Term
| Two broad-category causes of Cheyne-Stokes respirations |
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Definition
| Neurologic injury or profound metabolic alterations. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Respiratory acidosis can result from:
A) increased minute ventilation.
B) decreased PaCO2.
C) tissue hypoxia.
D) reduced tidal volumes. |
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Definition
| D) reduced tidal volumes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Imbalance between alveolar ventilation and perfusion |
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Term
| Two broad-category causes of V/Q mismatch caused by lung dysfunction |
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Definition
| Decreased ventilation and impaired diffusion of gases at the alveolar/capillary membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe inflammation and scarring in the pulmonary tissue due to prolonged exposure to coal dust, asbestos, and other inhaled toxins |
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Term
| What leads to pulmonary thrombus formation in acute respiratory distress syndrome? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What causes bronchoconstriction and airway edema in an individual with asthma? |
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Definition
| Exposure to an allergen results in mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| What is pulsus paradoxus? |
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Definition
| Exaggeration of the normal variation during the inspiratory phase of respiration, in which the blood pressure declines as one inhales and increases as one exhales |
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Term
| In emphysema, how is alveolar surface area lost? |
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Definition
| The destruction of alveolar septa and the loss of elastic recoil in emphysema lead to the loss of alveolar surface area and the collapse of airways during expiration. |
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Term
| Why does the accumulation of exudates and fibrin deposition lead to hypoxemia in pneumonia? |
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Definition
| (V/Q) mismatching and impairment of the diffusion of oxygen at the alveolocapillary membrane |
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Term
| Productive vs. dry cough in viral versus bacterial pneumonia. |
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Definition
| A dry cough is indicative of a viral pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia usually manifests with a productive cough. |
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Term
| What virus is responsible for SARS? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a person catch H5N1 virus? |
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Definition
| The H5N1 virus has only been transmitted from birds to humans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Right ventricular heart failure due to respiratory disease |
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Term
| What exactly causes cor pulmonale? |
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Definition
| Increased right ventricular afterload from pulmonary hypertension can lead to right ventricular failure. |
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Term
| Although metaplasia is generally ____, the metaplastic cells can become ____ if an individual ____. |
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Definition
| Reversible; cancerous; continues to smoke |
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Term
| Why does a tension pneumothorax cause lung collapse? |
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Definition
| The air in the pleural cavity exceeds the atmospheric pressure in the alveoli. |
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|
Term
| What is status asthmaticus? |
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Definition
| Prolonged, severe bronchospasm that can be life-threatening if not reversed. |
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Term
| What causes the smooth muscle hypertrophy in chronic bronchitis? |
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Definition
| Inspired irritants stimulate inflammation, mucous secretion, and bronchospasm, which can lead to smooth muscle thickening in the airways. |
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|
Term
| What is the classic sign of chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| A productive cough for three months. |
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|
Term
| Three symptoms of pleurisy. |
|
Definition
| Pain on inspiration, fever, and chills |
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|
Term
| In a urinary tract obstruction, where does dilation occur? |
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Definition
| Proximal to the obstruction |
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|
Term
| Why does proper hydration prevent renal calculi? |
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Definition
| Most renal calculi form when salts in the urine become concentrated or “supersaturated.” |
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|
Term
| Define neurogenic bladder |
|
Definition
| Neurologic lesions cause bladder dysfunction |
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|
Term
| Flank pain is a manifestation of ____, usually caused by _____. |
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Definition
| An upper urinary tract obstruction; renal calculi |
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Term
| Definition of nephrotic syndrome. |
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Definition
| Daily loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein in the urine. |
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Term
| Levels of what two compounds in the blood will increase in chronic renal failure, and why? |
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Definition
| Chronic renal failure presents with increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, since these metabolic waste products are not excreted by the dysfunctioning kidneys. |
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|
Term
| Why is protein restriction necessary in chronic renal failure? |
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Definition
| Protein restriction is necessary to avoid excessive uremia caused by metabolism of amino acids. Adequate caloric intake is necessary, and there is no reason to restrict carbohydrates or fats in the diet. |
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Term
| ACE inhibitors are a risk factor for what renal disease? |
|
Definition
| Acute (not chronic) renal failure. |
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Term
| Alkaline vs acidic urine increases the likelihood of forming which two different kinds of renal calculi? |
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Definition
| An alkaline urinary pH increases the likelihood of forming a calcium phosphate stone, while an acidic urine pH increases the likelihood of forming a uric acid stone. |
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|
Term
