Term
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Definition
High levels of a substance inhibit hormone synthesis and secretion, but low levels stimulate.
Ex. Low calcium level stimulate parathyroid hormone(PTH) synthesis. When calcium level gets high,calcitonin (a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland) acts to decrease calcium concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| high levels of a substance stimulate synthesis and secretion, low levels inhibit. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Negative feed back-High levels of a substance inhibit hormone synthesis/secretion, but low levels stimulate. Ex. Low calcium level stimulate parathyroid hormone(PTH) synthesis. When calcium level comes up, parathyroid hormone synthesis decrease.
2.Positive feedback– high levels of a substance stimulate synthesis and secretion, low levels inhibit.
3.Nervous system—release epinephrine is the stimulation of adrenal gland by nervous system
4.rhythms– hormones levels changes, fluctuate by the circadian rhythms |
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Term
| Nervous system hormone regulation |
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Definition
| Nervous system stimulate adrenal gland that causes it to release c. |
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Term
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Definition
Epinephrine is often shortened to epi or to EP,
it is a "fight or flight" hormone, and plays a central role in the short-term stress reaction. It is released from the adrenal glands when danger threatens or in an emergency. Such triggers may be threatening, exciting, or environmental stressor conditions such as high noise levels, or bright light and high ambient temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances, affect only specific target cells with specific receptors, it initiate specific functions or activates |
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Term
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Definition
Secretion of ADH--Antidiuretic hormone
Secretion of Oxytocin |
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Term
| ADH-- Antidiuretic Hormone |
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Definition
ADH- decrease urine out put, retention of water, increase Blood pressure
Secreted by adrenal gland to regulate the body's retention of water; it is released when the body is dehydrated and causes the kidneys to conserve water, thus concentrating the urine, and reducing urine volume. It also raises blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. |
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Term
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH |
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Definition
| High level of ADH caused by tumor( Tumor cells release ADH), transient after surgery, Meds, infedtions |
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Term
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
Patho-- |
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Definition
1. ADH causes water retention,
2. body got excess fluid volume and dilutional hyponatremia(Low concentration of sodium in serum),
3. Hyponatremia suppress Renin secretion
4. less renin cause dec in aldosterone so dec reabsorption pf Na
4. total all become more hyponatremia,so hypoosmolarity, and water retention |
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Term
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Definition
a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid family) produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. |
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Term
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
Symptoms |
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Definition
| causes dilutional hyponatremia and all the consequences associated with that condition: muscle weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and confusion may ensue. Severe hyponatremia may cause convulsions, confusion, or coma. |
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Term
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
Tx. and DX. |
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Definition
Dx. serum osmolarity dec
urine osmolarity inc
serum Na increase
Urine output dec
Tx. water restrictions, drink less water.
Hypertonic saline solution-to increase serum osmolarity,
chronic SIADH(syndrome of inappropriate ADH)--meds to inhibit ADH |
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Term
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Definition
insufficient ADH(low level of ADH), or decrease of action of ADH( enough but don’t work well)
excessive intake fluid/ a defect in ADH production defect in the kidneys' response to ADH |
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Term
Diabetes Insipidus
Patho
Neurogenic
Nephrogenic |
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Definition
Neurogenic---Dec in ADH leads to excretion of large amount dilute urine, the serum osmolarity is increase, can cause dehydration , shock.(destroyed by a variety of underlying diseases including renal tumors,kidney infections, head injuries, infiltrations, and various inheritable defects.)
Nephrogenic---ADH level is OK but collection ducts don’t respond to ADH,so no water retention.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to the inability of the kidney to respond normally to ADH. Large amount of dilute urine |
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Term
Diabetes Insipidus
Symptoms |
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Definition
Polyuria--yes, too much diluted urine
nocturia--yes, too much urine even during the night need to get up to pee
Inc thirst--lost too much fluid, dehydration
Fatigue----dehydration
HB--get low since the hypovolumia
HR--goes up due to the increase of demand
may get shock due to the decreased volume |
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Term
Diabetes Insipidus
DX. TX. |
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Definition
Dx. serum osmolarity inc
urine osmolarity dec
water deprivation study--no water drinking to see the Urine out put.
