β-receptors following an increase in adrenaline considered in BPH? |
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Definition
| Because the prostrate and urinary bladder have a large excess of α-adrenergic receptors over β-adrenergic receptors. |
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Term
Rachel Corbett: Endometriosis
Why is movement of the endometrial fragments up the fallopian tube so rare? (What is in the fallopian tubes that causes movement of ova, etc.?) |
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Definition
| Movement in the fallopian tube is usually toward the uterus due to peristaltic contraction of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube and the action of cilia in the mucosal layer. Retrograde movement has to overcome these usual mechanisms. |
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Term
Jennifer Hutt : Dysfunctional Menstral Cycles
Which hormone, estrogen or progesterone rises in the second half of menses and what is it doing that is necessary for menses to occur at all? |
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Definition
| Progesterone is rising more than estrogen. It is causing the ducts in the endometrium to secrete chemicals and nutrients necessary for implantation and early nourishment of the embryo. If implantation does not occur, HCG will not be secreted by the implanted embryo and the endometrium will be shed. |
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Term
Lisa: Gale: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Is rheumatoid factor an antibody against an antibody? |
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Definition
| IgG antibodies. These antibodies may be to collagen or some other antigen introduced by an infective agent. |
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Term
Melissa Howard: Osteoarthritis
How does osteoarthritis differ from rheumatoid arthritis in regards to the degree of inflammation seen in identical, contralateral joints? |
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Definition
| In osteoarthritis it is not symmetrical in identical, contralateral joints because the join that is used more often (the dominant side) wears faster. Inflammation is symmetrical in rheumatoid arthritis. |
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Term
Trisha Nash: polydactyly
If a spontaneous mutation occurred in the fetus that produced polydactyly (in other words it was not inherited from either or both parents), would that mutation have to have occurred early or later (Choose one.) in development of the hand? |
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Definition
| Early in the development of the hand so it would have ample time to affect finger growth and separation (a form of mosaicism). |
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Term
Shane Parks: Pseudocholinesterase and its deficiency
Why does organophosphate poisoning cause a decrease in pseudocholinesterase? (What do organophosphates attack?) |
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Definition
| organophosphates inactivates acetylcholinesterase, a carboxyl ester hydrolase. Pseudocholinesterase is another carboxyl ester hydrolase. |
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Term
Katherine Rademacher: Multiple Sclerosis
What cell in the CNS produces the myelin sheath around neurons? Does the microglial cell play a role in MS? If so what is that role apt to be? |
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Definition
| The myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by the oligodendrocyte, a neuroglial cell. Another neuroglial cell, the microglial cell, is probably a modified macrophage, so it plays the same role in the CNS that macrophages play in the rest of the body: They will attack antigen-bearing cells. It is assumed the myelin has some antigen that resembles the antigen of a pathogen encountered and successfully defeated by the immune system earlier. I.e., this is an auto-immune disease. |
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Term
Katie Deemer: Cerebrovascular Accident
What is the difference between an epidural hematoma and a subdural hematoma? |
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Definition
| An epidural hematoma is between the periosteum of the skull and the dura mater. It normally involves arterial bleeding. A subdural hematoma is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. These two layers are normally like two layers of scotch tape. They are tightly connected. Often a result of venous bleeding. Acute traumatic onset with epidural hematoma and a lack of trauma and gradual onset with subdural |
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Term
Olivia Houck: Drug Abuse - Alcohol
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. What ion channel in the post-synaptic membrane is opened more abundantly in the presence of alcohol? |
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Definition
| Since alcohol excites GABA secretion and GABA is inhibitory, alcohol causes the inhibitory channels to open. Inhibitory, post-synaptic channels are K ion channels. (causing K+ to leave the neuron, increasing the distance from the resting potential line to the threshold potential). Apparently, the inhibitory pathways inhibited are our judgement pathways |
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Term
Demi Aldrighetti: Otitis Media
Is there a direct connection from the brain cavity to the inner ear? If so, what is it?
Is there one to the middle ear? If so, what is it? |
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Definition
| Yes, it is the internal auditory meatus. No there is not one to the middle ear. |
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Term
Cristina Barlow: Guillain-Barre Syndrome
How does flaccid paralysis differ from the paralysis of Tetanus? |
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Definition
| Flaccid paralysis is an inability of relaxed muscles to contract. The paralysis of tetanus results from a full contraction of the muscle. |
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Term
Tobias Farnsworth: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Why, when there is increased CRF in PTSD, is there decreased ACTH? What phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome does this represent? |
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Definition
| The increased CRF has caused a reactionary down-regulation (loss of sensitivity) to CRF receptors. This is an example of the stage of exhaustion. |
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Term
Paige Picard: Alzheimer's Disease
Are neurofibrillary tangles found inside or outside of neurons. Are amyloid plaques found inside or outside of neurons. In each case, choose one |
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Definition
| NFTs: inside; amyloid plaques: outside. |
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Term
Paige Picard: Alzheimer's Disease
Are neurofibrillary tangles found inside or outside of neurons. Are amyloid plaques found inside or outside of neurons. In each case, choose one |
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Definition
| NFTs: inside; amyloid plaques: outside. |
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Term
Lauren Lebel: Epilepsy
Frequently recurring epileptic seizures in young children are often treated with a hemispherectomy in which the offending cerebral hemisphere is totally removed. Why does this not create a deficit in functions normally centered in the removed hemisphere? |
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Definition
| The young brain is quite plastic. It’s almost as if each part has not made up its mind (is that a pun?) what it will become, and if necessary, it can become something else. |
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Term
Kelsey Buker: Headaches
Cerebrospinal fluid is forming all the time. What normally prevents it from accumulating in the brain? |
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Definition
| It is drained into the dural sinus and from there into the sigmoid vein then to the internal jugular vein and there into the systemic circuit. This cerebrospinal fluid drainage occurs at the same rate as its formation |
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Term
Dyamond Maskell: Fractures
Do the five stages of healing depicted here occur in each of the four forms of fractures? If not, which one(s) don’t they occur in? |
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Definition
| They occur in all four forms of fractures. |
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