Term
| Gout (definition, causes, predisposing factors) |
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Definition
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Term
| gout tophi (patology, pathogenesis) |
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Definition
- histopathology- urate crystalline deposits with a host response of giant cells, histiocytes, and lymphocytes
- pathogenesis
- The inflammatory reaction to these birefringent crystals leads to the liberation of vaso-active chemicals and destructive lysosomal enzymes that damage the joint.
- gross pathologyWithin the inflammatory joint effusion, one may find the polarizable urate crystals
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Term
| pseudogout- dx, epidemiology, histopathology |
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Definition
- histopathology- calcium pyrophosphate deposits in articular cartilage and articular tissues.
- resembles a foreign body inflammatory arthritis
- dx- These crystals are also birefringent but polarize light in the opposite direction as urates so that the two crystal types can be distinguished by cross-polarizers.
- epidemiology
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Term
| pathogenesis of general metabolic diseases of bone |
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Definition
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Term
| osteoporosis- definition, Xray findings |
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Definition
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Term
| osteoporosis- possible clinical presentations |
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Definition
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Term
| osteoporosis- epidemiology, causes |
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Definition
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Term
| scurvy: associated findings, characteristics |
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Definition
- scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) is characterized by a failure of osteoid production and decreased bone production on a calcified cartilage lattice
- associated findings
- delayed wound healing
- bleeding disorders
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Term
| osteomalacia: definition, histopathology |
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Definition
- definition- quality of bone characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone matrix resulting in an increase in osteoid and a decrease in mineralized bone.
- histopathology
- abnormal bone shows increased numbers of osteoblasts
- increased osteoid surface and thickness
- increased mineralization lag time
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Term
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Definition
- inadequate or impaired metabolism of vitamin D
- GI or renal disease
- abnormal parathyroid function
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Term
| rickets: definition, gross pathology |
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Definition
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Term
| hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary causes |
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Definition
- pimary
- hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands
- adenoma
- parathyroid carcinoma
- Secondary
- chronic renal failure
- malabsorption syndromes
- vitamin D deficiency
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Term
| hyperparathyroidism: pathogenesis with early and late changes |
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Definition
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parathormone stimulates bone resorption out of proportion to bone deposition
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causes renal retention of calcium, loss of phosphate
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leading to hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
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early changes show demineralization and bone loss;
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late changes may show bone loss with cyst formation and replacement by fibrous tissue (osteitis cystica fibrosa)
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Term
| renal osteodystrophy: definition, effect |
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Definition
- definition- refers to skeletal changes from chronic renal disease
- effect- secondary hyperparathyroidism with
- increased osteoclastic resorption and osteoporosis,
- abnormal vitamin D metabolism
- delayed matrix mineralization and osteomalacia
- often hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
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Term
| brown tumors (definition, cause what?) |
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Definition
-
definition- non-neoplastic inflammatory reactive lesions, appearing similar to giant cell tumor of bone
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cause luscent areas of bone
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Term
| Paget's disease (causative agent, characterization) |
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Definition
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Term
| Paget's disease: pathological phases |
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Definition
- initial lytic phase
- an active phase of combined osteolysis and osteogenesis,
- osteoblastic sclerotic phase
- excess bone is laid down in a poorly organized manner, not according to stress lines, and lacking in structural strength
- ex: though pelvic, sacral, skull, and long bones have thick cortices and trabeculae, they are soft and porous
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Term
| Paget's disease: clinical presentation |
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Definition
- pain
- skeletal deformities
- increased cardiac output
- pathological fractures
- possible development of osteosarcomas
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