Tx. fluid to replace the lost
take synthetic ADH if it is due to the low level of ADH
Meds to enhance ADH--if kidney dec the response to ADH |
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Term
|
Definition
Functions: secretion of growth hormone(GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)--stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)-stimulates adrenal gland
prolactin(PR)--In breastfeeding , milk production
gonadotropic hormones(FSH, LH) |
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Term
Anterior pituitary
Hypopituitarism |
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Definition
| decreased secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the anterior pituitary gland at the base of the brain |
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Term
| panhypopituitarism (pan meaning "all") |
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Definition
| If there is decreased secretion of most pituitary hormones, |
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Term
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Definition
infarctions- lack of blood flow cause tissue necrosis and edema, the gland function decreased
Tumors--destruction of gland, decreased hormone secreation. |
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Term
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Definition
weakness--- less hormone
HA
sexual dysfunction--not enough hormoe
Dec tolerance to stress--not enough some stress hormone
vision changes--if the tumor extends to the optic nerve or optic chiasm, there may be visual field defects. |
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Term
Hypopituitarism
panhypopituitary
symptoms |
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Definition
cortisol deficiency(dec ACTH), less stimulating to the adrenal gland, so decrease of cortisol, and become less tolerance to stress
Thyroid deficiency(TSH), diabetes isipidus(because the thyroid stimulating hormone is decreased , so No ADH),
gonadal failure(sufficient amounts of sex hormones ),
Dec GH-decreased in muscle mass. |
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Term
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Definition
Dx. radioimmunoassay--a scientific method used to test antigens (for example, hormone levels in the blood) without the need to use a bioassay.
Tx. hormone replacement |
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Term
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Definition
GH promotes bone and cartilage growth,
metabolisms level change-- elevation of blood glucose, protein synthesis and mobilizes glucose and fatty acids.
excess GH causes soft tissue and bony overgrowth.
If excess before closure of epiphyses------------
cause gigantism-growth supper tall.
After closure--acromegaly- horizontal (wedth) growth.
Metabolic effects- inhibit up take glucose----hyperglycemia, diabetes. |
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Term
Excess Growth Hormone
symptoms |
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Definition
enlargement of bones
back and joint pain
enlargement of soft tissue
large tongue difficult to speak
cardiac problems
overactive sebaceous and sweat glands. |
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Term
Excess Growth Hormone
Dx and Tx |
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Definition
Dx.
GH test
oral glucose test
MRI--to see the shape of the bone
Tx.
Radiation, Radiation to decrease the size of the gland, meds to dec GH |
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Term
Thyroid Gland
produce 3 types of hormones |
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Definition
1. T4-thyroxin- 90% of thyroid hormone, converted to T3 at cell, they both effect metabolic rate. They are needed for the development of brain and nerve growth.
2. Triidothyronine T3, the active form or T4
T3 and T4 affect metabolic rate, caloric requirements, increases the basal metabolic rate and thus increases the body's oxygen and energy consumption.
3. calcitonin--produced in humans primarily by C-cells of the thyroid, it response to the high level of calcium, It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) increase blood calcium level. |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in humans primarily by C-cells of the thyroid, it response to the high level of calcium, It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), |
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Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| increase blood calcium level. |
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Term
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Definition
| overactive tissue within the thyroid gland, resulting in overproduction and thus an excess of circulating free thyroid hormones: thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine (T3), or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyrotoxicosis is the term for symptomatic hyperthyroxinemia. Hypermetabolism from excess hormone. Women 40-60 year old |
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Patho
Graves disease |
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Definition
graves- autoimmune disease- stimulation of thyroid with antibodies against TSH receptors. Antibodies stimulate production of T3 and T4, overproduced T3 and T4 causes hypermetabolism
the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles |
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Patho
Toxic Goiter |
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Definition
| the little cells or nodules in the thyroid gland that secrete hormone, that increase thyroid hormones. More in older women. Late 60-70. |
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Term
|
Definition
nervousness, excitability,
wt loss( eat a lot but still loss wt),
inc HR, palpitations,
SOB, in RR
heat intolerance, sweating,
inc GI motility, cause diarrhea,
insomnia,
protrusion of eyeballs, |
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Dx. and Tx. |
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Definition
Dx. T4, T3, level high
TSH level dec,
iodine uptake test---people take iodine very fast for the hormone production.
