Term
|
Definition
cannot make new cells and undergo hypertrophy only
-cardiac and skeletal muscle and nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in vitamin A deficiency, conjunctiva thin squamous-->stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle tissue changes to bone during healing after trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuously replenishing-intestinal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of blood re-entery in loosly organized tissue
-pulmonary and testicular infarction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dry gangrene-coagulative necrosis= mummified tissue
-->infection then liquefactive necrsosis=wet gangrene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bright pink from leaking of proteins into vessel wall
-malignant htn and vasculitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anti-apoptosis
-lack of Bcl2 allows cytochrome C to leak from the inner mitochondrial matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O2-->('O2-)-->H202-->'OH-->H20
-in mitochondria- turns O2- into H202
(catalase in peroxisomes)
-NADPH oxidase turns O2 into superoxide ('02-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dry cleaning industry
-->CCl3-->decreased apolipoproteins and fatty change in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AL amyloid from immunoglobulin light chains (multiple myeloma)
-secondary-AA amyloid from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)
-SAA-acute phase reactant from chonic inflammatory state, malignancy, familial mediterranean fever
-->nephrotic syndrome, restrictive cardiomyopathy/arryhtmia, tongue enlargment, malabsorption, hepatsplenomegaly
-congo red staining and apple-green birefringence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AL amyloid from immunoglobulin light chains (multiple myeloma)
-secondary-AA amyloid from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)
-SAA-acute phase reactant from chonic inflammatory state, malignancy, familial mediterranean fever
-->nephrotic syndrome, restrictive cardiomyopathy/arryhtmia, tongue enlargment, malabsorption, hepatsplenomegaly
-congo red staining and apple-green birefringence |
|
|
Term
| familial mediterranean fever |
|
Definition
AR==>dysfunction of nuetrophils--?episodes of fever with acute serosal inflammation (can mimmic appendicitis, arthritis, myocardial infarction)
-->increase SAA-->secondary amyloidosis |
|
|
Term
| senile cardiac amyloidosis |
|
Definition
non-mutated serum transthyretin deposits in heart
-usually asymptomatic
(vs. familial amyloid cardiomyopathy-mutated serum transthyretin=deposits in heart leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
Term
| familial amyloid cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
non-mutated serum transthyretin deposits in heart
-usually asymptomatic
(vs. familial amyloid cardiomyopathy- mutated serum transthyretin=deposits in heart leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from isulin-deposits in pancrease in type II diabetes |
|
|
Term
| dialysis associated amyloidosis |
|
Definition
| b2microgoblin deposits in joints |
|
|
Term
| tumor cells in an amyloid background |
|
Definition
| medullary carcinoma of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TLR on macrophages-->recognizes lipopolysaccharide (a PAMP)-->upregulation of NF-kappaB-->activated immune mediators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
E-fEver, pain, vasodilation
(bradykinin also leads to pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LTC4, D4, E4-->slow reactng subcstances in anaphylaxis-mediates vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, pericyte contraction (increase vascular permeability) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contracts and increase cell-cell gaps==>increase epithelium permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
factor XII
-inactive proinflammatory proein produced in liver-->activated when esposed to tissue collegen on subendothelial-->activates coagulation, complement, kinin system
--->DIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
selectins=speed bumps (rolling)
-released from Weibel-Palade bodies when activated by histamine
-bind sialyl Lewis X on leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
selectin=speed bump (rolling)
-activated by TNFalpha and IL-1 (fEver)
-bind sialyl Lewis X on leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adhesion
-ICAM and CAM on endothelium bind tightly to integrins on leukocytes upregulated by C5a and LTB4
-LAD=CD18=integrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR-protein trafficking defect
-impaires phagolysosome formation
-increase pyogenic infections, neutropenia (intramedullary death of neutrophils)
-giant granules in leukocytes
-defective primary hemostasis
-albinism
-peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic granulomatous disease |
|
Definition
XR, NADPH oxidase
-Staph, Psuedomonas, serratia (catalase)
-nitroblue tetrozolium turns blue with NADPH oxidase present (positve test) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lack central necrosis
-chrons, sarcoidosis, beryllium, cat scratch fever(stellate shaped granuloma) |
|
|
Term
| recurrent giardia lamblia infections |
|
Definition
think brutons- XLA (around 6 months)
-common variable immunodeficiency in late childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thrombocytopenia, exzema, recerruent infections
-Xlinked mutation in WASP gene |
|
|
Term
| deposits on both sides of mitral valve |
|
Definition
| libman sacks endocarditis (SLE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drug induces SLE
(hydralazine, procainamide, isoniazid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
false positve syphilis
-falsely elevated PTT and hypercoagulable (lupus anticoagulant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type IV hypersensitivity
-recurrent dental carries in older women
-anti SS-A, SS-B (Ro/La)-ribonucleoprotain antibodies
-->unilateral enlargement of parotid gland - marginal B-cell lymphoma (normal sjogrens=bilateral) |
|
|
Term
| anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies |
|
Definition
| Anti-Ro/La=sjogren syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sjogren syndrome
=anti SS-A/B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anti U1 ribonucleoproetins |
|
Definition
| mixed connective tissue disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
comprised of cells that are quiescent (G0)
-liver, proximal tubules of kidney (w/ ATN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
removes type III collagen-->type I
-requires zinc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important for angiogenesis, mediates skeletal muscle development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamin c needed for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in procollagen residues-->this is then crosslinked with an O-O bond with lysyl oxidase and copper
-zinc is then needed to change from type III-type I with collagenase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3:1
-if inverted or 6:1-->think monoclonality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hepatocellular carcinoma
-derived from aspergillus (grain)
-increase in africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SCC of skin, lung cancer, angiosarcoma
-present in cigarette smoke, can be identified in fingernails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stomach carcinoma-intestinal type
-smoked foods (japan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
urothelial carcinoma of bladder
-cigarette smoke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hepatic angiosarcoma
-PVC
(arsenic also causes hepatic angiosarcoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kaposi sarcoma
-eastern european males and immunosupressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platelt derived growth factor
-overexpression/autocrine loop-->astrocytoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-neural growth factor receptor
medullary thryoid cancer (MEN2a/b) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stem cell growth factor receptor
-GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tyrosine kinase, ch. 9
-t(9,22)- CML and ALL:( |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transciption factor, ch. 8
t(8,14)- burkitt lymphoma
-massive growth, starry sky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cmyc
transciption factor, ch. 8
t(8,14)- burkitt lymphoma
-massive growth, starry sky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cyclin D1
-G1-->S phase
-t(11,14)-mantle cell lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cyclin D1
-G1-->S phase
-t(11,14)-mantle cell lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cyclin-dependent kinase-->amplication leads to melanoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P53 upregulates BAX, which inhibits Bcl2-->apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RB gets phosophoylated by CDK4, release E2F-->allows G1-->S
-Rb mutation==free E2F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
t(14,18)
-overexpression in follicular lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bcl2
-overexpression in follicular lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphatics
-4 spread hematogenous like sarcomas
1.RCC-->renal vein
2. HCC-->hepatic vein
3. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
4. choriocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesenchymal cells (sarcoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neruoednrocrine cells (small cell, carcinoid tumors) |
|
|
Term
| alpha granules of platelets |
|
Definition
| vWF with weibel-palade bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
released from platlet dense granules, promotes exposure of GIIb/IIIa
-dense granules also release calcium needed for platelet activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platlets can't bind vWF via GPIb
-blood smear shows Big Suckers (big platelets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platelts cant aggregate via GpIIb/IIIa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| splenic autoantibodies and splenic consumption-->splenectomy is last resort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased ADAMTS12-enzyme that normally cleaves vWF for degradation
-decreased ADAMTS12 is usually from autoantibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activated factor VII
-extrinsic pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activates factor XII
-intensic pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AD
-increase PTT, normal PT because vWF stablizes factor VIII (intrinsic-PTT)
-ristocetin induces platelet aggregation by causing vWF to bind platlet GPIb-->abnormal=no aggregation
tx-desmopressin-->increase vWF rlease from Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated vit. K- activated vit K then gamma carboxylates factors II, VII, IX, and X |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epoxide reductase activated vit. K- activated vit K then gamma carboxylates factors II, VII, IX, and X |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heparin acts as haptin on Platelet factor 4 and triggers autoaimmune |
|
|
Term
| radical prostatectomy-->bleeding? |
|
Definition
release of urokinase activates plasmin-->excessive fibrinolysis
-will increase fibrinogen split products, but no D-dimer (no clots actually formed, only random fibrinogen cleaved, not clots
-tx-aminocaproic acid (like alpha2 antiplasmin) inactivates plasmin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elevated homocysteine-->endothelial damage
-decrease B12 or folate->increase homocysteine |
|
|
Term
| cystathionine beta synthase |
|
Definition
CBS-deficiency results in high homocysteine levels with homocystinuria
-homocysteine-->cystathionine
-->vessel thombosis, mental retardation, lens dislocation, long slender fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heparin binds and activated antithrombin- which inactivated thrombin
-deficiency=no rise of PTT with stardard heparin dose
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic form of decompression sickness-
N gas moves into joint/muscle (bends) and respiratory (chokes)-->multifocal necrosis of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AML M3-promyelocytic
-prominent auer rods-->chemotherapy can release these and cause DIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excessive fibrous tissue formation in the stroma
-seen adjecent to a invasive carcinoma (although the desmoplasia is benign) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase risk for type III hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| velocardiofacial syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heme and non-heme transportors on duodenum enterocytes for absorption of iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fe2+ + H2O2==? OH' and OH-
Fe(iron)ton rxn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hookworm-->iron deficient anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hookworm-->iron deficient anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron deficient anemia, esophageal web, atrophic glossitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute phase reactant from liver
-in chronic inflammation-->hepcidin sequsters iron in storage sits by limiting iron tranfer from macrophages to erythroid prescursors and by decreasing EPO
-increase ferritin, decrease TIBC, decrease serum iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anemia due to defective protoporhphyrin production
-iron is transfered to mitochondria to form heme-->no synthesis, iron is trapped in mitochondria (from ring around nucleus)
-congenital-most commonly aminolevulinic acid synthetase
-aquired-alcoholism, lead poisoning-inhibits ALA dehydrogenase and ferrochetalase, B6 deficiency (needed for ALA synthetase)
-B6 deficiency seen with isoniazid treatment
-increase ferritin, decrease TIBC, increase iron (looks iron overloaded) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyperpigmented neutrophils |
|
Definition
| b12 and folate deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutation in hereditary spherocytosis
(with spectrin, ankyrin, band 3.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutation in hereditary spherocytosis
(with spectrin, ankyrin, band 3.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutation in hereditary spherocytosis
(with spectrin, ankyrin, band 3.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased spherocyte fragility in hypotonic saline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vasoocclusion from sickle cell
-->gross hematuria and proeinuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glutamic acid is replaced by lysine
(ss-replaced by valine)
ABC order C less than S L less than V |
|
|
Term
| glycosylphosphatidylinositol |
|
Definition
GPI-secures fecay accelerating factor (DAF) to membrane
-protects by inhibiting C3 convertase
-NO GPI= NO DAF= C3b on cell-->destruction
=paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuia
-RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets are lysed.
-sucrose test screening
-->AML |
|
|
Term
| paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
|
Definition
GPI-secures fecay accelerating factor (DAF) to membrane
-protects by inhibiting C3 convertase
-NO GPI= NO DAF= C3b on cell-->destruction
=paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuia
-RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets are lysed.
-sucrose test screening
-->AML |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GPI-secures fecay accelerating factor (DAF) to membrane
-protects by inhibiting C3 convertase
-NO GPI= NO DAF= C3b on cell-->destruction
=paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuia
-RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets are lysed.
-sucrose test screening
-->AML |
|
|
Term
| decay accelerating factor |
|
Definition
GPI-secures fecay accelerating factor (DAF) to membrane
-protects by inhibiting C3 convertase
-NO GPI= NO DAF= C3b on cell-->destruction
=paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuia
-RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets are lysed.