| Which gender is more likely to get renal cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Renal cell carcinoma occurs two times more often in men than women. |
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|
Term
| __% of all UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the cause of glomerulonephritis. |
|
Definition
| Formation of antigen-antibody complexes in which the antigen is a nonrenal streptococcal infection. The antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the glomerular membrane, where an injurious inflammatory response ensues. |
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Term
| Goodpasture syndrome is a form of what kind of disease? What two tissues does it affect? |
|
Definition
| Goodpasture syndrome, a form of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, is caused by the production of autoantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane. Goodpasture syndrome also affects the pulmonary capillaries, causing pulmonary hemorrhages. |
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Term
| What causes prerenal acute renal failure. |
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Definition
| Prerenal acute renal failure occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is compromised. Severe hypotension from heart failure, hypovolemia, or shock is a leading cause. |
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|
Term
| How is vitamin D related to bone degeneration in kidney failure? |
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Definition
| Vitamin D, required for calcium absorption in the digestive tract, is activated in the kidneys. With chronic renal failure, vitamin D is not activated. |
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|
Term
| Four compounds that can form renal calculi. |
|
Definition
| Renal calculi are formed from struvite, calcium oxalate, uric acid, and, rarely, cystine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unabsorbed molecules draw water into the lumen, resulting in osmotic diarrhea. |
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|
Term
| Five manifestations of GERD. |
|
Definition
Heartburn
Dysphagia
Pain within one hour of eating
Acid regurgitation
Chronic cough |
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|
Term
| State the reasons for the three classic symptoms of small bowel obstruction (vomiting, pain, abdominal distention) |
|
Definition
| Symptoms of a small bowel obstruction include vomiting from vagal nerve stimulation, pain from bowel wall distention, and abdominal distension from accumulation of chyme or ascites. |
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|
Term
| What is the action of NSAIDs, and how does this lead to peptic ulcer? |
|
Definition
| NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which normally stimulates the production of gastric mucous. |
|
|
Term
| Incidence of gastric and duodenal ulcers by gender. |
|
Definition
| Men have a higher incidence of duodenal ulcers than women, and gastric ulcers affect men and women equally. |
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|
Term
| In a gastric ulcer, why is there pain with eating? |
|
Definition
| Presence of food stimulates acid and enzyme secretion, which causes further damage to the gastric mucosa and underlying tissue. |
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|
Term
| Where is intrinsic factor secreted, and where is B12 absorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What three enzymes secreted by the pancreas are needed for fat, protein and carb digestion? |
|
Definition
Lipase = fats
Proteases = proteins
Amylase = carbs |
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|
Term
| Which kind of colitis has a tendency to skip areas of the mucosa (skip lesions)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the progression of pain in someone presenting with appendicitis? |
|
Definition
| Most individuals with appendicitis present with periumbilical pain that increases in intensity over several hours and then “moves” to the right lower quadrant. |
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Term
| Explain the process of ascite formation in hepatic hypertension. |
|
Definition
| The back-up of blood in the mesenteric veins causes an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressures and the leakage of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, which is called ascites. |
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|
Term
| Why do ammonia levels increase in liver failure/injury? |
|
Definition
| When the liver is severely injured, hepatocytes are unable to convert ammonia to urea. The result is toxic accumulation of ammonia in the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dyspnea when lying supine |
|
|
Term
| Dyspnea can result from stimulation of receptors in the _____ muscles due to increased _____ or decreased lung _____. |
|
Definition
| Intercostal, airway resistance, compliance |
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|
Term
| What three serum changes might chemoreceptors detect that could cause dyspnea? |
|
Definition
| Changes in pH, arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), or arterial oxygen (PaO2) |
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|
Term
| Dyspnea can result from stimulation of ____, ____ or ____ receptors in the lung due to pathology in the lung parenchyma. |
|
Definition
| Stretch, irritant, or J receptors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea. |
|
|
Term
| Define ataxic respirations. |
|
Definition
| Significant disorganization with varying and irregular depth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minute volume = tidal volume x respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| When normal ventilation removes CO2 at a steady pace, what does the PaCO2 remain at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If CO2 is not "blown off" from the alveoli, then the _____ from blood to alveoli for CO2 is lost, and the PaCO2 _____. |
|
Definition
| Concentration gradient; increases |
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|
Term
| What is the timeframe for a cough to be considered acute or chronic? |
|
Definition
Acute < 3 weeks
Chronic > 3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Four common causes of acute cough |
|
Definition
| Upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, bronchitis, or pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Three common causes of chronic cough. |
|
Definition
| Postnasal drainage, asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux |
|
|
Term
| Four causes of either acute or chronic cough |
|
Definition
COPD
CHF
Lung cancer
ACE inhibitor drugs |
|
|
Term
| Term for coughing up blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ indicates the need for emergent evaluation and treatment; _____ indicates a more chronic condition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypercapnia results from what? And what two kinds of patients are most likely to have? |
|
Definition
Decrease in minute volume.
It occurs most often in patients who have a decreased drive to breathe or poor ability to respond to ventilatory stimulation. |
|
|
Term
| Three principal causes of hypoxemia. |
|
Definition
- Decreased oxygen delivery to alveoli
- Decreased diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood
- Decreased pulmonary perfusion |
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