Tx. Remove thyroid- replacement, radiation, anti-thyroid meds- to block T4, T3. |
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Term
Hypothyroidism
Primary
secondary |
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Definition
dec production of thyroid hormone
Primary---diminished thyroid tissue
secondary--dec TSH due to pituitary. Occurs if the pituitary gland does not create enough thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to induce the thyroid gland to produce enough thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Although not every case of secondary hypothyroidism has a clear-cut cause, it is usually caused by damage to the pituitary gland, as by a tumor, radiation, or surgery. |
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Term
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism
Myxedema |
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Definition
Cretinism---infancy---stunt growth and mental retardation
Myxedema----adults--- accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in dermis—cause puffiness |
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Term
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Definition
sluggishness( very)
fatigue( the slow metabolism)
impaired memory( everything is slow down)
wt gain--the metabolism is slow down, so use less energy
cold intolerance--metabolic rate
dec GI motility--again--everything is slow down
Dec HR--yeah--the same
Dec libido--no energy to fuck
fluid retention(on the puffy face |
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Term
Hypothyroidism
Dx. and Tx. |
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Definition
Dx. T4, T3 levels( should be decreased)
TSH levels --primary, with a increased level.
secondary--with a decreased level
Tx. Hormone replacement |
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Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH ) |
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Definition
| is a peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland.[1] |
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Term
Parathyroid Gland
Hyperparathyroidism
primary
secondary
tertiary |
|
Definition
secrete parathyroid hormone(PTH)--regulates calcium level(increase Calcium level, inc GI reabsorption of Ca
take calcium from bone.
Hyperparathyroidism--too much PTH increase calcium level.
primary--tumor
secondary--response to chronical low calcium level
tertiary--hyperplasia of gland(gland growth too big), and loss of sensitivity to Calcium.
hyperplasia
n. 增生; 数量性肥大 |
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Term
Parathyroid Gland
Hyperparathyroidism
symptoms |
|
Definition
1, fractures--calcium be taken away from bone
2. muscle weakness
3. metabolic acidosis, Ca is acidic, high Ca lead to H+ excreation
4. N/V, constipation
5. insulin resistance--insulin requirement increased.
6. kidney stone due to the high level of Calcium |
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Term
Parathyroid Gland
Hyperparathyroidism
Dx.and Tx. |
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Definition
PTH inc, calcium Inc, phosphate Dec, urine pH alkaline, bone density is low.
Tx. Surgery to remove parathyroid gland
diuretics--help to get rid or calcium
Meds, dec resorption (release) of Ca from bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
dec in PTH, after thryoid surgery
with hypomagnesium
dec in PTH causes dec in serum Ca level |
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Term
Hypoparathyroidism
symptoms |
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Definition
muscle spasms--no Calcium
hyperreflex
n. 对刺激的过度反应, 增强的反射
tetany ---tingling foot or hand
n. 手足抽搐
seizures
laryngeal spasms--airway |
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Term
Hypoparathyroidism
Dx. Tx. |
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Definition
Dx. PTH dec
serum Ca level dec
serum phosphate level inc
Tx. Ca pills
Vit D |
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Term
|
Definition
produce the corticosteroids hormones.
Adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH hormone that produced by anterior pituitary,
so if anterior pituitary gland has problem, that will lead to the adrenal cortex also gets problems as well. |
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Term
Adrenal Cortex
glucocorticoid
mineralocorticoids
androgens |
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Definition
Glucocorticoids--
inc conversiuon of protein and fat to glucose--gluconeogenesis
inc breakdown of protein an fatty acids for energy
Dec immune response and inflammatory respones
Mineralocorticoids--fluid and e-lyte balance. ( alsosterone-sodium and water reabsorption and K excretion
androgens--sex steroids--testosterone, estrogen |
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Term
Adrenal Cortex
Cushings Syndrome
Cushings disease |
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Definition
too much corticosteroids. Most common cause is ACTH secreting pituitary tumor/ other cause is adrenal tumor, ectopic ACTH producing tumor.
Cushings disease:caused by the pituitary tumor.