-sucrose test screening
-->AML |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condensed nuclei remnants, splectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IgG-->extravascular hemolysis-->spherocytes after being consumed by spleen
-associated with SLE, CLL, drugs
IgM-->cold agglutinin-->intravascular hemolysis
-mycoplasma and mono
-coombs test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathologic process replaces bone marrow (metastatic cancer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hematopoietic stem cell--> myeloid and lymphoid
-left shirt-immature cells lack Fc receptor (CD16) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look for heterophile antibodies-IgM antiboides that cross react with horse /sheep RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prostate-blastic
breast-blastic and lytic
others-lytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myeloid cells (AML)
-crystalized as auer rods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ALL- good prognosis
-seen in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tcell ALL
"acute lymphoblastic lymphoma" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute promyelocutic leukemia
-translocation of retinoic acid receptor (RAR-ch.17)-blocks maturation of promyelocytes
-numerous auer rods-->DIC
-treat with all-trans retinoic acid-->matures cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute promyelocutic leukemia
-translocation of retinoic acid receptor (RAR-ch.17)-blocks maturation of promyelocytes
-numerous auer rods-->DIC
-treat with all-trans retinoic acid-->matures cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monoblasts, usually lack MPO
-infiltrate gums |
|
|
Term
| acute megakaryoblastic leukemia |
|
Definition
lack MPO
-associated with down syndrome:<5 years old=AML, >5 years old=ALL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CLL-naive B cells- express CD5 and CD20
-smudge cells with increased lymphocytes
-->LN "small lymphocytic lymphoma"
-->diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (richter transformation) marked by enlarging LN and Spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CLL-naive B cells- express CD5 and CD20
-smudge cells with increased lymphocytes
-->LN "small lymphocytic lymphoma"
-->diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (richter transformation) marked by enlarging LN and Spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CLL-naive B cells- express CD5 and CD20
-smudge cells with increased lymphocytes
-->LN "small lymphocytic lymphoma"
-->diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (richter transformation) marked by enlarging LN and Spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature B cells with hairy cytoplasmic processes
-cells are positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
-cells get trapped in spleen (red pump-->splenomegaly) and the BM (marrow fibrosis-->dry tap)-->NO LN
-excellent response to 2-CDA (cladribine)- an adenosine deaminase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature B cells with hairy cytoplasmic processes
-cells are positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
-cells get trapped in spleen (red pump-->splenomegaly) and the BM (marrow fibrosis-->dry tap)-->NO LN
-excellent response to 2-CDA (cladribine)- an adenosine deaminase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature B cells with hairy cytoplasmic processes
-cells are positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
-cells get trapped in spleen (red pump-->splenomegaly) and the BM (marrow fibrosis-->dry tap)-->NO LN
-excellent response to 2-CDA (cladribine)- an adenosine deaminase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CD4 T cells associated with HTLV-1
-japan and carribean
-rash, LN, hepatosplenomegaly, lytic bone lesions with hypercalcemia
"multiple myeloma + rash" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adult- tcell leukemia
CD4 T cells associated with HTLV-1
-japan and carribean
-rash, LN, hepatosplenomegaly, lytic bone lesions with hypercalcemia
"multiple myeloma + rash" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycosis fungoides
mture CD4 Tcells-->skin-->rash, plaque, nodules-->pautrier microabscesses
-->blood (sezary syndome)-sezary cells with cerebriform nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycosis fungoides
mture CD4 Tcells-->skin-->rash, plaque, nodules-->pautrier microabscesses
-->blood (sezary syndome)-sezary cells with cerebriform nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycosis fungoides
mture CD4 Tcells-->skin-->rash, plaque, nodules-->pautrier microabscesses
-->blood (sezary syndome)-sezary cells with cerebriform nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CML
-(9,22) brc-abl- tyrosine kinase
-->can transform to AML (2/3) or ALL (1/3) bease mutation is at pluripotent stem cell- this phase is characterized by splenomegaly
-negative LAP (leaukocute alkaline phosphate) |
|
|
Term
| leukocyte alkaline phosphatase |
|
Definition
| positive in leukomoid reaction, not in CML or other leukemias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polycythemia ver, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis |
|
|
Term
| essential thrombocythemia |
|
Definition
increased risk for bleeding/ and or thrombosis
-jak2 kinase mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase megakaryocytes and all myeloid cells
-jak2 mutation
-megakaryocyes receive excess platelet-derived gorwth gactor causing marrow fibrosis
-splenomegaly (extrameddulary hematopoesis)
-leukoerytrhblastic smear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tear drop RBCS, nucleated RBS, immature granulocytes (found in myelogibrosis) |
|
|
Term
| sinus hyperplase of lymph nodes (medulla) |
|
Definition
| histiocyte rich region, enlarged from draining of tissue from cancer |
|
|
Term
| small, intermediate, large non-hodgkin lymphoma |
|
Definition
small-follicular, mantle, marginal zone, small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL that involves tissue-richter transformation)
-intermediate-burkitt
-large-diffuse large-bcell lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follicular lymphoma
-small B cells-form follicle like nodules in LN
-up and down panliess lymphadenopathy in aulds
-t(14.18)- BCL2-inhibits aptosis
--->transforms to diffue large-bcell lymphoma :(
-no tingible bodies in macrophages and monoclonal in LN
-reituximab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mantle cell lymphoma
-cyclin D-->promotes G1/s transition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follicular lymphoma
-small B cells-form follicle like nodules in LN
-up and down panliess lymphadenopathy in aulds
-t(14.18)- BCL2-inhibits aptosis
--->transforms to diffue large-bcell lymphoma :(
-no tingible bodies in macrophages and monoclonal in LN
-reituximab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follicular lymphoma
-small B cells-form follicle like nodules in LN
-up and down panliess lymphadenopathy in aulds
-t(14.18)- BCL2-inhibits aptosis
--->transforms to diffue large-bcell lymphoma :(
-no tingible bodies in macrophages and monoclonal in LN
-reituximab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small b cells
-chronic inflammatory states (AI and H pylori-->gastric maltoma)
-MALToma=marginal zone lymphoma in mucosal site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small b cells
-chronic inflammatory states (AI and H pylori-->gastric maltoma)
-MALToma=marginal zone lymphoma in mucosal site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
burkitts lymphoma
-c-myc
NOT to be confused with (14,18)=follicular lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
burkitts lymphoma
-c-myc= t(8,14)
NOT to be confused with (14,18)=follicular lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| diffuse large b-cell lympoma |
|
Definition
| large b cells that grow in sheets, most common NHL, high grade -arises sporatically or from low-grade lymphoma transformatoin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common type
-young adult female
-LN is divided by band of sclerosis with RS cells in lacunar cells
-lymphocyte rich=best prognosis
-mixed cellularity=eosinophils with IL-5 producing RS cells
-lymphocyte-depletes=most aggressive type-seen in elderly and HIV positive people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixed cellulrity- RS cells protduce IL-5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
