Term
|
Definition
10-20 mg/dl
A BUN test is done to test kidney function.Decrease in kidney function = BUN rises. Heart failure, dehydration, or a diet high in protein can also raise BUN. Liver disease or damage can lower your BUN level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0.5-1.5 mg/dl
Creatinine is affected very little by diet or normal physical activities.Decrease in kidney function = creatinine in the blood increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3.5- 5.0 g/dl
Albumin made mainly in the liver.Tests: liver and kidney function, if diet contains enough protein, and help determine cause of swelling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Males 42-52%
Females 37-47%
Measures the amount of space (volume) red blood cells take up in the blood. |
|
|
Term
WBC
white blood cell count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Male 4.7-6.1
Female 4.2-5.4
If the RBC count is low = anemia.
If too high = polycythemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Males 14-18 g/dl
Females 12-16 g/dl
Measure of total amount of Hgb in the peripheral blood, which reflects number of red blood cells in the blood.
Hgb is a large globular protein + 33% of the RBC.
It is affected by anemia, disease, and genetics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC, RBC, Hgb, Hct, platlet count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW) |
|
|
Term
Potassium
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
* needed for muslce cells, Na/K pump. |
|
Definition
Hyperkalemia causes: rapid intake/infusion of K, salt subsitutes, transfusion of stored blood, uncontrolled diabetes (blood sugar increase), medications(K sparing diuretic), renal disease
*symptomatic at 5.1
Manifestations: muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, GI cramping, decrease in duration of cardiac potential, irregular pulse
* risk for cardiac arrest, because heart can't relax.
Hypo causes:decrease intake, excess excretion, excess insulin, diarrhea, gastric suction, renal disease, burns
Manifestations: slowed muscle function, weakness, cardiac dysrhythmia (flat T wave), polyuria
* 3.2= dangerous, 2.5= life threatning. |
|
|
Term
Sodium
136-145 mEq/L
* needed for function of Na/K pump. |
|
Definition
Hypernatremia causes: excess water loss/sodium gain, processed food, IV fluid, or diabetes insipidus (lack of ADH to control fluid loss).
Manifestations: excessive thirst, dry mouth/tounge, restlessness and confusion, lethargy.
Hypo causes: water gain/Na loss, excess GI loss, renal disease, water intox., diruetic.
Manifestations: irritability and confusion, anorexia, seizure, coma. |
|
|
Term
Magnesium
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
* needed to depress release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction. |
|
Definition
Hypermagnesemia causes:increase intake, bone demineralization, milk of mag abuse, renal disease
Manifestations: DECREASE neuromuscular function, drowsiness, bradycardia (<60 bpm), diaphoresis, respiratory distress.
Hypo causes:alcohol abuse, laxative abuse, panreatic disease, malnutrition.
Manifestations: INCREASE neuromuscular function, positive Chvostek, nystagmus (rapid involuntary eye move), ataxia (incoordination), tetany, seizures. |
|
|
Term
Calcium
4.5-5.5 mg/dl
(plasma concentration of ionized)
* needed for communication between nerve and muscle membranes. |
|
Definition
Hypercalcemia causes: vit D overdose, immobilization, bone tumor, chemotherapy.
Manifestations: anorexia, fatigue, constipation, muscle weakness, headache, cardiac dysrhythmia.
Hypo causes: pancreatic disease, decrease dietary intake, laxative abuse, malabsorption, hypomagnesia, renal disease, excess phosphorus
Manifestations: neuromuscular irritability, positive Trousseau sign, positive Chvostek sign, paresthesia, tetany (spasms, hyperreflexia, cramps) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reversible - mild/short change and may return to normal.
Irreversible - cell death, necrosis, and apoptosis.
Consequence of injury is determinded by the type of cell, injury, and severity.
Can be due to:
-Disease -Poor nutrition -Hypoxia
-Genetics -Physical or mechanical
-Aging process -Chemical injury
-Somatic death. |
|
|
Term
Hydropic swelling
(reversible) |
|
Definition
Accumulation of water caused by: dysfunction of Na/K pump and accumulation of Na ions in cells.