Patho-no regulation of secretion of hormone |
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Term
Adrenal Cortex
Cushings Syndrome
Cushings disease
symptoms |
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Definition
Glucocorticoids--Wt gain due to the adipose tissue in the trunk, facial and cervical areas/ glucose intolerance(hyperglycemia)due to cortisol-induced insulin resistance and increased gluconeogensis, and glycogen storage by the liver./ protein wasting—limps become thin and weak even the wt is gain./ easy bruising and purple striae in abdomen—collagen loss, thin skin/ bronze skin due to the ACTH that darken skin/ delayed wound healing due to the decreased immune and inflammatory response. Mood disturbances.
Mineralocorticoids– water, Na retention because of the aldosterone( too much). K dec.,that all causes HTN.
Androgens—acne—内分泌失调/ women-virilization/ men gynecomastia, bigger breasts. |
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Term
Adrenal Cortex
Cushings Syndrome
Cushings disease
Dx. Tx. |
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Definition
Dx. Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) level
serum and urine cortisol
blood glucose
Tx. Meds to suppress cortisol
surgery remove |
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Term
Adrenal cortex
Hyperaldosteronism |
|
Definition
excess secretion of aldosterone
excess secretion of aldosterone by primary( adrenal cortex secretion), secondary( kidney or something else causes the excess secretion of aldosterone)
leads to inc Na and water reabsorption--hypervolemia, inc secretion of K--hypokalemia |
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|
Term
Adrenal cortex
Hyperaldosteronism
symptoms |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Adrenal cortex
Hyperaldosteronism
Dx. Tx. |
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Definition
Dx. serum Na, K, and aldosterone.
aldosterone suppression test- 2L fluid IV to see the level of aldosterone before and after. People should go down with the dlsosterone.
tx. Surgery to remove tumor, meds to control HTN, hypokalemia(take the pill) |
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Term
|
Definition
| insufficent function that leads to all corticosteroids are dec. it is autoimmune reaction the adrenal tissue is destroyed by antibodies that against adrenal cortex. With a elevated serum ACTH but with a inadequate corticosteroid synthesis. Cancer, AIDS all can cause this disease. |
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Term
Addisone disease
Symptoms- |
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoids---dec in fluconeogenesis so cause the hypoglycemia/ weakness, fatigue/ N and Vomiting. Wt loss. |
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Term
|
Definition
Symptoms- Glucocorticoids– dec in fluconeogenesis so cause the hypoglycemia/ weakness, fatigue/ N and Vomiting. Wt loss.
Mineralocorticoids– inc Na and water loss ( less aldosterone), K retention/
Androgens- decreased axillary and pubic hair. |
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Term
Addisons Disease
dx. and tx. |
|
Definition
Dx. The serum cortisol and aldosterone level test( low)/ urine cortisol and aldosterone level test( Low). ACTH inc./ serum K inc./ Glucose( hypoglycemia)/ ACTH stimlation test—give ACTH by IV to see thecortisol is inc or not. If still low,
Tx. Replace steroids and diet in high in Na |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secretes Insulin by B cells to reduce glucose, and glucagon--alfa cells to increase blood glucose level. |
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Term
|
Definition
lack in insulin production by B-cells of pancreases or the insulin produced is ineffective.
1. dec utilization of glucose.
2. increased fat mobilization.
3. increased protein utilization |
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Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Type I ( insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) |
|
Definition
Insulin production dec or completely absent due to dec in number of B-cells in pancreas. <40 old
Patho- genetic factors with exposure to virus, Human leukocyte antigens(HLAs), HLA antigen destroyes B-cells—proteins that found in body that / autoimmune reaction
Onset is progression of symptoms rapid
Three Ps—polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia. Weight loss, breakdown fat and proteins, ketosis |
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Term
|
Definition
NIDDM
80% of cases, >40. amount of insulin produced may be normal, Inc or dec. but glucose has problems to be transported into cell because of the reduced receptor sides, or the receptor sides are located on the other side of the cell. It can be genetic problems, and obesity. Overweight people has more insulin, but less sensitivity to the insulin.
