dyspnea

shortness of breath

orthopnea

shortness of breath that occurs while laying flat

hypoxemia

inadequate level of oxygen in blood

cyanosis

bluish discoloration in skin or muscous membranes caused by low oxygen levels

hemoptysis

coughin up blood

tachypnea

rapid respirations

Rales

muscle sounds heard on inhilation

AKA known as crackles

rhonchi

rattling sounds due to obstruction

URI

symptoms

runny nose

sore throat

ear pain

sneezing

coughing

mild fever

headache

generalized aches

URI

treatment

rest

fluids

antipyretics

analgesics

antibiotics for secondary infections

Common cold

-acute rhinitis

-often lead to secondary infections

-prevention is difficult

-transferred by droplets and touch

hay fever

-allergic rhinitis

-inflammation of mucous membrane lining the sinuses

sinusitis

-often happen with colds

-not easily prevented

-if not treated, may cause mastoiditis and encephalitis

pharyngitis

aka sore throat

caused by hot or cold air, chemical fumes, smoke

laryngitis

viral or bacterial or breathing irritants

hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing, throat pain, fever

asthma

-hypersensitivity reaction results in constriction of bronchi leading to difficulty breathing

-episodes of wheezing and dyspnea

treatment:

determine allergic factors

bronchodilators

acute bronchitis

-inflammation of lining of bronchus

-short term following URI

acute bronchitis

symptoms

fever

tight feeling behind sternum

productive cough

acute bronchitis

treatment

rest

increased fluids

cough syrup

antipyretics

analgesics

antibiotics

influenza

highly contageous respiratory infection

influenza

symptoms

onset of fever, chill, headache

back and mucsle pain

cough, runny nose, sore throat, sneezing

hoarsness

nausea and vomiting

diarrhea

influenza

treatment

rest

analgesics

antipyretics

antivirals

pleurisy

(pleuritis)

lung inflammation

pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity

hemothorax

blood in the chest cavity

pleural effusion

(hydothorax)

fluid in chest

empyema

pus in the chest cavity

pulmonary embolism

(PE)

sudden blockage of artery by embolism

pulmonary edema

tissues and air spaces of lungs fill w/ fluid

cor pulmonale

right-sided heart failure

atelectasis

Collapse or airless state of all or part of lung

Causes:

Surgical pain

Fractured ribs

Blockage of airway by mucus plug

Atelectasis

Analgesics for pain

Ambulation

Frequent deep breathing and coughing

Pneumonia

Inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli due to infection by bacteria, virus, or other pathogen

Pneumonitis: Inflammation without infection

Symptoms related to area and tissue involved

Pulmonary abscess

Collection of infectious material within capsule

May be complication of bacterial pneumonia, aspiration of food, or foreign body

Pulmonary abscess

Symptoms

Chills

Fever

Chest pain

Cough

Pulmonary abscess

Treatment

Long-term antibiotic therapy

Surgical resection if large area or unsuccessful antibiotic therapy

Pulmonary tuberculosis

(TB)

Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Acquired by breathing air infected with bacteria or by coughing and sneezing

Diagnosis by skin testing, chest x-ray, and sputum culture

Extended antibiotic therapy

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

(ARDS)

Follows episode of severe trauma

Causes acute respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation

High mortality rate even with proper treatment

Sudden acute respiratory syndrome

(SARS)

Severe, easily transmissible new disease

Caused by previously unknown type of coronavirus

Antibiotics ineffectual

Virus

May require ventilatory support

Lung cancer

Leading cause of cancer deaths in United States

Often asymptomatic until metastasizes to brain, bone, and liver

Most often caused by cigarette smoking

Lung cancer

Symptoms

Dyspnea

Coughing

Hemoptysis

Lung cancer

Treatment

Chemotherapy

Radiation

Surgery

Legionnaires’ disease

Bacterial pulmonary infection

Not limited to pulmonary system

May cause liver damage and renal dysfunction