Term
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Definition
| normal programmed cell death in tissues |
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Term
| What is the difference between pathology and pathophysiology |
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Definition
| Pathophysiology involves the study of functional changes in the body that result from disease processes. Pathophysiology includes some aspects of pathology which refers to the laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease. Pg 4 So Pathology focuses on structural abnormalities while pathophysiology focuses on functional abnormalities |
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Term
| Describe the differences between homeostasis and disease |
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Definition
| Homeostasis refers to a stable or constant internal environment and typically incorporates a regular blood pressure, body temperature, and fluid and electrolyte balance. Disease disrupts homeostasis or catalyzes a process that deviates from a normal state of wellness |
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Term
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Define the terms health and disease |
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Definition
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Disease is a disruption of a normal state of health, and can incur due to genetic factors, environmental factors, or infectious microorganisms. Disease can affect health in a physical way, or even mental or social method. (According to the World Health Organization) Describing a normal state of health is a bit more difficult. We can look at certain indicating factors like blood pressure, pulse, oxygen levels, electrolyte balances, and breathing rate. We can also define health in terms of life style for example abstaining from smoking and consuming fatty foods, while maintaining physical fitness and regularly seeing your doctor. |
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Term
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Definition
| conclusions that can be drawn about the pattern of development of a disease by assessing the patient's signs and symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Additional abnormalities that develop as the result of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition resulting from a disease that can come after a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of people in a given population who have a disease at a given moment |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of new cases of a disease that appear in a given population over a given period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| The incidence or prevalence of a disease in a population - how many people in a population have the disease or are coming down with it |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate of death in a given population from a particle disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The analysis of the signs and symptoms, coupled with a consideration of pathogenesis often leads to a diagnosis, the identification of the patient's specific disease |
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Term
| Four main steps of the diagnostic process |
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Definition
medical history
physical examination
lab tests
and further tests on the body itself |
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Term
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Definition
| management or care of a patient, or the handling of a disease or injury |
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Term
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Definition
| cloaks a disease but does not cure it. Essentially treats the symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a decrease in size of cells, resulting in a reduced tissue mass. Common causes include reduced use of the tissue like muscle atrophy, insufficient nutrition, loss of innervations or hormonal stimulation or aging |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the size of individual cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. This can be due to additional work by the tissue like enlarged muscles seen with conssitent excercise or excessive hormonal stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased # of cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass. This can include the enlargement of the uterine durnig pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. This can result from certain nutritional deficiencies or perhaps an adaptive strategy like when ciliated columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium due to heavy smoking |
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Term
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Definition
Term applied to tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclie are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased. This could be a precancerous change, or could be due to chronic irritation or infection.
Dysplasia is the MOST DANGEROUS cellular adaptation since it is a forerunner of neoplasia. |
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Term
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Definition
| literally means "new growth" and is commonly called a tumor. Malignant neoplasms are referred to as cancer. Benign tumors do not necessarily become malignant but can, but are usually less serious |
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Term
| Which cellular adaptation is the MOST DANGEROUS? |
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Definition
| Dysplasia sine it is a precursor to neoplasms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anaplasia means to "form backwards" and refers to cells that are undifferentiated and have variable nuclei and cell structure and numerous mitotic figures. Anaplasia is a chracteristic of malignant neoplasms. Anaplastic cells have lost structure and function, they have an increased capacity for multiplication and lack differentiation. |
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Term
| What is the difference between dysplasia and anaplasia? |
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Definition
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Dysplasia leads to the development of neoplasia. Anaplasia is characteristic of malignant neoplasia. |
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Term
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Definition
| an acute episode or increased severity of manifestations |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of events. For example a bee sting is a precipitating factor for an allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| disease with no known cause |
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Term
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Definition
| Originating from outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause or origin of a disease or abnormality |
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Term
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Definition
| originating from within the body |
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Term
| What is the body's first line of defense? |
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Definition
| Mechanical barrier such as intact skin and mucous membrane |
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Term
| Identify the body's second and third lines of defense. |
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Definition
Second: Process of phagocytosis and inflammation
Third the immune system |
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Term
| Which of the defenses identified above are specific? |
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Definition
| The immune system is the specific defense mechanism of the body. It provides protection by stimulating a unique response following exposure to foreign substances. |
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Term
| ****Identify the events of the vascular response that occur during an inflammatory response. Explain why each change occurs, as well as the consequences of each event. |
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Definition
1. Transient vasoconstriction is followed by
2. Vasodilation
3. hyperemia
4. Increased capillary permeability in response to chemical meditators (histamine, serotonin) released at the site of injury.
