Term
| What is thearche? When does it begin? |
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Definition
| breast development; begins at 8 - 9 y/o |
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Term
| What is adrenarche? What occurs during this process? |
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Definition
| An increase in the production of sex hormones; Genitalia grow into their adult proportions and secondary sex characteristics develop |
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Term
| What male sex organ produces sex hormones and gametes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What male sex organ conducts sperm from the efferent tubules to the vas deferens and supplies nutrients and testosterone to enhance the maturity of sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the scrotum contracts and relaxes to keep sperm at optimum temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fluid is secreted by the prostate gland? |
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Definition
| secretes prostatic fluid with alkaline pH |
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Term
| What type of fluid is secreted by the cowper's gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site of spermatogenesis? How long does spermatogenesis take? |
|
Definition
semineferous tubules
70 - 80 days |
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Term
| Which cells provide further nutrients and hormonal signals to help develop the sperm? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are androgens mainly produced? |
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Definition
| Leydig cells of the testes (& adrenal glands) |
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Term
| Which condition is a nonmalignant overgrowth of the prostate gland? |
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Definition
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) |
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Term
| If a male pt presents with urinary sx including urgency, hesitancy, incomplete emptying (fullness), terminal dribbling or complete urinary retention what condition might you suspect? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) |
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Term
| What is the treatment for BPH? |
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Definition
5 alpha-reductase inhibitors
alpha-blockers |
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Term
| What lab can you use to monitor BPH? At what level for this lab result is a transrectal biopsy recommended? |
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Definition
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) - moderately elevated in 30 - 50% of patients with BPH
If PSA is > 4ng/mL then transrectal biopsy is recommended |
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Term
| With cryptorchidism what are those pts at a greater risk for later in life? |
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Definition
| At a greater risk for testicular malignancy and infertility |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surgical repositioning of the testis |
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Term
| What condition is defined as the inability to attain or sustain an erection for sexual intercourse 25% of the time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of impotence is described as an inability to maintain an erection at any time in their life (never had an erection)? What is this condition often related to? |
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Definition
Primary Erection
Often related to a longstanding psychiatric problem or vascular trauma |
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Term
| Which type of impotence is described as the individual no longer being able to maintain an erection but they have had normal erections in the past? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some common causes of ED? (esp those that can be prevented/controlled) |
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Definition
Atherosclerosis
HTN
DM
PVD
Obesity
Heart Disease
Stroke
Metabolic Syndrome
Meds
Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Abuse |
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Term
|
Definition
Antihistamines
SSRIs (Prozac and Paxil)
anti-HTN meds (propranolol, MAOs, thiazides)
Phenothiazines |
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Term
| During evaluation for ED, which hormone levels are tested? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which nerve is affected in diabetics who have ED? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are some operations that can cause ED? |
|
Definition
Aortoiliac Vascular Surgery
TURP |
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Term
| What meds can be used to treat ED? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which condition is causes the scrotum enlarge with abdominal fluid when the patient is upright and empties when he lies down? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which condition is described as non-communicating fluid enlargement of the scrotum whose size may fluctuate when an imbalance occurs between production and absorption of fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you detect a hydrocele on PE? |
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Definition
| Transillumination of scrotal enlargement |
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Term
| What is the treatment for hydrocele? What are these patients at an increased risk for? |
|
Definition
hydrocelectomy (if persistant)
aspiration
Increased risk for secondary infection and vascular injury |
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Term
| What condition is described as a collection of large veins superior to the testicle? In which position is this condition visible? |
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Definition
Varicocele
Present in upright position, not present in the supine position. |
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Term
| What condition is a painless cystic scrotal mass that usually occurs at the upper pole of the testis adjacent to the epididymis? How is this condition treated? |
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Definition
Spermatocele
Usually left untreated, if large or bothersome surgical excision is done |
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Term
| Does a spermatocele transilluminate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does incontinence affect men or women more? |
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Definition
| affects Women 2x more than men |
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Term
| What bladder abnormality can cause incontinence? |
|
Definition
| Detrusor over-activity, poor compliance |
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|
Term
| What sphincter abnormality can cause incontinence? |
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Definition
| Urethral hypermobility, intrinsic sphincter deficiency |
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Term
| Which type of incontinence is described as a strong and immediate urge to void? What is this type of incontinence caused by? |
|
Definition
Urge Incontinence
Caused by involuntary detrusor contraction |
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Term
| Which type of incontinence is described as increased abdominal pressure combined with pelvic muscle laxity that causes incontinence with laughing, sneezing, and physical exertion? What conditions cause an increased risk of developing stress incontinence? |
|
Definition
Stress Incontinence
Vaginal deliveries, high maternal weight gain, prostatectomy |
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Term
| Which type of incontinence is described as caused by urinary retention and an overextended bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is urolithiasis indicative of? Where are these calculi located? What are theses calculi composed of? |
|
Definition
Urinary retention
Located in the Bladder
Composed of Uric acid |
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Term
| If a pt presents with bladder irritation (intense pain), obstruction, infection, hematuria, pyuria or dysuria, what condition do you suspect? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What are nephrolithiasis found?