No three Ps or Yes. Onset gradual, obesity associated with type II, fatigue, inc. skin infections, recurrent infections, genital pruritis(阴部瘙痒,vision change. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diabetes by pregnancy after birth, it will be recovered. |
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Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Secondary causes |
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Definition
| Meds that cause blood sugar to raise that cause DM, or pancreases cancer may cause DM. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Blood glucose level random normal—80-160
Fasting blood sugar—normal 70-110
Oral glucose tolerance test |
|
|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Acute complication
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) |
|
Definition
most happened in type I— extreme hyperglycemia, it will cause osmotic diuresis. and ketones-cause metabokic acidosis and h2O loss. Polyuria—loss K. cause hypovolemia, and hyperosmolarity. Metabolic acidosis.
N/V hypotension, change in MS, kussmauls resp.
Tx. insulin, fluid, electrolytes |
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|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Acute complication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Acute complication
Hyperosmolar Non-ketotic Coma (HHNK) |
|
Definition
severe hyperglycemia, has a little bit insulin, so no ketosis. hyperosmolarity due to the hyperglycemia
hypovolemia
SS similar to DKA except no acidosis or ketosis
Tx. insulin, fluid, e-lytes |
|
|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Acute complication
hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
BS <50 symptoms
symptoms-glucose is the only energy sources for brain. If people take too much insulin, too little food, or exercise too much. Mild: tremors, palpitations, diaphoresis moderate: CNS function impaired, HA, inability to concentrate, drowsiness severe: disorientation, unconsciousness, seizures Tx. IV, sugar water, |
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|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
chronic complication
retinopathy |
|
Definition
Microcirculation accumulation of glucose on the wall of blood vessel will cause the base membrane get thicker and thicker, so nutrition and O2 get harder to get through the membrane.
retina’s blood vessels be effected, blindness |
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|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
chronic complication
nephropathy |
|
Definition
| damage to capillaries that supply glomerulus, nephron damage, renal failure. |
|
|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
chronic complication
Neuropathy |
|
Definition
Neuropathy-70% of diabeticsm, dec in nerve conduction.
less sensation on foot, high risk to injury
Peripheral neropathy, buring, aching, painful at times. Muscle weakness, sensory loss, loss of fine motor skills, problems with ambulation. Potential for injury or undetected injury
GI—gastroparesis-delayed emptying of gastric contents
GU-neurogenic bladder-urinaty retentkion, UTIs, impotence |
|
|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
chronic complication
Macrovascular disease |
|
Definition
| athetosclerosis- CAD, stroke, peripheral vascular disease |
|
|
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
chronic complication
Infections |
|
Definition
sensory change--no awareness of infection
hypoxia--vessel basement get too thick
pathogens---hyperglycemia--happy growth for pathogens
blood supply
WBC |
|
|
Term
Human defense mechanisms
Innate resistance |
|
Definition
| natural immunity(Skin ,mucous, membrane, normal flora, lactobacillus-for women vaginal protection) |
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|
Term
Human defense mechanisms
Inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| response to tissue injury or infection. It is immediate response, inc. vasodilatation, inc. vascular permeability. Mast cell degranulation (release histamine to dilate vessels, release chemotacitic factors to attracts leukocytes, etc.) |
|
|
Term
Human defense mechanisms
Adaptive(acquired) immunity |
|
Definition
| be actived by innate immune system signals the cells of adaptive immunity, very specific . |
|
|
Term
Normal Immune Response
Defense |
|
Definition
| protects against invasion of microorganisms, and foreign antigens( pollens, food, drugs, transplant tissues). |
|
|
Term
Normal Immune Response
Homeostasis |
|
Definition
| clean up the damaged cellular substances. |
|
|
Term
Normal Immune Response
surveillance |
|
Definition
| removing any mutations that in the body |
|
|
Term
Five properties of Immune response
1.specificity |
|
Definition
| using specific antibody for specific antigen |
|
|
Term
Five properties of Immune response
Memory |
|
Definition
| remembering antigens, then acts very fast at the secondary immune response |
|
|
Term
Five properties of Immune response
Self-regulation |
|
Definition
| can identifies body’s own proteins, and find the foreign proteins substances |
|
|
Term
Five properties of Immune response
Self-limitation |
|
Definition
| after antigen is removed , the immune response dec. that to provide no harm self. |
|
|
Term
Five properties of Immune response
Specialization |
|
Definition
| can reacts with different types of antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not produced by immune response, we are naturally immune to some disease at birth. |
|
|
Term
Types of Immunity
acquired |
|
Definition
Active immunity- antibodies formed by the resulting of from virus invasion, disease, or immunization. It takes longer time to develop, but since antibodies are formed, it can last longer.