This allows for the accumulation in the area of fluid. |
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Term
| Identify the five cardinal signs of an inflammatory response and the cause of each |
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Definition
1. redness due to vasodilation in the injured area
2. warmth due to hyperemia or inreased blood flow to the area
3. swelling or edema due to the shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space.
4. Pain resulting from inreased fluid pressure on nerve endings and the irritation caused by chemical mediators
5. Loss of function if cells lack nutrients or if swelling interferes with joint movement |
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Term
| Outline the events of the cellular response to an inflammation in the correct order. |
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Definition
1. chemotaxis
2. margination
3. emigration
4. phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The first cells to emigrate to an injured area and phagocytizes microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elevated during an allergic response |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytizes microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
elevated during chronic inflamation
a source of macrophages
phagocytizes microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
involved in cell-mediated immunity
involved in antibody production |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in antibody production |
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Term
| List the systemic effects of inflammation identifying the reason that each of these manifestations occurs |
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Definition
| fever to the release or pyrogens by leukocytes and macrophages,; malaise, fatigue, headache, and anorexia |
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Term
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Definition
R - Rest - allows time for healing, minimizing further pain and irritation to the injured area
I - Ice - Early application of cold causes vasoconstriction, decreasing pain and edema
C- Compression = Compression to faciliatate blood clotting, prevent or minimize excess fluid accumulation
E - Elevation - elevation improves fluid flow away from the damaged area |
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Term
| Differentiate between the process of resolution and regeneration. What factors determine which of these processes will occur following an injury? |
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Definition
| Resolution occurs when there is minimal tissue damage, the damage is repaired, and cells recover and resume normal function in a short time. Regeneration is the healing process that occurs in tissues whose cells are capable of mitosis like epithelial cells of the skin, GI tract. The damaged cells are replaced by the proliferation of nearby undamaged cells. |
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Term
| How can the nature of the tissue or location of the wound complicate healing? |
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Definition
| an inoperable bullet wound to the brain may be inaccessible without further tissue damage and loss of function |
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Term
| How can the nutritional status of the injured indivdiual complicate healing |
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Definition
| Malnutrition, especially vit. C,E, and K, would impair the blood clottign capability of the individual, impairing would closure and repair of damaged tissues. |
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Term
| The size and shape of the wound impair healing? |
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Definition
| Large, deep, cuts for example especially if untreated or presenting difficult suture closure would facilitate extensive scar formation. Cuts due to broken glass or power tools. |
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Term
| How can the drugs an individual is taking impair healing? |
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Definition
| anticlotting medications would limit or impair clotting and hence wound closure. like aspirin prior to surgery. |
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Term
| Age of the individual effect healing? |
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Definition
| nutritional status is often inadequate in the elderly and the aging process itself slows down normal healing responses at many level. |
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Term
| How can the presence of foreign objects in the wound impair healing? |
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Definition
| foreign bodies, if not removed impair would closure and promote scarring as well as predispose to infection. like a large splinter. |
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Term
| How can blood supply of the injured tissue impair healign? |
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Definition
| If the blood supply is limited or cut off from the damaged tissue then most of the cellualr and blood factors necessary for healing would not reach the effected area. like a thrombus or an embolus. |
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Term
| The presence of infections in damaged tissue impair healing? |
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Definition
| An infection would require its own cute before healing can occur; removela of the infectious agent if impaired or delayed would prlong the healing process. Leading to more extensive scarring and in untrated perhaps a systemic infection. |
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Term
| How can the degree of immobilization of the injured tissue effect healing? |
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Definition
| broken bones, if not immobilized, do not heal properly. |
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Term
| hwo does preexisint disease states impair healing? |
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Definition
| disease, if chronic and with systemic effects would impair immune and other noral healing responses. For example diabetes, results in impaired circulation to the damaged area. |
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Term
| Describe the classifications of burns based on body surface area |
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Definition
| the BSA burned, using the rule of nines for calculation to determine extent of injury and fluid replacement needs. |
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Term
| burns based on depth of tissue damage |
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Definition
partial thickness burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis;
deep partial thickness burns involve destruction of the epidermis and part of the dermis.
