Term
| intramembranous vs endochondral bone formation |
|
Definition
intramembranous: no collagen model, flat bones
endochondral: growth plate generates collagen model, long bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unmineralized collagenous matrix of bone, used to verify tumor as an osteosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| zones of cartilage formation |
|
Definition
1. resting
2. proliferating - interstitial growth in growth plate
3. maturing/hypertrophic - cells making matrix and degenerating
4. calcified - cartilaginous septa are invaded by blood vessels bringing osteoblasts and allows mineralization
5. primary spongiosa - bone deposited on cartilage spicules |
|
|
Term
| role of blood vessels in bone formation |
|
Definition
| vessels must contain good quality collagen (scurvy). vessels wont invade inadequatedly mineralized collagen (rickets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lack of viable osteocytes in lacunae.
-can form sequestra (unresolvable stranded island of necrotic bone with no blood supply and peripheral inflammation
-can occur in physis after trauma or vascular compromise as in Legg-Perthes |
|
|
Term
| regional acceleratory phenomenon |
|
Definition
-brings fibroblasts, endothelium, osteoblasts to stabilize fracture and restore blood flow
-granulation tissue reestablishes blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can indicate repair, inflammation, infection, or thoracic mass
-usually disorganized arrays except in pulmonary osteodystrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-parallel horizontal lines in metaphysis
-indicate period of slow growth (anorexia) |
|
|
Term
| growth retardation lattice |
|
Definition
-metaphyseal zone of increased density
-caused by failure of osteoclast to resorb
-K9 distemper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hyperPTH pulls mineral from bone
-primary: adenoma producing PTH
-one enlarged gland, one atrophied,
high serum Ca
-secondary: attempt to raise serum Ca due to deficiency or poor Ca:P (nutritional or renal failure)
-both glands enlarged, low-normal
serum Ca
-hallmark lesion: bone resorption, replacement with fibrous tissue, numerous osteoclasts, irregular osteoid, woven bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rickets: growing, abnormal endochondral ossification
-osteomalacia: mature animal, poorly minieralized bone
-lesions: enlarged joints, valgus, soft bones, large and disorganized zone of hypertrophy, excess osteoid, marrow fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| hypertrpohic osteoarthropathy |
|
Definition
-associated with thoracic or abd mass
-lesion: new bone proliferation beneath periosteum of long bones
-severing vagus n. curative (abn periosteal blood flow?) |
|
|
Term
| hypertrophic osteodystrophy |
|
Definition
-young large breed
-double line on rads
-pain, lameness, pyrexia
lesion: infl and neuts form band in primary spongiosa -> necrosis of osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-in spp that lack l-gulonolactone oxidase (man, guinea pig, simians, fruit bat, cetacean
-fragile vessels due to poor quality collagen
-osteoblasts cant make osteoid
-enlarged joints with hemorrhage, persistent epiphyseal cartilage, mineralized spicules, microfractures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large breed, esp GSD
-pain, intermittent lameness
- lesion: increased woven tissue density around nutrient foramen |
|
|
Term
| craniomandibular osteopathy |
|
Definition
-autosomal recessive in WHWT, scot terr
-painful exostoses of mandible
-3-7mo, stops progressing at growth plate closure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- immature small breeds before growth plate closes
-aseptic necrosis of femoral head subchondral bone and marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-necrosis, removal of bone, bone proliferation
-usually bacterial, others can occur
-can dev from supp arthritis or hematogenous
-can have infarcts and path fractures
-lesion: inflammation
-also vasculitis, thrombosis, fibrin, fibrosis, tumor, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most common primary tumor
- large breed, metaphyses
-quickly met to lung
-lesion: neoplastic polygonal osteoblasts producing osteoid
-lysis and infl, woven bone prolif
-biopsy may miss neoplastic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign slow growing, top of head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cartilage capped, exophytic, on metaphysis, stops growing when growth plates close |
|
|
Term
| multilobular tumor of bone |
|
Definition
| osteocartilaginous nodules on skull, needs early sx intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-axial skeleton, nasal, locally destructive
-lesion: neoplastic cartilaginous cells surrounded by basophilic matrix |
|
|
Term
| osteochondromatosis (multiple cartilaginous exostosis) |
|
Definition
-autosomal dominant, young, multiple bone nodules
-lesion: well-differentiated cartilage cap subtended by endochondral ossification
-risk of neoplastic transformation |
|
|