Manifestations:
Organ enlargment, in size and weight (hepatomegaly). |
|
|
Term
Intracellular changes
(reversible) |
|
Definition
Accumulation of toxic or intracellular substances like, lipds, carbs, glycogen, or proteins. Causes decrease in normal function.
Manifestations:
Hyperlipidemia
Vascular obstruction
Hyperbilirubinemia |
|
|
Term
Atrophy
(adaptation to injury) |
|
Definition
Cells become smaller.
Due to: disuse, denervation, ishchemia, nutrient starvation, interuption of endocrine signal, persistent cell injury, or agin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells change by becoming bigger. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells increase in number. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Metaplasia
(adaptation)
meta- after |
|
Definition
Transformation of cells from one type to another.
-once normal
-due to persistant irritation/injury
-sometimes reversible when injurous stimulus is removed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormal, disorderly growth.
- usually pre-cancerous.
- severe dysplasia = carcinoma in situ
- never normal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
External injury, which causes cells to degrade and die.
Manifestations:
-Specific to organ/tissue
-Body will attempt to compensate
-Changes are progressive
-General inflammatory response (fever, WBC, loss of appetite)
-Presence of specific cellular enzymes in blood
-Pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)ischemic cell injury -->
2) degredation of plasma membrane and nuclear dysfunction.
Cells try to clot to compensate. Enzymes produced in process breakdown tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dissolution of dead cells, results in dissolved tissue.Caused by infection or swelling.
Occurs in brain tissue or those organs with little connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Death of adipose tissue caused by trauma or pancreatitis. Enzymes realeased by injured tissue cause degredation of fat.
Looks chalky and white. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs in lung tissue as result of TB (tuberculosis).
Appear white, soft, fragile, and resemble cottage cheese. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Necrosis of a large area of tissue. Refers to major destruction.
Follows necrosis and manifestations determined by types.
Usually occurs due to interuption of blood supply to a body part. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coagulative, dry, wrinkled, and blackend. Separated by line of demarcation between healthy and necrotic tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liquifactive, occurs mostly internally, cold and black, and foul smelling due to bacteria. Risk of toxins reaching blood stream and even death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms bubbles of gas in damaged muscle tissue. Due to infection by genus Clostridium. Can be fatal. |
|
|
Term
-Clostidial and Myonecrosis
-Moderate to high temp.
-Moderate to severe pain
-Can be fatal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Tissue cold and black
-No bacteria
-Tissue dries and sloughs off
-Associated with decreased circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Evidence of infection
-Painful
-Foul smell
-Blisters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Programmed cellular death
Ex:menstrual cycle, immune function, radiation, chemo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outside of cell is high in Na.
Inside of cell is high in K. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ADH- released by posteior pituitary, causes reabsorption in kidney.
Kidneys- filtrate blood and excretes BUN, creatinine, and urea. Reabsorbes sodium and water.
Vascular system- baroreceptors in vessels detect volume of blood and respond. If increase in volume, natriuretic hormone will be secreted, followed by Na and water excretion. If volume is low, will cause kidneys to reabsorb water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kidneys- ADH, aldosterone, and nephrons control release of water.
GI- water is lost in feces, vomitting, diarrhea.
Insensible loss- moisture we do not feel or know of (respiratory, skin). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ET: excess excretion of Na.
-vomitting -diarrhea -gastric suction
-renal disease -diuretics
-excess blood loss -diaphoresis
-third spacing edema
Manifestations:
-sudden weight loss (1kg=1L of fluid)
-decrease in BP -dizziness
-oliguria -skin tenting
-flat neck veins
-dry mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ET:
-IV infusions
-disease process (CHF, cirrhosis, renal disease)
steroid therapy
Manifestations:
-sudden weight gain
-edema
-circulatory overload (bounding pulse,
neck vein distention)
-dyspnea (fluid on lungs, irregular breathing)
-orthopnea (can't lie flat due to fluid in lungs + heart)
-frothy sputum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid deficit and hypernatremia, fluid insufficent to meed needs.