full thickness burns result in destructin of all skin layers and often underlying subcutaneous tissues as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypertrophic scar formation due to excess collagen deposits leading to hard, often elevated ridges of scar tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| thick coagulated crust that develops following a full thickness burn |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally seperate |
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Term
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Definition
| a surface lesion due to breakdown of surface tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| interstitial fluid accumulation in an area of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| fixation and deformity of a joint as a result of scar formation and shrinkage |
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Term
| Which types of cells can regernate? name three types that cannot regenerate |
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Definition
| Regenerating cells can be replaced by mitosis and include epithelial cells, bone marrow cells, and hepatocytes in the liver and osteocytes. Regeneration is not possible for nerve tissue or skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. |
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Term
| State three differences between inflammation and immunity |
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Definition
Inflammation is a nonspecific body defense response to any tissue injury, which may be caused by chemical, physical agents, trauama etc. It involves neutrophils and macrophages as part of the cellular response and chemical mediators like histamine and prostaglandins with various biologic effects
Immunity is a specific host defense response to "foreign" nonself antigens; it involves specific cellular T and B lymphocytes and humoral antibodies. components and mediators. (eg complement) and it varies depending on the nature of the antigenic stimulus (immediate and delayed hypersensitivites) |
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Term
| What is a cell surface antigen |
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Definition
| A cell surface antigen is a unique protein or glycoprotiein configuration that is a distnictive marker for the recogniztion of a cell by the immune system. They provide the means by wich the immune system distinguishes self from nonself. It is important because it provides for the detection and identification of nonself by the immune system. This differentiation underlies the host defense against infection and other foreign antigens, and it forms the basis for selection of compatable organs and tissures for transplantation |
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Term
| What are human leukocyte antigens? what is the major histocompatibility complex? |
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Definition
| HLA are the MHC cellmembrane antigens on human leukocytes that determine "self" and serve as the basis for identifying histocompatible cells and tissues for transplanation, including blood transfusion. These antigens representing "self" are present on an individual's cell membrane |
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Term
| Source and Effect of Histamine |
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Definition
| Comes from mast cells and basophils and effects by vasodilation and increased vascular permeability contraction of bronchiolar smoothe muscle. also pruritis |
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Term
| Source and Effect prostaglandins |
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Definition
| comes from a group of lipids synthesized in mast cells and has various effects from inflammation, vasodilation, increased cap permeability and pain |
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Term
| Source and Effect Cytokines |
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Definition
| Source is T lymphocytes and macrophages and they effect an increase in plasma proteins, ESR, stimulate activation and proliferation of B and T cell snad communication between cells (messengers) induce fever, leukocytosis, and chemotaxis |
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Term
| Source and Effect leukotrienes |
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Definition
| Source is a group of lipids derived from mast cells and basophils they effect the contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, vasodilation and increased cap permeability as well as chemotaxis. |
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Term
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Definition
| source is the activation of plasma protein, kinogen and they effecte vasodilation, edema and pain |
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Term
| Source and Effect of complement |
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Definition
| they are derived from a group of proteins circulating in the bloodstream and activated by antigen-antibody reactions on cell surface they effect the release of chemical mediators promoting inflamation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and also cell membrane damage resulint in hemolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| primary and secondary responses; activates complement; include antibacterial, antivirals and antitoxins, crosses placenta creatse passive immunity in newborns |
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Term
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Definition
| primary antibody responses; activates complement; forms natural antibodies involved in blood ABO incompatability reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| found in secretions such as tears saliva in mucous membranes and in colostrums to provide protection to newborns |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes; when linked to allergen, causes release of histamine and other chemicals resulting in inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to B cells and activates B cells |
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Term
| What is the time frame between exposure to an antigen and the appearnce of immunoglobulins in the serum? |
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Definition
| Primary response on initial antigen exposure may range from day sto weeks. Secondary response is almost immediate. |
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Term
| What is the avg lenght of time requried to acquir ean effective antibody titer following exposure to an antigen? |
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Definition
| primary response is approximately 3 to 4 weeks. Secondary rseponse is quicker with much higher titer within a week or two |
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Term
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Definition
| opportunistic infections describe microorganisms that are usually harmless in healthy individuals; however, patients taking immunosuppresant drugs have limited body defense. |
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Term
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Definition
| IgE bound to mast cells; release histamine and chemical mediators which result in immediate inflammation and pruritis. Example is hay fever or anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
| IgG or IgM reacts with antigen on cell complement activated resulting in cell lysis and phagocytosis. An example is ABO blood incompatibility |
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Term
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Definition
| antigen-antibody complex deposits in tissue - complement activated resultings in inflammation and vasculitis examples are autoimmune disorders such as SLE and glomerulonephritis |
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Term
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Definition
| Antigen binds to T lymphocytes sensitiving lymphocytes that rellease lymphokines causing delayed inflammation examples are contact dermatitis or a transplant rejection |
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Term