Term
| reaction of joints to injury |
|
Definition
synovial: hypertrophy, pannus
artic cart: fibrillation, mice
bone: myx degen, pseudocysts, eburnation, proliferation
mediators: PGE2, IL-1, superox, H2O2, lys enz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gradual deformation of joint
-conc of force on craniodorsal aspect of acetabular rim
-subluxation of femoral head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrillation, clefting, erosions, incr thickness of cartilage, ostephytes, eburnation, synovial hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-acute: penetrating wound, septicemia, umbilical
-chronic: CAE, immune mediated, unresolved acute
-lesion: villus hypertrophy, lymphoplasmacytic, fibrin, granulomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cartilage thinning or loss w/ fibrosis
-OCD if flap forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-only primary tumor of joint
-biphasic aka resemble epithelial and stromal |
|
|
Term
| fibrocartilaginous emboli |
|
Definition
| acute, not painful as rupture is |
|
|
Term
| osseus metaplasia of spinal meninges /ossifying pachymeningitis |
|
Definition
| formation of bone in meninges of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trichrome: dist muscle, collagen, nerves, myelin
PTAH: shows cross striations
Von Kassa: stains carbs linked with Ca |
|
|
Term
| requirements for muscle regeneration and hallmark |
|
Definition
intact basal lamina or sarcolemmal tube and satellite cells
small basophilic fibers with internal rows of nuclei |
|
|
Term
| sequence of events of myofiber regeneration |
|
Definition
1. striations lost
2. macros and PMNs enter tissue
3. satellite cells enlarge and divide
4. satellite cells move to center of myofiber (nuclear rowing)
5. cross striations reappear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased number of functional myofibers or interference with normal cellular metabolic processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-blackleg
-exotoxins -> vasculitis and hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-malignant edema
-penetrate skin
-most common cz of myositis in horse
-cattle get it from muscle bruising
-horse req penetrating wound or ingestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-halts release of Ach at NMJ
- spores common in soil and gi
-irreversible damage
-horse most susc, get aspiration pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic fibrosing nodular myositis of cattle |
|
Definition
actinobacillus lignieresii - wooden tongue
actinomyces bovis - lumpy jaw |
|
|
Term
| botryomycosis (nodular myositis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasitic myopathy in fetal cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purpura hemorrhagica in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pigeon fever of horses pectoral muscle |
|
Definition
| corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autosomal dominant
recurrent weakness and muscle fasciculations
hyperkalemia during episodes
sodium channel defect
CK and AST normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-incr CK and AST
-abn glycolytic pathway, accum of PAS in type II fibers
- high grain diets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme deficiencies
rare
type II - acid maltase def
type IV - glycogen branching enz def (norwegian forest cat)
type VII - PPK def |
|
|
Term
| malignant hyperthermia /porcine stress syndrome |
|
Definition
-pale soft exudative meat
-muscle tremors, edema in muscle
- autosomal recessive defect in ryanodine receptor (Ca channel)
- myofiber breakage, contracture, degen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autosomal dominant
chloride channel
cka nd ast normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-immune mediated against Ach receptors
-self tolerance
-thymoma can initiate loss of tolerance |
|
|
Term
| duchennes muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
-defect dystrophin gene
-xlinked |
|
|
Term
| plant associated toxic myopathies |
|
Definition
| mycotoxin, cassia, karwinskia, eupatorium, thermopsis, gossypol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common cz of plant myopathy in cattle, segmental necrosis of myofibers esp diaphragm in pigs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coccidiostat in cattle and poultry feed
horses sensitive
pale muscles, myonecrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
def of vit e/se
pale streaks in muscle
degen, regen, myltiphasic, multifocal
se needed for glutathione peroxidase neutralization of free radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
typing up
myofiber necrosis with myoglobinuria |
|
|
Term
| autoimmune muscle disorders |
|
Definition
purpura hemorrhagica - horses
viral - horses, cat
masticatory muscle myositis - dogs |
|
|
Term
| k9 masticatory myositis/eosinophilic myositis |
|
Definition
GSD
acute: swollen temporalis and amsseter
chronic: atrophic masticatory mm
Ab against - detect snti type 2m myosin ab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
young qh