Passive immunity-fast but temporary . host receives antibodies from others, but not synthesize by its self,. immediate protection, but the body does not develop memory Ex. Gamma globulin |
|
|
Term
Components of the Immune System
Lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
1. Central- Bone marrow, it produce B lymphocytes .Thymus produce T lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes can perform the specific immunologic memory.
2. Peripheral-Skin-lymphoid tissue, Lymph nodes, spleen. |
|
|
Term
Components of the Immune System
Mononuclear phagocyte system |
|
Definition
| the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue, primarily monocytes and macrophages |
|
|
Term
Humoral Immunity
antibody-mediated |
|
Definition
| 1. B-lymphocytes- they are reacting with antigens, and then produce antibodies– the immunoglobulines-proteins, have many different types and all has its own specific functions(IgG, IgA, IgD, etc.). B lymphocyte is actived by the pathogen’s antigen, then B cells release anti-bodies(immunoglobulis) to destroys the antigen and the invaded particles. But Ex. Antigens are pollens, proteins, also, human’s cell also has antigens, transplant organs, transfused bloods. |
|
|
Term
Humoral Immunity
cell-mediated immunity |
|
Definition
| does not involve antibodies, but activate macrophages, natural killer cells, antigen-specific cytoktoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. |
|
|
Term
T-lymphocytes types
Cytotoxic T cells |
|
Definition
| destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection by release toxin to destroy foreigners. |
|
|
Term
c
Helper T cells/ T suppresser cells |
|
Definition
| for regulation of immune response, both for humoral and cell mediated response. Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called cytokines that regulate or assist in the immune response. |
|
|
Term
T-lymphocytes types
Cytokines |
|
Definition
| messengers. released by T cells B cells or macrophages. They are a category of signaling proteins and glycoproteins that, like hormones and neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cellular communication. Ex. interferon |
|
|
Term
T-lymphocytes types
Macrophages/phagocytes |
|
Definition
| also release cytokines and to stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen. Acts as Phagocytes, they eat and ingest pathogenic and infectious agents in the body. |
|
|
Term
T-lymphocytes types
Natural killer cells/ large lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| they are large lymphocytes, their major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses and rejection of transplant organ tissues. The cells kill by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die by apoptosis or necrosis. |
|
|
Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions-
Type I |
|
Definition
| (immediate ) : IgE-mediated: Most this type of reactions are environmental antigens– allergies. After exposure to an environmental antigen, the antigen-specific IgE is produced by E cells . The large amounts of antigen and repeated exposures cause more IgE and so become sensitization. The IgE bound to Mast cells, cause mast cells release mast cells products(Ex. Histamine), then finally cause the inflammatory response. bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, vasodilatation, vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions-
Type II |
|
Definition
| (immediate): tissue specific: direct binding of antibodies to antigen on cell surface that cause tissue destroction. EX. (Goodpasture’s syndrome (anti-glomerular basement membrane disease) the autoimmune disease produced when the patient’s immune system attacks cells presenting the Goodpasture antigen (a type II hypersensitivity reaction), which are found in the kidney and lung, causing damage to these organs. EX. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the condition of having a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) of no known cause (idiopathic). As most causes appear to be related to antibodies against platelets, |
|
|
Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions-
Type III |
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Definition
| (immediate) immune complex hypersensitivity. occurs when antigens and antibodies are present in roughly equal amounts, causing extensive cross-linking.It is characterized by soluble antigens that are not bound to cell surfaces (which is the case in type II hypersensitivity). When these antigens bind antibodies, large immune complexes form[1] that cannot be cleared. They deposit in vessel walls and induce an inflammatory response, and can cause tissue damage wherever they precipitate. The reaction can take hours, days, or even weeks to develop. |
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Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions-
Type IV |
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Definition
| (Deleted): It is cell mediated- delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes two to three days to develop. Unlike the other types, it is not antibody mediated but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. Sensitized t-cells, t-cells release cytotoxic or cytokine that cause tissue destroyed. Ex. Organ transplant rejection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type I reaction, the inc IgE leading to sensitization, trigger the mast cell release Histamine, and then causes inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
the all effects that caused by the histamine
mild: Sneezing, rhinitis, eyes, hives
Severe: dysrhythmias, bronchial constriction, edema, hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
Dx. Skin test;
radioimmnosorbent(RIST)total IgE; radioallergosorbet(RAST)-specific IgE
Tx. Avoid allergen, desensitization(produce blocking antibodies to block IgE on the mast cells , antihistamines, epinephrine-used for severe symptoms to control the releasing of the mast cell’s inflammatory mediator, and the target cell response to the mediator. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Body fails to recognize self-proteins and attack them) |
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Term
Autoimmunity
Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) |
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Definition
chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of connective tissue. Affect most in 20s to 40s women. cuase unkown(infection?environmental?Genitic?)