M spike with no symptoms of multiple myeloma
-common in elderly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eosiniophilic cast found in kidney tubule from mutiple myeloma free light chains |
|
|
Term
| waldenstrom macroglobulinemia |
|
Definition
M spike of IgM (not IgA or IgG like in Multiple Myeloma)
-visual or neuro disturbances from hyperviscosity
-bleeding from defective platlets |
|
|
Term
| langerhans cell histiocytosis |
|
Definition
name=malignant=skin
- 2 name <2yo
-3 name> 3yo
-birbeck granules that are CD1a= and S100+
1.letterer-Siwe disease
2.eosinophilic granuloma
3.hand-schuller-christian disease-skin rash, lytic bone, DI, exophthalmos in child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
name=malignant=skin
- 2 name <2yo
-3 name> 3yo
-birbeck granules that are CD1a= and S100+
1.letterer-Siwe disease
2.eosinophilic granuloma
3.hand-schuller-christian disease-skin rash, lytic bone, DI, exophthalmos in child |
|
|
Term
| hand-schuller-christian disease |
|
Definition
name=malignant=skin
- 2 name <2yo
-3 name> 3yo
-birbeck granules that are CD1a= and S100+
1.letterer-Siwe disease
2.eosinophilic granuloma
3.hand-schuller-christian disease-skin rash, lytic bone, DI, exophthalmos in child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
name=malignant=skin
- 2 name <2yo
-3 name> 3yo
-birbeck granules that are CD1a= and S100+
1.letterer-Siwe disease
2.eosinophilic granuloma
3.hand-schuller-christian disease-skin rash, lytic bone, DI, exophthalmos in child |
|
|
Term
| large, medium, small vessel vasculitis |
|
Definition
large-temporal, takyasu
medium-polyarteritis nodosa, kawasaki disease, buerger
small (ANCA +) -wegeners, microscopic polyangitis, churg-strauss, henoch-schonlein purpura (not ANCA +) |
|
|
Term
| granulomas with intimal fibrosis |
|
Definition
| temperal (giant cell) arteritis |
|
|
Term
| granulomatous vasculitis of aortic arch |
|
Definition
takayasu arteritis
< 50 yo, female, young asain
-visual and neurologic symptoms
-weak or absent pulse in upper extremity
-->steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medium vessel- multiple organ, not lungs
-young adult-htn (renal), abdominal pain w/ melana (mesenteric artery), neurologic disturbances, skin lesions
-HbsAg
-fibrinoid necrosis-->fibrosis-->string of pearls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polyartertis nodosa
-medium vessel- multiple organ, not lungs
-young adult-htn (renal), abdominal pain w/ melana (mesenteric artery), neurologic disturbances, skin lesions
-HbsAg
-fibrinoid necrosis-->fibrosis-->string of pearls |
|
|
Term
| string of pearl vasculitis |
|
Definition
polyarteritis nodosa
medium vessel- multiple organ, not lungs
-young adult-htn (renal), abdominal pain w/ melana (mesenteric artery), neurologic disturbances, skin lesions
-HbsAg
-fibrinoid necrosis-->fibrosis-->string of pearls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similar presentation to Wegener's, with no nasopharyngeal involvement
-NO granulomas
-p-ANCA |
|
|
Term
| antibodies against nuetrophil myeloperoxidase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
churg-strauss-small vessel vasculitis
-necrrotizing granulomatous inflammation with eosinophils-multiple organs (lungs and heart)
-asthma with peripheral eosinophilia
-p-ANCA |
|
|
Term
| necrotizing granulomatous, eosinophils, asthma |
|
Definition
churg-strauss-small vessel vasculitis
-necrrotizing granulomatous inflammation with eosinophils-multiple organs (lungs and heart)
-asthma with peripheral eosinophilia
-p-ANCA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
henoch-schonlein purpura-small vessel vasculitis
-IgA immune complex deposition
-children
-palpable purpura, GI pain/bleeding, IgA nephropathy
-usually follow URI
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperplastic artiolosclerosis from malignant htn-->acute renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
marfan and ehlers-danlos
-->aortic dissection
-->pericardial tamponade (most common cause of death), rupture, obstruct renal/coranary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
do not regress, increase in number
-"senile hemangioma"
-congested capilarries in papillary dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infantile capillary hemangioma
-first weeks of life, grow then regress by 5-8 years old |
|
|
Term
| spindle cells w/ surrounding blood vessels |
|
Definition
kaposi sarcoma
-don't blanch
-can be in colon-->bloody diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| reversible ST-segment elevation |
|
Definition
<20 minutes
-prinzmetal angina |
|
|
Term
| contraction band necrosis |
|
Definition
reprofusion injury post MI
-from calcium influx-->hypercontraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1-3 days post MI
-neutrophil infiltrate
-chest pain with new friction rub |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycarditis found in acute rheumatic fever
-foci of chonric inflammation, reactive histiocytes with slender, wavy nuclei (anitschkow cells), giant cells, fibrinoid material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycarditis found in acute rheumatic fever
-foci of chonric inflammation, reactive histiocytes with slender, wavy nuclei (anitschkow cells), giant cells, fibrinoid material
-"catapillar nucleus" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid, involuntary muscle movements found with acute rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
annular, nonprupritis rash with erythematous border, commonly involving trunk and limbs
-found in acute rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| endocarditis with colon cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
painful lesions on finger and toes found with endocarditis
-janeway lesions=not painful, palms and soles |
|
|
Term
| endocardial fibroelastosis |
|
Definition
| restrictive cardiomyopathy in children |
|
|
Term
| left atrial mass with syncope |
|
Definition
myxoma
-most common tumor=beinign mesenchymal tumor
-gelatinous appearance
-obstructs mitral valve-->syncope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
haemophilus influenza, moraxella, legionella
-legionella-intracellular organisms best visualized by silver stain |
|
|
Term
| pneumonia in cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atypicla pneumonia with high fever |
|
Definition
Q fever, coxiella burnetii (rickettsial)
-farmed and veternarians- spores on cattle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickness of mucus glands- increases in chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spiral shaped mucus plugs found in asthma
-along with charcot-leden crystals-eosinophil-derived crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eosinophil-derived crystals found in asthma
-along with curschmann spirals (spiral shaped mucous plugs) |
|
|
Term
| allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis |
|
Definition
hypersensitivty reaction to aspergillus leads to chornic inflammatory damage-->bronchiectasia
-->cough, dyspnea, foul smelling sputum |
|
|
Term
| idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
|
Definition
fibrosis of lung interstitium. lung injury-->TGF beta-->fibrosis
-bleomycine, radition, amiodarone
-"honeycomb lung" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "black lung" from carbon dust + RA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign collection of carbon-laden cells in lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sandblasters, silica miners, upper lobe fibrotic nodules-->impairs phagolysosome fusion and increases risk of TB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aerospace industry-->noncaseating granulomas in lung, hilar LN, and systemic organs (=sarcoidosis)
-increase risk for lung cancer |
|
|
Term
| long, golden-brown fibers with associated iron in lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characteristic stellate inclusions seen within giant cells of the granulomas of sarcoidosis
-other site involvement -uveitis, cutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum, sjogren like syndrome
-elevated ACE with hypercalcemia (increase 1 alpha hydroxylase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tufts of capillaries seen with pulmonary hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed from uranium breakdown-->soil-->high concentration in basements
-->second most frequent cause of lung carcinoma in US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poorly differentiated neuroednocrin cells of small cell carcinoma of the lung