5% weight loss- mild
10% loss- moderate
15% loss- severe
ET: vomitting and diarrhea that are intractable.
Manifestations:
-sudden weight loss
-hypotention (+ postural or dizzy when standing)
-oligura (30 mL/h is normal)
-absense of sweat or tears
-confusion
-coma or shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interstitial fluid increase. Increase in osmotic pressure and decrease pressure within capillaries
-impairs lymphatic function
-fluid seeps into tissue from capillaries
Third space edema- fluid has gone into the interstitial space and is unusable by the body.
Dependent- fluid on extremities, feet and ankles.
Generalized- all over body.May first be noticed in face.
Pulmonary- on the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Trousseau Sign (of latent tetany) |
|
Definition
| Blood pressure cuff is inflated to a pressure greater than systolic and held for 3 minutes.If carpal spasms occur (draw up), indicates positive sign. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal reaction to stimulation of facial nerve. If positive, when tapped on side of face near jaw muscles of lips or nose will twitch. |
|
|
Term
Phosphate
3.0-4.5 mg/dl
* important component of ATP. |
|
Definition
Hyperphosphatemia causes:excess use of phosphate supplement, phosphate enema
Manifestations: depend on Ca levels, if Ca is low (see hypocal. effects), if Ca is normal (may have excess in joints).
Hypo causes: alcoholism, intractable diarrhea, antacid abuse, hyperinsulinemia, cellular destruction.
Manifestations: anorexia, malaise, confusion, stupor, muscle aches, weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduced ability of blood to oxygenate tissues.
Signs/Symptoms:
Increased respiration (tachypnea)
Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
Fatigue
Decrease in activity tolerance
Pallor
Murmur
Diagnosed by lab:
Low Hct, Hbg, and RBC count
Red cell indicators:
MCV (size)- microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic
MCHC (color)- hypochromic, normochromic |
|
|
Term
| Aplastic Anemia(normocytic/normochromic) |
|
Definition
Aplastic (irregular shape) anemias are associated with cancer.
-low reticulocyte count
-no hemolysis
-note neutrophil and platelet count
-evidence of infections, bleeding tendencies
Manifestations:
-weakness
-fatigue
-pallor
-dyspnea
-tachycardia, palpations, murmurs
-complications of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (may die from secondary infections) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Macrocytic
-folate deficiency
-B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)
-lack of intrinsic factor (necessary for absorbtion of B12) |
|
|
Term
B12 or Folate
(macrocytic/normochromic) |
|
Definition
Etiology:
Genetic autoimmune- will appear in early childhood.
Chronic Alcoholism
Chron's Disease- inflammation along track of GI will prevent absorption.
Gastric Disease- errosion of lining causes B12 absorption problems.
Manifestations:
Fatigue
Paresthesias
Dementia (megaloblastic madness)
Tachypnea
Arthralgia (joint pain)
Schilling Test differentiates dietary anemia from pernicious (loss of intrinsic factor) anemia. |
|
|
Term
Iron Deficiency Anemia
(microcytic/hypochromic) |
|
Definition
RBC's - Small, microcytic, pale , hypochromatic, low Hct.
MCHC- decreased
TIBC- increase
Ferritin(iron)-decrease/body using all.
RDW- increase
Reticulocyte count- initially decrease, with treatment increases.
Size gets smaller, but width gets bigger.
Manifestations:
Mild Anemia- asymptomatic, Hgb levels 10-14 g/dl
Moderate Anemia- Hgb 8-10, causes fatigue
Severe Anemia- Hgb less than 8, severe dyspnea with activity. If not treated, dry, beef colored tounge and pica (eat non food items). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute loss: trauma, disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0.3-1.0 mg/dl, Critical amount >12.
Bilirubin is result of RBC metabolism.