How can you tell the difference between calcium oxalate and cystine nephrolithiasis? |
|
Definition
Anywhere in the urinary tract
Calcium Oxalate - radiopaque, cystine - radioluscent |
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|
Term
| What are some precipitating factors of Nephrolithiasis? |
|
Definition
| supersaturation, abnormal urine pH, low urine volume |
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Term
| At what size do nephrolithiasis do they pass spontaneously? At what size do they require a urological referral? |
|
Definition
< 5mm - Pass spontaneously
> 5mm - Urological referral |
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|
Term
| What is the hallmark of nephrolithiasis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the hallmark of ureter colic? |
|
Definition
| Pain as the calculi moves down the ureter |
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Term
| What was the gold standard for diagnosing Nephrolithiasis? What is used now for diagnosis? |
|
Definition
IVP - former gold standard
Renal Ultrasound and CT Scan |
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Term
| What condition is described as the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Is testicular torsion an emergency condition? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which condition is described as entrapment of retracted foreskin behind the glans penis? |
|
Definition
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Term
| If a male patient presents with N/V, acute scrotal pain and swelling and on PE the cremaster reflex is absent on affected side what condition do you suspect? How can you confirm dx? |
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Definition
Testicular Torsion
color Doppler |
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|
Term
| In which direction does the testicle usually turn with testicular torsion? |
|
Definition
| testes usually turn inward |
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Term
| What condition is characterized by fibrosis of the cavernous sheath causing deviation of the erection towards the affected side as well as pain and incomplete erection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary bacterial causes of Cystitis? |
|
Definition
| E. Coli & Gram - Enterococci |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of recurrent URIs? |
|
Definition
anatomic abnormalities - duplicated/ectopic ureters
pathologic abnormalities - calculi, prostatis, foreign bodies |
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Term
| What are the most common bacterial causes of Epididymitis in men < 35y/o? |
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Definition
| STDs including N. Gonorrhoeae and C. Trachomatis |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common bacterial causes of Epididymitis in men >35y/o? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What condition would you suspect if the patient presents with unilateral scrotal pain and swelling, dysuria and fever? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the cause of orchitis? |
|
Definition
| ascending bacterial infection from the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| With which common childhood bacterial infection is orchitis seen? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If the patient presents with fever, tachycardia, unilateral testicular edema and tenderness, what condition do you suspect? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What bacterial organisms are common with prostatitis? |
|
Definition
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Serratia
Klebsiella
Proteus Sp
Enterococci |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of prostatitis? |
|
Definition
| Type III - chronic abacterial/chronic pelvic pain syndrome |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of Pyelonephritis? What condition is a common cause of pyelonephritis? |
|
Definition
ascending infection from the lower urinary tract
pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are some common STI pathogens that cause urethritis? What are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
Gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia
Dysuria and d/c |
|
|
Term
| Which bladder cancer is the most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 risk factor for bladder cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key sign and symptom of bladder cancer? What else does this symptom have a cause for concern? |
|
Definition
Hematuria (gross or microscopic)
Renal cancer should be a ddx for hematuria |
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|
Term
| What can significant elevation of serum hCG produce? When is this elevated? |
|
Definition
| produces gynecomastia; elevated with testicular cancer |
|
|
Term
| When are many asymptomatic testicular cancer masses found? |
|
Definition
| detected during routine physical exam or during evaluation for infertility b/c testicular cancer can cause oligospermia |
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer are the majority of prostate cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of advanced stage of prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
bladder outlet obstruction
hematuria
bone pain |
|
|
Term
| Which chromosome deficit is renal cell carcinoma linked to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the classic triad of symptoms of renal cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
Hematuria,
flank pain,
palpable flank or abdominal mass |
|
|
Term
| With the Wilm's tumor, on what chromosome is the defect? |
|
Definition
| Defect on chromosome 11 and 12 |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Wilm's tumor? In which pts is this condition seen? |
|
Definition
HTN
palpable flank/abdominal mass
flank/abdominal pain
hematuria
Most common abdominal mass seen in 3 - 5 y/o |
|
|
Term
| How does renal cell carcinoma respond to radiation and chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
| It is resistant to both and therefore has a poor prognosis. |
|
|
Term
| If the Wilm's tumor affects the IVC what can occur? |
|
Definition
| IVC becomes blocked by tumor thrombus causing decreased venous return and lower extremity edema |
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