Term
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Definition
| colonization of a host by microbial species |
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Term
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Definition
| seek to use the host's resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease |
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Term
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Definition
| infection that produces symptoms |
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Term
| In apparent/ Silent/ Subclinical |
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Definition
| infection that is active but does not produce noticeable symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| infection that is inactive or dormant |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Transmission, Portal of Entry, Susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism propagating at a rate sufficient to maintain its numbers without producing identifiable evidence of any reaction in host |
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Term
| Inapparent/ Subclinical Infection |
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Definition
| Organism not only multiplying but also causes a measurable reaction that is however not clinically detectable |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism causes clinically detectable reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between infection agent and onset of infectiousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between infection and onset of symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| any deviation from a condition of good health and well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| disease condition caused by the presence or growth of infectious microorganisms or parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a microbe to cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| degree of pathogenicity in a microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression, and often with severe symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by delayed onset
and slow progression |
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Term
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Definition
| infection that develops in an otherwise healthy individual |
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Term
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Definition
| infection that develops in an individual who is already infected with a different pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| infection that is restricted to a specific location or region within the body of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| infection that has spread to several regions or areas in the body of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| infection with obvious observable or detectable symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| infection with few or no obvious symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| An infection caused by microorganisms that are commonly found in the host’s environment. This term is often used to refer to infections caused by organisms in the normal flora |
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Term
suffix "-emia"
example: bactermia |
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Definition
| presence of an infectious agent |
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Term
suffix “-itis”
example: gastroenteritis |
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Definition
| inflammation of a body organ |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the transmission of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| disease that can be transmitted from one individual to another |
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Term
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Definition
| communicable disease that is easily spread from one individual to another |
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Term
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Definition
| disease that is not transmitted from one individual to another |
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Term
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Definition
| disease condition that is normally found in a certain percentage of a population |
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Term
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Definition
disease condition present in a greater than
usual percentage of a specific population |
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Term
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Definition
| epidemic affecting a large geographical area; often on a global scale |
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Term
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Definition
| source of an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| individual who carries an infectious agent without manifesting symptoms, yet who can transmit the agent to another individual |
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Term
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Definition
| inanimate object capable of being an intermediate in the indirect transmission of an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
| nonhuman that can transmit an infectious agent to humans |
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Term
| Direct Mechanisms of Disease Transmission |
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Definition
- Directly From Person to Person
- From Mother to fetus
Examples:
Direct Skin Contact Airborne (Aerosols) |
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Term
| Indirect Mechanisms of Disease Transmission |
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Definition
| Examples: Food & Waterborne Transmission Fomites Animal Vectors |
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Term
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Definition
symbiotic relationship in which both species
benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, and the other species is neither helped nor harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| ymbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, and the other species is harmed |
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Term
| Normal flora is present in: |
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Definition
– skin
– upper respiratory tract
– oral cavity
– intestine, especially large intestine
– vaginal tract
– very little normal flora in eyes & stomach |
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Term
| Normal flora is absent in: |
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Definition
– lower respiratory tract
– muscle tissue
– blood & tissue fluid
– cerebrospinal fluid
– peritoneum
– pericardium
– meninges |
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Term
| Benefits of the normal flora: |
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Definition
– Nutrient production/processing
eg. Vitamin K production by E. coli
– Competition with pathogenic microbes
– Normal development of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism present; no clinical signs, symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Symptoms; don’t feel like yourself |
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Term
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Definition
| Fully developed infection |
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Term
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Definition
– Inflammation
– Purulent exudate if bacterial infection; serous exudate if viral
– Tissue necrosis
– Lymphadenopathy
– Respiratory effects |
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Term
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Definition
| – Fever, fatigue, headache, nausea |
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Term
| Generalized Stages of Infection |
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Definition
1. Entry of Pathogen
– Portal of Entry
2. Colonization
– Usually at the site of entry
3. Incubation Period
– Asymptomatic period
– Between the initial contact with the microbe and the appearance of the first symptoms
4. Prodromal Symptoms – Initial Symptoms
5. Invasive period
– Increasing Severity of Symptoms
– Fever
– Inflammation and Swelling
– Tissue Damage
– Infection May Spread to Other Sites
– Acme (Fastigium) |
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Term
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Definition
– Direct contact
– Indirect contact
– Droplet transmission
– Hands
– Vector-borne
– Nosocomial |
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Term
| Enzymatic Virulence Factors |
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Definition
Examples:
• Coagulase (Staphylococcus aureus)
• Streptokinase (Streptococcus pyogenes)
• Hyaluronidase (Many pathogens)
• Collagenase (Many pathogens)
• Leukocidin (Many pathogens)
• Hemolysin (Many pathogens) |
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Term
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Definition
Examples:
• Protein A (Staphylococcus aureus)
• Protein M (Streptococcus pyogenes) |
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Term
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Definition
A type of bacterial toxin with the following properties:
• May be produced by either gram-positive or gram- negative bacteria
• Is secreted by the bacteria
• The action of the exotoxin does not necessarily
require the presence of the bacteria in the host
• Most exotoxins are peptide or protein
• Most exotoxins are heat sensitive (exception: enterotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus) |
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Term
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Definition
• Neurotoxins: Interfere with proper synaptic transmissions in neurons
• Cytotoxins: Inhibit specific cellular activities, such as protein synthesis
• Enterotoxins: Interfere with water reabsorption in the large intestine; irritate the lining of the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
A type of bacterial toxin having the following properties:
• Produced only by gram-negative bacteria
• Endotoxins are a component of the gram-negative
cell wall
• The action of endotoxin requires the presence of the bacteria in the host. The endotoxin may be released from the cell wall as the cells die and disintegrate |
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Term
| Diagnostic Tests to detect Infection |
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Definition
• Culturesandstains – bacteria
• Blood tests
– Bacteria
• Leukocytosis
– Virus
• Leukopenia
– Increase in neutrophils w/ acute; increase in lymphocytes and monocytes w/ chronic
• Radiologic exams |
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Term
| Steps to Minimize Risk of Infection |
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Definition
• Locate, remove reservoir host
• Block portal exit of microbes from reservoir
• Knowmode(s)of transmission of specific infections
• Blockportalsofentry
• Cleaning
• Sterilization
• Disinfectants
• Antiseptics |
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Term
| Hospital acquired infections |
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Definition
| Infection which was neither present nor incubating at the time of admission |
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Term
| Endogenous or self-infection |
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Definition
organisms which are harmless in one site can be pathogenic when transferred to another site
e.g., E. coli |
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Term
| Exogenous or cross-infection |
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Definition
organisms transmitted from another source
e.g.,nurse, doctor, other patient, environment |
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