Patho-production of autoantibodies againset cellular components, mainly on DNA, autoantibodies bind to DNA antigens and immune complexes accumulate, then cause tissue damage. |
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Term
Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)
symptoms |
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Definition
| facial rash;photosensitivity;arthritis,joint pain;renal disorders;neurological disorders(brain-seizures, psychosis; anemia since the damage of the kidney, and red blood cells |
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Term
Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)
Dx. Tx. |
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Definition
Dx. Antinuclear antibodies; anti-DNA; anti Sm antibody(smith nuclear antigen)-the marker of Lupus.
Tx. Aspirin for mild symptom, NSAIDS, Corticosteroids; immunosuppresives. Can not cure the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
immune system produces reaction against tissues of another. It is transplant rejection. Rejection due to reaction against antigens(HLA) on donated tissue. Type IV reaction, cell mediated
Acute rejection-occurs about in two weeks after transplant, can be treated by immunosuppresive med
Chronic rejection-month, years, slow organ failure. |
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Term
| Immunodeficiency Disorders |
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Definition
| Immunodeficiency disorders occur when the body's immune response is reduced or absent. Caused by recurrent infections. |
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Term
Immunodeficiency Disorders
congenital |
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Definition
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Term
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Acquired |
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Definition
( common) cancer, caused by other illness or related to:
1.nutritional: low calories, low protein, low in zinc, Vit-E, Vit-A, that all can decrease number of T-cells, B-cells, and their function is decrease as well. 2.iatrogenic- drugs, chemotherapy, splenectomy, lymph node removal.
3.trauma- burns
4.stress-change hormone level, change immune function. |
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Term
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Definition
AIDS caused by infection of HIV, immune system incompetent, T-cells dec. it is opportunistic infection
Transmission- most common- sexual, anal intercourse. Blood, IV drug. Perinatal-from mother to infant
Patho- HIV retrovirus-RNA – DNA. HIV binds to CD4 receptors on cells, its RNA transcribed into DNA, then the Viral DNA enters nucleus of cell and become permanent part of cell’s genetic structure.
Infects Monocytes, brain and nerve cells, and T- helper cell is highly risk since it has more CD4 receptors. Normal T-cell count-800-1200/ml. Immune problems start when the T-cell count less than 500, severe problemswhen t-cells less than 200—AIDS diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
1. acute retroviral syndrome- seroconversion occurs, HIV antibodies develop. Flu-like symptoms, muscle pain, occur 1-3 weeks after infection and last 1-2 weeks. T-cell count drops, but can get back to normal.
2. Early infection- asymptomatic- median interval about 8 years, vague symptoms-HA, night sweat, fatigue.
3.Early Symptomatic disease---T-cell drops below 500—fever, chronic diarrhea, chronic enlarged lymph node, yeast infection, herpes infection
4.AIDS– T-cell drop less than 200, high risk of opportunistic infection—every infections can occur. Survival about tow years or more |
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Term
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Definition
DX. HIV antibodies(two month after infected)/ T-cell count <500 / viral load> 10,000
Tx. Antiviral, block reverse transriptase. Meds for opportunistic infections |
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