Jaundice is caused by high levels of bilirubin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced in liver or synthesized by other cells. The 13 clotting factors promote clot formation (coagulation).
Fibrinogen- Factor 1, fibrin converted by thrombin. Fibrin molecules form threads.
Prothrombin- Factor II, precursor to thrombin, activated and converts fibrinogen into fibrin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Obejct that migrates in vascular system; travels from blood vessel to another part of body.
Could be: fat (as in bone fracture, fat comes from bone marrow), blood clot, air, bacteria, powder (drug abuse).
Blocks flow of blood.
In lungs: pulomnary embolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell in the blood that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide from the lungs and tissues.Contains hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of stem cell differentiation into mature red cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process of RBC production or formation. Occurs in bone marrow. It is stimulated by a decrease in circulating oxygen. The kidneys are then stimulated to produce erythropoetin, which then stimulates blood cell maturation.
From reticulocyte to RBC.
Nurtrients needed: protein, vitamins, minerals, erythropoietin (EPO), which are obtained from eggs, meats, legumes, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic constitution of an individual or specific alleles possessed.Either dominant or recessive:
AA- homozygous dominant
Aa-heterozygous
aa- homozygous recessive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of RBC.Live for 120 days or so.Some diseases and processes can cause this. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Prevention of blood loss after blood vessel injury. Decreased results in excessive bleeding and increase results in clots or thrombus.
Requires: vitamin K, coagulation factors, calcium, and platelets.
Clotting Cascade
(activation of intrinsic or extrinsic pathways)
-Injury
-Vasoconstriction
- Platelet plug formation (thrombin + fibrinogen)
-Fibrin clot (coagulation)
-Clot retraction or dissolution (plasmin + fibrinolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traits or characteristics (genotype) that are expressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended. 55% of blood volume.
Contains: fibrinogen and other clotting factors, globulins, and albumin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
150,000-400,000
Thrombocytes
Major role in hemostasis: allows aggregation and adhesion, help convert prothrombin to thrombin. |
|
|
Term
Partial Prothrombin Time
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
activated PTT |
|
Definition
PTT: 60-70 seconds
APTT: 30-40 seconds
Used to test intrinsic clotting cascades. It is the time it takes to form a clot.
-Find cause of abnormal bleeding or bruising.
-Assess low levels of clotting factors.
-Diagnose clotting problems.
-Assess clotting time before surgery.
-Regulate doses of heparin |
|
|
Term
| Prothrombin Time (PT, INR) |
|
Definition
11-12.5 seconds
Evaulates extrinsic clotting cascade. Prolonged times indicate more time needed to clot. The international normalized ratio is better, because no matter the method used the patient should get the same result.
-Find cause for abnormal bleeding.
-Monitor anti-coagulant therapy(Coumadin)
-Check for low levels of clotting factors.
-Check low level of vitamin K.
-Monitor liver.
-Monitor systemic use of clotting factor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clot formation inside blood vessel or heart. Stationary.
Et: Endothelial damage by vasospasm (bruising of lining) or infection. Immobility.
Disease process (diabetes can cause endothelial damage). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport for: Oxygen, Nutrients, Waste, Hormones, Protective cells |
|
|
Term
| Important Lab Evaluation of Blood |
|
Definition
-Hct, Hgb
-Mean Cell Volume
-Mean Cell Hemoglobin
-RDW(red cell distribution)
-Reticulocyte count
-Smear (shape
-Special tests: electrophoresis, ferritin, TIBC, B12, folate, erhythropoietin, Coombs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic- hemophilia
Disease- thrombocytopenia
Sepsis- damage to vessels, clotting occurs
Injury- when intrinsic factor is exhausted, body relies on extrinsic. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of individual genes and their impact on relativley rare single gene disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Study of all genes in the human genome. Includes: interactions with each other, the enviroment, and how they influence other psychosocial and cultural factors.
Many disease have a genetic component.