| What is the underlying mechanism responsible for autoimmune disorders |
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Definition
| When individuals develop antibodies to their own cells or cellular material |
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Term
| How is systemic lupus erythermatosus diagnosed? |
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Definition
| SLE is diagnosed by the presence of numerous ANAs especially anti DNA as well as other antibodies. Lupus erythematous LE cells are mature netrophils containing nuclear material, found in the circulating blood and are a positive sign. |
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Term
| How does lupus effect skin |
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Definition
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Term
| How does lupus effect joints |
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Definition
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Term
| How does lupus effect heart |
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Definition
| carditiis and pericarditis |
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Term
| how does lupus effect blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does lupus effect blood? |
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Definition
| anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| how does lupus effect kidneys? |
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Definition
| glomerulonephritis with marked proteinuraeand progressive damage |
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Term
| How does lupus effect lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| How does lupus effect CNS |
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Definition
| psychosis, depression, mood changes and seizures |
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Term
| What is the causative agent responsible for HIV and AIDS |
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Definition
| HIV is the causaitve agent for AIDS. It is a slow acting retrovirus containing two strands of RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Its envelope is characterized by spikes of glycoprotein. The virus is inactivated by many disinfectants and high temperatures. |
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Term
| List the routes of transmission for HIV |
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Definition
| HIV must enter the bloodstream of the recipient through transmission of body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. Transmission most often ocur through unprotected sex with an HIV + partner, drug use, maternal/fetal transmission and blood transfusions. |
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Term
| How is a diagnosis of HIV infection confirmed? what is meant by the window period? |
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Definition
| A blood test is performed for HIV antibodies, A positive test is followed by the Western blot test. The window period refers to the time from infectioons to the presence of HIV antibodies. This may be anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months depending on the mode of transmission. |
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Term
| What is the avg length of time between infection with HIV and development of full blown AIDS |
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Definition
| full blown AIDS may not occur for six to seven years on average |
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Term
| How is a diagnosis of AIDS confirmed |
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Definition
| AIDS is diagnosed by a major decrease in the CD4 T helper lymphocyte count and a change in the CD4 to CD8 ratio in the presence of opportunistic infection or certain cancers. |
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Term
| Which cells are targeted by HIV? |
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Definition
| Helper T4 lymphocytes are the major target and, when destroyed, eliminate the immune surveillance and detection function of these cells, thereby interfering with their critical function in the initiation of both humoral and cellular immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue transferred between members of the same species but may differ genetically - e.g. one human to another human |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue transferred between two genetically identical bodies - identical twins |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue transferred from one part of the body to another part of the same individual. like skin or bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue transferred from a member of one species to a different species. like a pig to a man. |
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Term
| Graft-versus-host disease |
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Definition
| GVHD) is a common complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in which functional immune cells in the transplanted marrow recognize the recipient as "foreign" and mount an immunologic attack. It can also take place in a blood transfusion under certain circumstances. |
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Term
| Host versus graft disease |
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Definition
| recipient's immune system rejects thegraft. possible with a kidney transplant. |
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Term
| Describe the basic structure of bacterium |
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Definition
| The basic structure of a bacterium consists of an outer rigid cell wall, a cell membrane, a DNA strand, an cytoplams. In addition, some speciest contain an external capsule or slime layer, specialized structurres such as flagellae and pili or fimbriae |
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Term
| What is an endospore? how does it form? |
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Definition
| Endospores are latent forms of some bacterial species with an outer coat that is resistant to heat and other environmental conditions. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a viral particle or virion? |
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Definition
| The virion consists of a protein coat or capsid and a DNA or RNA nucleic acid core |
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Term
| Outline the process of viral replication |
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Definition
| Virus attaches to the host cell and penetrates. It uncoats and takes over the host cell DNA. the host cell synthesizes viral components. The components assemble and are released by host cell lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| microbes that normally inhabit various areas of the body such as the skin and GI tract |
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Term
| areas of the body that lack resident flora |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by the term culture and sensitivtiy? |
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Definition
| to take tissue culture of a specimen that is placed in a medium containing various antimicrobials to determine the nature and drug sensitivity or the microbe |
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Term
| What is the difference between a superinfection and an opportunistic infection? |
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Definition
| A superinfection occurs only during treatment with antimicrobial agents. An opportunistic infection occurs in an individual with decreased immunity. Both are usually caused by fungi that are part of the normal resident flora |
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Term
| If an antibacterial drug is bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal how does the patient eliminate the microbe? |
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Definition
| the drug prevents replication of the bacteria, thereby keeping thenumber of bacteria constant the body's own defensive cells will destroy the organism |
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