GI causes like obstruction

Neurologic causes like brain injury

3 main sources of constipation

• Neurogenic disorders such as stroke
• Functional or mechanical conditions such as tumors or impaction
• Environmental such as laxitive abuse or low fiber diet

1. osmotic diarrhea-fluid gets pulled into colon
2. secretory diarrhea-increase in bacteria growth-C diff
3. motility diarrhea-nerve fibers fire too much-IBS Inflammation

1. Parietal pain is localized and intense
2. Visceral pain arises from a stimulus with a radiating pattern
3. Referred pain is visceral pain felt at a distance from the effected organ

bright red blood in stool

from hemroids low in the large intestine

black sticky tarry foul smelling stool

due to digested blood in stool

1. reflux of chyme
2. reflux esophagitis
3. weak esophageal sphincter

1. heartburn
2. regurgitation
3. upper abdominal pain

1. mucosal injury and inflammation
2. bleeding
3. aspiration

• Sliding - stomach telescopes into esophagus
• Paraesophageal - stomach rolls along side of the esophagus

• small frequent meals
• sitting upright during meals
• avoid tight clothing

• Epigastric pain and fullness
• nausea
• succussion splash
• vomiting

erosion of the surface epithelium

Caused by meds

1. chronic inflammatory changes
2. pernicious anemia - lack of intrinsic factor to absorb B12
3. over secretion of gastrin
4. increased risk of gastric cancer