Health care will increasingly include genetic information. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Project undertaken with a goal to understand the genetic makeup of humans, by identifying the genome and mapping individual sequences of genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Strands of genes build chromosomes. Humans have 20,000-25,000 genes.
Gene Mapping- isolation of a gene to observe for a particular association between DNA and a gene. Genes have markers that determine their significance in a map. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Use of maps to describe the location of a gene on a chromosome.
-Mutations are permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
-They range in size from a single building block to a large segment of a chromosome.
Result of: inheritance, changes in egg or sperm, or enviromental exposure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occur due to variation or mutation of a gene.
-Single gene disorder
-Chromosome disorder
-Multifactorial inheritance disorder, most are this one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
23 autosomes from mother
23 from father
The 23rd chromosome is the sex linked.
Abnormalities:
-Missing chromosome from pair= monosomy. Ex: Turner's syndrome
-Additional chromosome= trisomy. Ex: Down's syndrome
-Structural change= depletion, translocation, inversion, or ring. |
|
|
Term
| Mendelian Single Gene Disorder |
|
Definition
DNA mutations
Autosomal Dominant (strong gene, 50% offspring will be affected)
Autosomal Recessive (25%, sickle cell) |
|
|
Term
| Multifactorial (polygenic) |
|
Definition
| Involves 2 or more genes and is more common occurence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Carrier screening, involves identifying unaffected who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that actually requires 2 copies in order to be expressed.
-Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
-Prenatal diagnostic testing
-Newborn screening
-Presymptomatic testing for adult onset disorders, like Huntington's.
-Pre testing for estimating risk of cancers and Alzheimer's disease.
-Confirm diagnosis of a symptomatic individual.
-Forensic/identity testing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gene that will express their phenotype, even if heterozygous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]
Only expresses phenotype if 2 alleles are both recessive, homozygous. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inherited genetic neurological disorder. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Altered or mutated genes cause abnormal proteins to be made, often causing them not to perform their intended function resulting in the absence of essential function |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pre-natal influences in Utero) neonatal (2 months) infancy (2 years). Birth defects from drug use, infection. Can be idiopathic. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal chemistries of the body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| normal consequence of aging, but can occur at any age. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| new growth. The term implies abnormality of cellular growth and may be used interchangibly with the term tumor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the immune system attacking one’s own body or lack of immune response. Allergies, AIDS, asthma….. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathologic process caused by microorganism that is transmissible from one host to another. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| toxic or destructive chemical extreme heat or cold, mechanical injury, trauma or violent injury |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| deficiency cause by the lack of nutritional requirements proteins, vitamins and calories |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| resulting from the activity of a physician |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| produce or caused by emotional or psychological factors rather that organic factors. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the functional consequence of the structural and associated alterations in cells or tisúes that are either characteristic of the disease or diagnostic of the process |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dynamic steady state, representing the net effect of all the turnover reactions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Development or evolution of a disease. A description of the pathogenesis includes everything that happens in the body from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expresion of manifestations of the disease. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| stiffening of body muscles after death. Rigor mortis occurs because of chemical changes that take place in the muscle tissue ... begins from five to ten hours after death. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the reddish-blue discoloration that occurs on the underside of the body, results from the settling of the blood. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the cooling of the body after death, is primarily influenced by the temperature of the immediate environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| body fluid container in special compartments such as the synovial or cerebrospinal compartments; component of ECF |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| - any protein secreted by lymph cells that affects cellular activity and controls inflammation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a granular white blood cell and is thought to play a part in allergic reactions and the body’s response to parasitic diseases. |
|
|
Term
| Histocompatability Complex |
|
Definition
| the gene regions on chromosome 6 that contain the genes for MHC proteins. Class 1 proteins are present on virtually all nucleated cells. Class II proteins are found mainly on antigen-presenting cells; B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. |
|
|
Term
Hummoral immunity
(specific immunity) |
|
Definition
one of the two forms of immunity.