strep equi equi
iga and strep antigen for immune complex deposit in small vessels cz vasculitis hemorrhage infarction |
|
|
Term
| primary neoplasia of muscle |
|
Definition
rhabdomyosarcoma - straited m
infiltrating lipoma - body wall, flank,locally invasive |
|
|
Term
| most common cz of primary hypofunction |
|
Definition
| lymphoplasmacytic throiditis/adrenalitis/pancreatic islets/parathyroiditis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lyphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, mammary gland adenocarcinoma, gastric scc (horse) |
|
|
Term
| decreased hormone clearance |
|
Definition
renal failure - pth
hepatic cirrhosis - estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pituitary aplasia and prolonged gestation d 12-14 gestation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pituitary dwarfism, falure of rathkes pouch to differentiate
autosomal recessive in GSD, spitz, min pin, karelian bear dog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
craniopharyngioma
rathkes pouch, usually benign
signs due to compression |
|
|
Term
| nonfunctional pituitary adenoma |
|
Definition
pars distalis or intermedia
signs due to compression/atrophy of adj pituitary, pu/pd, blind, cns signs |
|
|
Term
| functional chromophobe adenoma |
|
Definition
bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia
bostons, boxers, dachsunds |
|
|
Term
| functional acidophil adenoma |
|
Definition
acromegaly
insulin resistant diabetes
eggagerated skin folds, big boned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonfunctional, invasive, destructive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
familial in husky, mutation in receptor results in decreased affinity
can be secondary to hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zg - aldosterone
zf - glucocorticoids
zr - sex
medulla - cats
glucocort and sex ster are acth depd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adenoma or carcinoma
others: adrenal hyperplasia, func pit tumor, iatrogenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single well demarcated nodule in adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| adrenal cortical carcinoma |
|
Definition
| rare, larger than adenomas, can be bilateral, often functional, highly invasive and mets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutrophilia without left shift, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, monocytosis, high gluc, alp, low usg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| st poodle, lab, great dane, rotti, WHWT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common due to abrupt cessation of long term steroid tx
only acth depd zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypoglygemia, cutaneous pigmentaion, eosinophilia, lypmhocytosis, stress intolerance
adh def: hyperk, hypona/cl/volemia, bradycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor of chromaffin cells, prod norepi/epi, usually nonfunctional, highly vascular, incidental or highly invasive (invade vena cava - exsanguination) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make t3 and t4
c cells make calitonin in resp to high serum ca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abs against thyroglubulin - common in dogs or folliclar destruction with fibrous replacement |
|
|
Term
| diffuse thyroid hyperplasia and goiter |
|
Definition
| too little or too much iodine, ing of thiouracil, sulfonamides, genetic enzyme defect |
|
|
Term
| congenital dyshormonogenetic goiter |
|
Definition
| sheep - corriedale, marino, dorset horn, romeny, afrikander cattle, saanen dwarf goats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adenoma - cats, encapsulated
carcinoma dogs, goldens, boxers, beagles, palpable, rapid growth, invaisve, mets |
|
|
Term
| nodular thyroid hyperpasia in cats |
|
Definition
| tan nodular thyroids, most common cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tragic face due to cutaneous mucinosis/myxedema
coudl be iodine def but usually lymphoctic/immune med or idiopathic atrophy (both primary)
hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, comedones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete pth in resp to low blood ca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low serum ca - nm hyperexcitability, tetany, weakness, seizures, high serum p |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dogs, chief cell tumor, usu adenoma, func carcinoma, idiopathic hyperplasia
FOD.rubber jaw.big head, loose teeth, pupd (nephrocalcinosis, uroliths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to retain ca and excrete p, failure of kidney to activate vit d |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neoplasms of chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
| brachycephalic breeds, usu nonfunc, signs due to size, coughing |
|
|
Term
| neupathies ass w endocrinopathies |
|
Definition
| diabetic neurop (hypergluc = slow nerve conduction=weakness, red reflexes, plantigrade), hypothy (LMN signs, megaesoph, CB def), hypoadreno (megaesop), insulinoma |
|
|