-chromograffin + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
columbnar cells that grow along preexistin bronchioles and alveoli-->found in bronchioloalveaolar carcinoma
-may present with oneumonia like consolidation on imaging
-look like thick alveolar walls on histology
-not related to smoking, peripheral, good prognosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| desmosomes connecting cells-found in squamous cell carcinoma (wih keratin pearls) |
|
|
Term
| metastasis to adrenal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of facial prominences to fuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recurrent apthous ulcers, genital ulcers, and uveitis
-small vessel vasculitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
white plaque that cannot be scraped away=squamous cell dysplasia
-->squamous cell carcinoma
(oral hairy leukoplakia=white, rough patch of lateral tongue. Seen in AIDS with EBV induced squamous dysplasia-->not premalignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oral hairy leukoplakia=white, rough patch of lateral tongue. Seen in AIDS with EBV induced squamous dysplasia-->not premalignant
leukoplakia- white plaque that cannot be scraped away=squamous cell dysplasia
-->squamous cell carcinoma
( |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
red plaque represents vascularized leukoplakia and is highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia
leukoplakia-->erythroplakia-->squamous cell carcinoma
-BIOPSY! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the salivary gland
-most commonly from stone or staph aureus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common tumor of the salivary gland- benign, usually parotid
-composed of stromal (cartilage) and epithlelial tissue (biphasic)
-mobile, pianless at angle of jaw
-high recurrance rate because wierd borders
-if facial nerve invasion=malignant tranformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second most common tumor of salivasry gland (behind pleomophric adenoma)
-benign, cystic tumor with abundunt lymphocytes and germinal centers
-parotid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common malignant tumor of salivary gland
-parotid
-mucinous and squamous cells-->facial nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage to myenteric plexus (between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles of muscularis propria)
-cannot relax LES
-can be secondary to chagas |
|
|
Term
| LN of esophageal cancer? Upper, middle, lower |
|
Definition
upper 1/3-->cervical nodes
middle 1/3-->mediastinal and tracheobronchail nodes
lover 1/3--> celiac and gastric nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucin layar producing cells of stomach-found with chronic gastritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe burns-->hypovolemia-->decrease nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase ICP==>stimulation of vagus-->increase acid-->ulcer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diffuse type gastric carcinoma- mucous pushes nuclei to side
-->linitis plastica
-not associated with h pyloria, intestinal metaplasia, or nitrosamine (atypical gastric cancer)
-can present with acanthosis nigracans
-Leser-Trelat sign-seborrheic dermatitis
--->bilateral ovaries=krukenberg tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diffuse type gastric carcinoma- mucous pushes nuclei to side
-->linitis plastica
-not associated with h pyloria, intestinal metaplasia, or nitrosamine (atypical gastric cancer)
-can present with acanthosis nigracans
-Leser-Trelat sign-seborrheic dermatitis
-->bilateral ovaries=krukenberg tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periumbilical LN metastasis from interestinal type gastric carcinoma, colonic cancer, and pancreatic cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sigmoid-elderly, cecum-young adults |
|
|
Term
| hyperplasia of intestinal crytps |
|
Definition
celiac disease-flattening of villi, hyperplasia of crypts, and increase intrapithelial lymphocytes
-damage most prominant in the duodenum
-->small bowel carcinoma and t-cell lymphoma (EATL-enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jejunum and ilieum damagae-->malabsorption
-unknown bacteria from caribeean
celiac disease=duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tropheryma whippellii-PAS+ partially destroyed organisms found in macrophage lysosomes
-macrophages compress lacteals-->chylomicrons can't go to lymphatics-->fat malabsorption and steatorrhea
-can involve other systemic sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR-just like it sounds- no apa B-48 or B-100
-can't absorb chylomicrons and put VLDL and LDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
right sides valvular fibrosis-->tricuspid regurg and pulm valve stenosis (both systolic murmurs)
-MOA in lung breaks down the serotonin and protects left heart |
|
|
Term
| myenteric plexus vs submucosal plexus |
|
Definition
myenteric-located between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer-->regulates motility (muscle)
-submucosal-located in the submucosa-->regulates blood flow, secretions, and absorptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of haustra seen with ulcerative colitis |
|
|
Term
| hereditary hemorrhagic telagiectasia |
|
Definition
| AD-->thin walled blood vessels in mouth and GI tract-->rupture and bleed |
|
|
Term
| adenoma-carcinoma sequence |
|
Definition
APC-->increase risk polyp formation-->K-ras-->polyp formation-->p53-->mutation and increased expression of COX-->carcinoma
-aspirin impedes progression here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FAP (APC on ch. 5) + fibromatosis and osteomas
-fibromatosis-non-neoplastic proliferation of fibroblasts located in retroperitoneum (desmoid)
-osteoma-skull |
|
|
Term
| FAP + fibromatosis and osteomas |
|
Definition
gardner syndome
-FAP (APC on ch. 5) + fibromatosis and osteomas
-fibromatosis-non-neoplastic proliferation of fibroblasts located in retroperitoneum (desmoid)
-osteoma-skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Turcot syndome=FAP with CNS tumors
-medulloblastoma and glial tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Turcot syndome=FAP with CNS tumors
-medulloblastoma and glial tumors |
|
|
Term
| saw tooth pattern on colonic mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hamartomatous polyps (benign) with mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation on lips, oral mucosa, and genital skin
-increased risk for colorectal, reast, and gynocologic cancer |
|
|
Term
| microsatellite instability |
|
Definition
20% of colorectal carcinoma
-microstatellites are repeating sequences of noncoding DNA-integrity of sequence is maintained during cell division-->instability indicated defective DNA copy mechanism (DNA mismatch repair-HNPCC)
-increased risk for colorectal, ocarian, endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| migratory thrombophlebitis |
|
Definition
trousseau sign-migratory thrombophlebitis
pancreatic carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trousseau sign-migratory thrombophlebitis
pancreatic carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monitor pancreatic cancer |
|
|
Term
| thin elderly female with secondary DM |
|
Definition
| pancreatic cancer of body or tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chinese liver fluke-infects biliary tract and increases risk for gallstones, cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma
-bacteria/infection-->decongesgates bilirubin-->precipitates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
herniation of gallbladder mucosa into the musclar wall- found in chronic cholycystitis
-also will lead to porcelain gallbladder (wall is calcified and can be seen on xray)
-->adenocarcinoma (cholecystitis in an elderly women) |
|
|
Term
| uridine glucuronyl transferase (UGT) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dark=dubin johnson
-rotor syndome isn't
-increase conjugated bilirubin-->dark urine(increase CB in urine) and pale stool |
|
|
Term
| fibrinoid necrosis surrounding palisading epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| rheumatoid arthtitis nodules |
|
|
Term
| proliferation of synovial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lie beneath the endothelial cells that line the sinusoids in the liver