Humoral immunity is the result of the development and the continuing presence of circulating antibodies
-B lymphocytes, body fluids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Group of proteins (globulins) that act as antibodies.
-Produced by B cells and are present in blood serum and body fluids.
-Also obtained by injection (tetanus, rabies)
-An antibody is typically a Y-shaped structure consisting of four polypeptide chains. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a white blood cell derived from the lymphoid stem cell that is not affected by diseases of the myeloid stem cell.3 basic types T, B and natural killer cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a cell mediated immune function, they protect the body by phagocytosis of microorganisms and production of antibodies and memory cells. Also called white blood cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mast cells contain heparin and histamine. Skin contains relatively few mast cells, but numbers increased in many different conditions, allergies. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| groups of lymph nodes in the end of the small intestine (terminal ileum) near where it joins with the large intestine (colon). In some infections, as typhoid fever, they become open sores and can get swollen. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ingestion and destruction of pathogens by leukocytes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a highly phagocytic leukocyte containing small lysosomal granules |
|
|
Term
Cell Mediated
(specific immunity) |
|
Definition
one of the 2 forms of immunity.
Does not involve antibodies, but involves activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and release of cytokines. |
|
|
Term
Passive immunity
(aquired) |
|
Definition
Obtained from external source.
-through injections (immunoglobulins=IgG,IgA,IgM)
-from mother to child (breast milk=IgA,IgG) |
|
|
Term
Active immunity
(aquired) |
|
Definition
Antibodies are developed in response to the presence of an antigen.
-Vaccination
-Exposure to disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immune system attacks own cells.
-intrinsic
-extrinsic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type 1- Genetic. Allergies. Causes: Urticaria, Rhinitis, Eczema, mild breathing problems
---Severe: Anaphylaxis- life threating w/ rapid onset, wheezing, throat closing, tight chest, dyspnea, erythema + welts.
Type II- Tissue Specific. Blood transfusions, autoimmune disease, graft rejection.* IgG, IgM
Type III- Immune complex. Inflammatory response due to failure to rid of antigen-antibody complexes. Deposits in small vessels (vasculitis). Arthrus reaction to vaccine or repeated exposure.
Type IV- delayed response (cell mediated). Ex: TB(tuberculin) test, Poison ivy. Causes: red lesions after 48 hrs, urticaria. progrssive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If none of the chain of events is broken, infection occurs.
-Resevoir to proliferate in (human, mosquito)
-Portal of exit (breaks in the skin, coughing, saliva, and secretions)
-Mode of transmission (transmitted, either directly or indirectly)
-Portal of entry ( way to enter a susceptible human or animal host)
-Suseptible victim (decrease in immune response)
Manifestations: febrile, erythema, diaphoresis, positive culture, malaise, and arthralgia. |
|
|
Term
| What factors predispose someone to infection? |
|
Definition
Nutritional status
Chronic illness
Age
Immunosupression |
|
|
Term
| Increase in risk for infection in elderly and infants. |
|
Definition
Infants have immature immune system, lack previous exposure, and lack IgM.
Elderly have declining function and atrophy of the thymus.Lung, urinary, sepsis, and bacteremia infections are common. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Etiology- systemic disease, stress, medications. |
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Term
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Definition
Primary intention- clean cut edges, partial thickness,not comtaminated; as from surgery.
Secondary intention- traumatic wounds, scar tissue, clotting, full thickness, and increased risk for infection.
Tertiary intention- wound is contaminaed and heals slower. |
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Term
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Definition
-Imparied collagen synthesis (keloid, hypertrophic scar)
-Impaired epithelialization (from steroids, radiation, zinc deficiency, or dressings)
-increase fragility or appearance change, unexpected pain, pocketing of epililial tissue, abnormal smell, edema, exteding margin or erythema, pyrexia (increase temp), wound breakdown.
Prolongs inflammation, disrupts clotting, disorderly leukocyte function, prevents development of new vessels and granulation tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
Measures the concentration of urine particles.
increased- concentrated urine
decreased- dilute urine |
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