Term
| DIABETES MELLITUS is a __ disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus occurs when ____ fail to release insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus occurs when ___ fail to respond to insulin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus occurs when insulin secreted by ß cells travels to __ via ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus occurs when insulin binds to __ on ___ |
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Definition
membrane receptors target tissues |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder in the metabolism of _____ |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, proteins and fats. |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus occurs when there is an imbalance between what two factors? |
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Definition
(i) insulin availability (ii) insulin need. |
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Term
Insulin deficiency may result from what four factors? |
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Definition
(i) impaired release of insulin by pancreatic ß cells (ii) presence of inadequate or defective receptors (iii) production of insulin that is INACTIVE (or destroyed before being able to carry out action) (iv) absolute insulin deficiency. |
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Term
What are four symptoms that can occur in diabetes? |
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Definition
(i) relative, or (ii) absolute lack of hormone INSULIN (iii) insulin resistance (iv) altered metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates |
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Term
What are the underlying cause of diabetes? |
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Definition
Glucose cannot be transported to fat cells and they (fat cells) become starved. |
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Term
| When glucose cannot be transported to fat cells, it leads to increase in _____ |
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Definition
| breakdown of fats and proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
Impaired Glucose Tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired Fasting Plasma Glucose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test |
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Term
What is the normal concentration of fasting glucose (FPG) in plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
Concentration of glucose after fasting and after two hours of oral glucose administration (OGTT) should be below what level? |
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Definition
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Term
| If plasma glucose level is ___ of FPG, blood glucose level is impaired (IFG). |
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Definition
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Term
| If glucose level is __ and ___ after two hours of oral glucose administration, it is IGT. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type 1 Diabetes results from an ___ and specific loss or destruction of ___ |
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Definition
atrophy of the pancreas beta cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Autoimmune destruction of ß cells occurs in what type of diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 3 characteristics of Type 1A? |
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Definition
(i) absolute lack of insulin (ii) elevation of blood glucose (iii) breakdown of fats and proteins |
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Term
Type 1A individuals prone to ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In the absence of INSULIN, free fatty acids are released from fat cells. Fatty acids are transported to LIVER and converted to KETONES. |
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Term
| To reverse ketoacidosis, patients require ____ |
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Definition
| EXOGENOUS supply of INSULIN. |
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Term
What are agents linked to Type 1 Diabetes? |
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Definition
- Genes predispose people to it.
- Interaction may occur between genes and viruses, chemical toxins, mumps, congenital rubella.
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Term
| Describe Immune and Non-immune Type 1 diabetes factors |
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Definition
- Immune --- environmental-genetic facts trigger destruction of B cells in pancreas (90% cases).
- Non-immune --- may result secondarily, e.g., from pancreatitis, or,
idiopathic (no defined etiologies) |
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Term
Name 5 Type 1 diabetes factors |
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Definition
- Childhood disease (11-13 years onset), before 20.
- Geographical location
- Racial distribution --- higher in whites
- Heredity
- Insulin secretion --- severe insulin deficiency or no insulin secretion at all.
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Term
___ is the most common form of diabetes; 90% of cases in people older than 40 years |
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Definition
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Term
| Type 2 is also known as ___ and occurs in spite of ___. |
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Definition
adult onset diabetes insulin availability |
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Term
What are 2 factors relating to Type 2 diabetes? |
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Definition
- Genetic --- family history shows occurrence of diabetes in members
- Environmental (acquired, e.g., physical inactivity, overeating, obesity)
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Term
What effect does obesity play in regards to diabetes? |
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Definition
There is resistance to action by insulin and increased glucose output by liver. The distribution of fat, especially in abdominal areas, contributes to insulin resistance. |
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Term
Type 2 diabetes is not insulin dependent but rather it is |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 metabolic abnormalities lead to Type 2 diabetes. These are: |
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Definition
| (i) peripheral insulin resistance; (ii) impaired insulin secretion; (iii) increased hepatic glucose production |
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Term
Insulin resistance is chracterized by _____ |
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Definition
- insufficient (suboptimal) response of liver
- muscle and adipose tissues to insulin
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Term
In Type 2, insulin levels are ___ but body's cells are sluggish to respond to them |
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Definition
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Term
In Type 2, the lack of insulin ____ leads to higher than normal glucose levels in blood |
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Definition
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Term
| In Type 2, B cells fail to respond to ___ and ____ is the result |
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Definition
glucose stimulus hyperglycemia |
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Term
| Patients with Type 2 diabetes have no absolute ___ and therefore __ does not occur. |
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Definition
INSULIN deficiency ketoacidosis |
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Term
| Type 2 diabetes may reflect only one aspect of a syndrome of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes is associated with what 5 factors? |
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Definition
(i) obesity (waist circumference >35 inches in women or >40 inches in men (ii) high levels of plasma triglycerides (>140 mg/dL (iii) low levels of HDL (<50 mg/dL) (iv) hypertension (>13.85 (v) FPG (>110 mg/dL) |
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