-secrete TGF beta-->fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapidly developing renal failure secondary to cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcoholic hepatitis-->damaged cytokeratin filaments-->swelling of hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR-primary hemochromatosis
-C282Y (cysteine replaces by a tyrosine at 282)
-->leads to cardiach arrhythmia and gonadal dysfunction (tesaticular atrophy) on top of other stuff
-prusian blue destinguishes iron rom lipfuscin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR-wilson
-ATP mediated hepatocyte copper transport-lack of copper into bil and lack of copper incorporation into ceruloplamin |
|
|
Term
| Primary biliary cirrhosis |
|
Definition
autoimmune granulomatous destruction of intrahepatic bil ducts (biliary atresia =extrahepatic)
-women, 40 yo
-anti-mitochondrial Ab present
-->cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary biliary cirrhosis
autoimmune granulomatous destruction of intrahepatic bil ducts (biliary atresia =extrahepatic)
-women, 40 yo
-anti-mitochondrial Ab present
-->cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mitochondrial damage-->hypoglycemia, elevated liver enzymes, N and V, coma, death
-fulminant liver failure and encephalopathy
-looks like fatty change in biopsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary sclerosing cholangitis
-intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts
-onion skinning and skip beads
-P-anca + sometimes (like UC) |
|
|
Term
| baby with portal hypertension |
|
Definition
think AR polycystic kidney diease with hepatic fibrosis and cysts
-worsening renal failure and hypertension
-maybe potter sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AD mutation-->polycystic kidney disease
-young adult with hypertension (increased renin), hematuria, worsening renal failure
-berry aneurysm, hepatic cysts, mitral valve prolapse
-cysts in medullary collecting duct-medullary cystic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| cysts in medullary collecting duct |
|
Definition
medullary cystic kidney disease (AD)
-parenchymal fibrosis-->shrunken kidney and worsening renal failure
-polycystic=cysts in cortex and medulla and big kidney |
|
|
Term
| brown granular casts in urine |
|
Definition
Acute tubular necrosis
-ischemia in proximal tubule and medullary segment of thick ascending limb
-toxins (aminoglycosides, heavy metals, myoglobinueia, ethylene glycol (with oxalate crystal), uric acid, radio dye)-->proximal tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collecting duct-->renal papilla-->renal colomn-->renal pyramid-->ureter
-gross hematuria and flank pain
1.chronic analgesic abuse
2.DM
3.sickle cell
4. sever acute pyelonephritis
5. severe acute interstitial nephritis |
|
|
Term
| kidney cysts with abnormal tissue (cartilage) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compliment mediated lysis of blood vessels in the face |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common form of nephrotic syndrome in AA or hispanics |
|
Definition
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-may progress from minimal change disease (still has effacement of foot processess)
-associated with HIV, heroin use, sickle cell disease
-poor response to steroids-->chronic renal fialure |
|
|
Term
| nephrotic syndrome with sickle cell |
|
Definition
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-may progress from minimal change disease (still has effacement of foot processess)
-most common nephrotic syndrome in AA and hispanics
-associated with HIV, heroin use, sickle cell disease
-poor response to steroids-->chronic renal fialure |
|
|
Term
| nephrotic syndrome with HIV or heroin use |
|
Definition
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-may progress from minimal change disease (still has effacement of foot processess)
-most common nephrotic syndrome in AA and hispanics
-associated with HIV, heroin use, sickle cell disease
-poor response to steroids-->chronic renal fialure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranous nephropathy
-most common cause of nephrotic syndome in whites
-associated with Hep B and C, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs
-think glomerular basement membrane on H and E
-subepithlelial (under foot processes) deposits
-spike and dome
-IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor in podocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranous nephropathy
-most common cause of nephrotic syndome in whites
-associated with Hep B and C, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs
-think glomerular basement membrane on H and E
-subepithlelial (under foot processes) deposits
-spike and dome
-IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor in podocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranous nephropathy
-most common cause of nephrotic syndome in whites
-associated with Hep B and C, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs
-think glomerular basement membrane on H and E
-subepithlelial (under foot processes) deposits
-spike and dome
-IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor in podocyte |
|
|
Term
| nephrotic syndome with Hep B and C |
|
Definition
membranous nephropathy or MPGN
-most common cause of nephrotic syndome in whites
-associated with Hep B and C, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs
-think glomerular basement membrane on H and E
-subepithlelial (under foot processes) deposits
-spike and dome
-IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor in podocyte |
|
|
Term
| nephrotic syndome with SLE |
|
Definition
membranous nephropathy (& diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis)
-most common cause of nephrotic syndome in whites
-associated with Hep B and C, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs
-think glomerular basement membrane on H and E
-subepithlelial (under foot processes) deposits
-spike and dome
-IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor in podocyte |
|
|
Term
| IgG4 against phospholipase A2 |
|
Definition
membranous nephropathy
-most common cause of nephrotic syndome in whites
-associated with Hep B and C, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs
-think glomerular basement membrane on H and E
-subepithlelial (under foot processes) deposits
-spike and dome
-IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor in podocyte |
|
|
Term
| most common nephrotic syndome in whites |
|
Definition
membranous nephropathy
-most common cause of nephrotic syndome in whites
-associated with Hep B and C, solid tumors, SLE, or drugs
-think glomerular basement membrane on H and E
-subepithlelial (under foot processes) deposits
-spike and dome
-IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor in podocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
-thick BM with tram tracks
type I-subendothelial-HBV and HCV, tram tracks
typeII-dense deposit disease-intramembranous, autoAb that stablizes C3 convertase-->inflammation and low C3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
-thick BM with tram tracks
type I-subendothelial-HBV and HCV, tram tracks
typeII-dense deposit disease-intramembranous, autoAb that stablizes C3 convertase-->inflammation and low C3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
-thick BM with tram tracks
type I-subendothelial-HBV and HCV, tram tracks
typeII-dense deposit disease-intramembranous, autoAb that stablizes C3 convertase-->inflammation and low C3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
-thick BM with tram tracks
type I-subendothelial-HBV and HCV, tram tracks
typeII-dense deposit disease-intramembranous, autoAb that stablizes C3 convertase-->inflammation and low C3 |
|
|
Term
| kimmelstiel-wilson nodules |
|
Definition
DM nephrotic syndrome
-sclerosis of mesangium |
|
|
Term
| subendothelial, subepithelial, intramembranous deposits |
|
Definition
1.subepithelial-membranous (also with PSGN and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-humps/nephritic)
2.subendothelial-type 1 MPGN
3. intramembranous- type II MPGN |
|
|
Term
| pauci-immune glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
| negastive IF-wegeners, microscopic polyangitis, and churg-straus |
|
|
Term
| thinning and splitting of glomerular BM |
|
Definition
alport syndrome
-XLR
-->hematuria, sensory hearing loss, ocular disturbances |
|
|
Term
| hematuria, sensory hearing loss, ocular disturbances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scarring at upper and lower kidney poles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coritcal scarring and blunted calyces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| renal peritubular interstitial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| barrels, rossettes, hexagonal flates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| colorless hexagonal plate crystals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
renal cell carcinoma
-left sided vericocele-spermatic vein off renal vein
-VHL-->increase IGF-1 and HIF
-increase HIF-->increase VEGF and PDGF
-cigarette smoke
-upper pole of kidney
-ACTH, PTHrP, EPO, Renin
-hereditary=VHL->AD-hemangioblastoma of cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
WAGR-wilms, aniridia, genital abdnormalities, mental/motor retardation
Beckwith-wiedemann-wilms, neonatal hypoglycemia, muscular hemihypertrophy, organomegaly (tongue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wilms-WT1 mutation- average age 3
-WAGR-wilms, aniridia, genital abdnormalities, mental/motor retardation
Beckwith-wiedemann-wilms, neonatal hypoglycemia, muscular hemihypertrophy, organomegaly (tongue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thinning of the epidermis and fibrosis of the dermis
-leukoplakia and parchment-like vulvar skin (paperlike)
-slight increase risk of scc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick, leathery vuvlar skin
-chronic irritation and scratching
-no increase risk for scc
lichen sclerosis-thinning of epidermis with slight increase risk of scc |
|
|
Term
| extramammary paget disease |
|
Definition
malignant epithelial cells in the epidermis of the vulva with no underlying carcinoma (like breast)
-PAS +, Keratin +, S100- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focal persistence of comunar epithlium in the upper 1/3 of the vagina (mullarien remnent)
-did not undergo metaplasia overgrowth from urogenital sinus lower 2/3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lower 2/3-urogenital sinus-->inguinal nodes
upper 1/3-mullerian duct-->iliac nodes |
|
|
Term
| endometrial carcinoma varients |
|
Definition
1. hyperplasia-75% restrogen-50-60yo, endometroid histology
2. sporatic-elderly, serous papillary structures with psammoma body
-p53 mutation and agressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sporatic endometrial
papillary thyroid
meningioma
ovary-papillary carcinoma
mesothelioma |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of ovarian tumors |
|
Definition
epithelium (CA-125): serous, mucinous, endometroid, brenner
Germ cell: cystic teratoma, embyonal, yolk sac (endodermal sinus)(AFP), dysgerminoma (LDH), cariocarcinoma (HCG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ovarian epithelial carcinoma
-endometrial like glands are are usually malignant
-may arise from endometriosis
-may be associated with endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial ovarian tumor
-urothelium (bladder-like)- usually benign
Brenner=bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fetal tissue: cystic teratoma, embryonal carcinoma
2. oocytes-dysgerminoma
3. yolk sac-endodermal sinus tumor
4. placental tissue-choriocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glomerulus like structures seen with endodermal sinus tumnor (ovarian)
-most common germ cell tumor in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in sertoli-leydig cell tumor
-rod-like crystals seen with leydig cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleural effusion and ascites seen with ovarian fibroma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucinous tumor of the appendix (usually with metastasis to the ovary)-->massive amounts of mucous in the peritoneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spont. abobos, hearing and visual impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digit hypoplasia and cleft lip/palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transitional cell cancer-lower UT-usually bladder
1. flat-p53
2.papillary-no p53
-naphthylamine, azo dyes, cycophosphamide, phenacetin use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal position of the genital tubercle
associated with bladder exstrophy
(hypospadia-failure of urethral folds to close) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reticular=replication--->elementary body (spore-ish=infective form)
-chlamydia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in situ carcinoma of the penile shaft or scrotum that presens as leukoplakia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in situ carcinome on the glans that prsents as erythroplakia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in situ carcinoma that presents as multiple reddish papules
-seen in younger patients (40s) and does not progress to invasive carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei -testicular tumor |
|
Definition
seminoma-resemble spermatogonia
-homogeneous mass with no hemorrhage or necrosis
-responsive to chemo |
|
|
Term
| most common testicular tumor in children |
|
Definition
yolk sac
-AFP
-schiller-duval bodies |
|
|
Term
| carcinoma that spreads via blood |
|
Definition
choriocarcinoma
(alpha subsunit of b-hcg is similar to FSH, LH, and TSH-->gynocomastia or hyperthyroidism)
-RCC, HCC, Follicular thyroid carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cardiac failure, enlarged tongue, secondary DM
-tx-octreotide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| herniation of sella compresses and destroys pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase Na/K ATPase and B1 receptors
-bone resorption with hyperCa
-decreased muscle mass with weakeness
-hypocholesterolemia
-hyperglycemia (gluceoneogenesis and glycogenolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
graves disease
-irregular follicles with scalloped colloid and chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlarged thyroid-->due to relative iodine deficiency
-usually nontoxic
-can become TSH independent-->hyperthyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mental retardation, short stature, coarse facial features, enlarged tongue, umbilical hernia
-dyshormonogenetic goiter- congenital defect in the thyroid hormone production (usually thyroid peroxidase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hashimoto
-chronic inflammation with germinal centers with hurthle cells ( esoinophilic metaplasia of cells that line follicles)
-increased risk for Bcell marginal zone lymphoma
-antimicrosomal Abs
-HLA-DR5 |
|
|
Term
| subacutre granulomatous thyroiditis |
|
Definition
granulomatous thyroiditis that follows a viral infection
-tender with transient hyperthyroid
(no progression to hyper) |
|
|
Term
| reidel fibrosing thyroiditis |
|
Definition
chronic inflammation-->fibrosis
-hypothyroidism with "hard as wood", nontender thryoid gland
-younger than 40yo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common thyroid carcninoma
-radioation in childhood
-ophan annie eye nuclei and nuclear grooves
-psammoma bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells with clear nuclei in pappillary carcinoma
-most common thyroid carcninoma
-radioation in childhood
-ophan annie eye nuclei and nuclear grooves
-psammoma bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parathyroid adenoma 80%
-->acute pancreatitis
-->osteitis fibrosa cystica
-Increase urinary cAMP (from Gs stimulation on tubular cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep labored breathing pattern often seen with acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose to soribital in schwann cell, pericytes of retinal blood vessels, and lens-->osmotic damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibition of gastrin-achloyhydria
inhibition of cck-cholelithiasis with steatorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vasoactive intestinal peptide-->watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorydria
"pancreatic cholera"=WHDA syndrome-watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorydia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vasoactive intestinal peptide-->watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorydria
"pancreatic cholera"=WHDA syndrome-watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorydia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high dose dexamethason suppresses pituitary adenoma but not paraneoplastic, ectopic ACTH of small cell lung carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
principle cell
-distal tubules and collecting duct
-alosterone-increase Na/K exchange
(alpha intercallated cell-excrete H+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
principle cell
-distal tubules and collecting duct
-alosterone-increase Na/K exchange
(alpha intercallated cell-excrete H+) |
|
|
Term
| waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome |
|
Definition
| n. meningitidis sepsis-->DIC-->andrenal hemorrhagic necrosis-->acute adrenal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AI-most common in US
TB-most common in developing worlse
Metastatic lung tumor
hyperpigmentation from increase in ACTH-->POMC-->MSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adrenal medulla-catecholamines
-pheochromocytoma
-rule of 10-10% familial, bilateral, malignant, located outside adrenal(bladder wall and organ of zuckerkandl on aorta at IMA)
-treat perioperatively with phenoxybenzamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
periaortic chromaffin cell body at IMA root
-can be location of pheochromacytoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hashimoto-->thyroid lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| diffusion capacity of the lung |
|
Definition
relationship between surface area of alveoli/thickness of alveolar wall
-can be measured with CO (because this eliminated the change in pressure gradient)
-coorelates to structural lung damage
-decreased with emphysema and fibrosis but increasing with exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of subareolar ducts
-mass + or - nipple contraction
-caused by vit. A deficiency-->squamous sloughing and plugging
-seen in smokers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dilation of subareolar ducts
-multiparous postmenousal women
-periareolar with green-brown nipple dischrge (inflammatory debris)
-histology-chronic inflammation with plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| fibrocystic change histolgy |
|
Definition
fibrosis, cysts, apocrine metaplasia-no increased risk
-ductal hyperplasia and sclerosing adenosis (fibrous tissue with increased number of glands)-2 x
-atypical hyperplasia-5x risk |
|
|
Term
| papilloma vs papillary carcinoma of the breast |
|
Definition
papilloma-lined with both epithelial and myoepithelial cells
papillary carcinoma-without underlying myoeptihelial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.tubular-tubules that lack myoepithelial cells
2.mucinous-older women
3.medullary-high grade cells growing in sheets-lymphocytes and plasma cells (increase with BRCA1)
4.inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| lobular carcinoma in situ |
|
Definition
no mass or calcifications, incidental finding
-lacks E-cadherin
-treat with tamoxifen |
|
|
Term
| invasive labular carcinoma |
|
Definition
signet ring morphology with no fuct formation due to lack of E-cadhering
-single file pattern of cells |
|
|
Term
| breast cancer-single file pattern |
|
Definition
invasive lobular carcinoma
signet ring morphology with no fuct formation due to lack of E-cadhering
-single file pattern of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oncogene-growth factor receptor on the cell surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgery-->lymphadema-->cutanous angiosarcoma (lymphangiosarcoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.stratum basilis
2.statum spinosum (desmosomes)
3. stratum granulosum (granules in keratinocytes)
4.stratum corneum-keratin in anucleate cells |
|
|
Term
| skin condition with nail pitting |
|
Definition
psoriasis-excessive kerastinocyte production
-associated with HLA-C
-munro abscresses-collection of neutrophils in the statum corneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hperkeratosis with retention of keratinocyte nuclei in stratum corneum
-seen in psoriasis |
|
|
Term
| elongating dermal paillae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 ps-pruritic, planar, polygonal, purple papules
w/ wickham striae (reticular white lines on surgace)
-wrists, elbows, oral mucosa
-histology-inflammation of dermal epidermal junction-->saw tooth appearance
-associated with chronic hep. C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lichen planus
5 ps-pruritic, planar, polygonal, purple papules
w/ wickham striae (reticular white lines on surgace)
-wrists, elbows, oral mucosa
-histology-inflammation of dermal epidermal junction-->saw tooth appearance
-associated with chronic hep. C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pemphigus vulgaris
-skin and oral
-acantholysis-seperation of stratum spinosum from keratinocytes (usually connected with desmosomes)-->suprabasal blisters
-tomb stone appearance from basement membran cells still attached
-IgG surrounding keratinocytes ina fish net pattern
+nikolsi |
|
|
Term
| tombstone appearance histology |
|
Definition
pemphigus vulgaris
-skin and oral
-IgG against desmoglein-type II
-acantholysis-seperation of stratum spinosum from keratinocytes (usually connected with desmosomes)-->suprabasal blisters
-tomb stone appearance from basement membran cells still attached
-IgG surrounding keratinocytes ina fish net pattern
+nikolsi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pemphigus vulgaris
-skin and oral
-acantholysis-seperation of stratum spinosum from keratinocytes (usually connected with desmosomes)-->suprabasal blisters
-tomb stone appearance from basement membran cells still attached
-IgG surrounding keratinocytes ina fish net pattern
+nikolsi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bullous pemphigoid
-AI against hemidesmosomes-basal layer and basement membrane
-no oral no nikolski
-linear pattern on IF |
|
|
Term
| deposition of IgA on dermal papillae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypersensitivty txn
+oral and fever-steven johnson
+sloughing of skin-toxic epidermal necrolysis |
|
|
Term
| toxic epidermal necrolysis |
|
Definition
hypersensitivty txn
+oral and fever-steven johnson
+sloughing of skin-toxic epidermal necrolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses
-suggested underlying GI tract carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| basal cells with peripheral palisading |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that develops rapidly and regresses spontaneously
presents as a cup shaped tumor filled with keratin debris |
|
|
Term
| cup-shaped tumor filled with keratin debris |
|
Definition
keratoacanthoma
well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that develops rapidly and regresses spontaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mask-like hyperpigmentation of cheeks
-associated with prego and OCP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
junctional-melanocytes at dermal-epidermal junction (children)
-->compound-penetrated into dermis
-->intradermal nevus-loses junctional cells and is only intradermal (adults) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.superficial spreading
2.lentigo maligna-radial growth
:)
3.nodular-vertical :(
4.acral lentiginous-palms and soles-not related to UV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
staph-->exfoliative A and B toxins-->epidermolysis of the stratum granulosum
-resembles toxic epidermal necroslysis-but TEN is at dermal-epidermal junction |
|
|
Term
| testicular/ovarian tumor that spreads via blood |
|
Definition
choriocarcinoma
alpha subsunit of b-hcg is similar to FSH, LH, and TSH-->gynocomastia or hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prolonged inspiration alternating with a short period of expiration
-loss of vagal/pons-meddulary interaction
-lesions in caudal pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
irregular periods of apnea alternating with periods in which severyal breaths of identical depth are taken
-increased intercranial pressure and certain midbrain lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA mismatch repair-G2 phase
-mutation-->HNPCC
-microsatellite instability can be seen in resected tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no phosphorylation of mannose chains on lysosomal enzymes-->don't go to lysosome, go outside cell.
-coarse facial features, gingival hyperplasia, macroglossia, joint immobility, clubfoot, claw hand
-retard
-fractures
-Mitral valve defect
-numerous intracellular inclusions (nondegraded lysosome products) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deficient cross-linking of collagen secondary to functional copper deficiency
-->depigmented (steely) hair, arterial tortuosity, repture cerebral degeneration osteoporosis, anemia. |
|
|
