Term
| *US findings of Retroperitoneal Masses- all EXCEPT: displacement of normal strux, anterior displacement of kidney, direct invasion of organs, symmetry of normal structures,silhouetting of normal strux; loss of retroperitoneal detail |
|
Definition
| symmetry of normal structures |
|
|
Term
| *Masses of retroperitoneum: do all of the following EXCEPT: assess in 2 dimensions, trace and measure look for "twin peaks" sign, look for air/calcium, seek origin |
|
Definition
| Look for "twin peaks" sign. That is not something you do. |
|
|
Term
| *In detecting enlarged lymph nodes, look for a Long/ trv ratio of less than: 1,2,4,5,10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What pathology is shown on the image which could be confused for accessory spleens? |
|
Definition
| enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) |
|
|
Term
| *What is it called when enlarged nodes posterior to AO elevate the vessel away from the spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following do not characterize a retroperitoneal hemorrhage? variable, changes over time,fresh appears sonolucent, debris with dirty shadowing, organized, show echo densities |
|
Definition
| debris with dirty shadowing. NOT one of the US findings |
|
|
Term
| *What is a walled-off collection of extravasated urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which of the following is true of adrenal cysts? there are 6 types, asymptomatic and incidental finding, more common in males |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic and incidental finding |
|
|
Term
| *Which of the following is NOT an adrenal pathology? Myelolipoma,liposarcoma,Pheochromocytoma, adenoma, adrenal METS |
|
Definition
| liposarcoma (it's a retroperitoneal mass) |
|
|
Term
| *Which is NOT true of adrenal adenomas? associated with htn and diabetes, 10% bilateral, associated with Cushing's and Conn's, majority are hyperfunctioning |
|
Definition
| majority are hyperfunctioning is NOT true |
|
|
Term
| *Which adrenal pathology is more common on right? (image) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What pathology, if it is larger than 3-6 cm,may be BX? (image) |
|
Definition
| adrenal cortical carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| *Ascites is the accumulation of excess ___________ fluid in the peritoneal cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *All of the following are types of ascites except: chylous,exudate,transudate,particulate,sclerosing |
|
Definition
| sclerosing is NOT a type of ascites (sclerosing is a type of peritonitis) |
|
|
Term
| *Which of the following is NOT a cause of ascites? cirrhosis, pancreatitis, TB, neoplasm,CHF |
|
Definition
| pancreatitis is NOT a cause |
|
|
Term
| *Which of the following does NOT characterize exudative fluid? matted bowel loops,septations, loculations, anechoic |
|
Definition
| anechoic is NOT exudative (anechoic is transudative) |
|
|
Term
| *What is not true of FAST? |
|
Definition
| use only if CT unavailable |
|
|
Term
| *What is the space between the liver and kidney? (image) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is a rare often fatal disease characterized by gelatinous ascites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is a localized collection of pus near surgery sites? (image) |
|
Definition
| abdominal & pelvic abscess |
|
|
Term
| *A measurement greater than_____ is considered splenomegaly. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *All of the following cause splenomegaly EXCEPT: AIDS, portal htn,granulamatous, leukemia, myelofibrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *most common benign neoplasm of the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *All of the following are solid masses EXCEPT: granuloma,echinococcus, hemangioma,candidiasis,infarction,Gaucher's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which of the following is NOT a splenic cystic lesion? primary congenital,pseudocyst, posttraumatic cyst,intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocysts, Gaucher's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Image of hemangioma, what is the other pathology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Image-wedge-shaped, peripheral lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Splenic capsule remains intact; crescent shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *spleen capsule ruptures; free fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Image: these may be confused with enlarged lymph nodes & may undergo torsion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Where are the accessory spleens usually found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which does not describe polysplenia? cardiovascular abn, multiple spleens, horseshoe kidney, absent gb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which is not a pitfall for identifying splenic masses? left lobe of liver, tortuous AO, tail of pancreas, fundus of stomach,retrorenal spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following describe adrenal cortical carcinoma EXCEPT: common, poor px, invade IVC, adrenal vein, and lymph glands,4th decade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is atheramatous disease? |
|
Definition
| plaque in the intima of a vessel |
|
|
Term
| *What affects the hepatocytes and interferes with liver function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which of the following does NOT indicate a liver mass (intrahepatic): displacement of vascular radicles, external bulging of liver capsule, anterior displacement of kidney, posterior shift of IVC |
|
Definition
| anterior displacement of right kidney is EXTRAHEPATIC |
|
|
Term
| *IMAGE-This is a fluid filled liver mass with epithelial lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *If patient has multiple cysts (adult polycystic liver disease),what other organs should be examined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What are small, focal developmental lesions composed of groups of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts |
|
Definition
| Biliary Hamartomas (Von Meyenburg Complexes-VMC) |
|
|
Term
| *Which of the following is NOT associated with Chronic hepatitis? thickened GB wall,coarse hepatic echo pattern, decreased visualization of vessel walls, small shrunken liver, hyperechoic parenchyma |
|
Definition
| thickened GB wall is associated with ACUTE |
|
|
Term
| What infectious disease of the liver presents the following symptoms: elevated WBCs, fever, malaise, anorexia, RUQ pain, jaundice |
|
Definition
| bacterial (pyogenic) disease |
|
|
Term
| *What abnormal condition is characterized by "wheel within a wheel" lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *This liver pathology exhibits pain, diarrhea, and elevated WBCs. Serologic testing confirms the diagnosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *All of the following are characteristics of Hydatid disease EXCEPT: densely calcified masses,"water lily" sign, widened echogenic portal tracts, simple cysts with "sand", cysts with dettached endocyst,cysts with daughter cysts |
|
Definition
| widened echogenic portal tracts (up to 2 cm) are associated with SCHISTOSOMIASIS not Hydatid disease. |
|
|
Term
| *Which of the following does NOT cause fatty liver disease? portal hypertension,obesity, alcohol abuse, diabetes, severe hepatitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What exhibits focal regions of normal liver parenchyma within a fatty infiltrated liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What type of malignant node has a longitudinal/transverse ratio of less than 2 & can be mistaken for an accessory spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition has 1 in 724 pediatric autopsies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition has both kidneys on one side of the body...upper pole of ectopic usually fused to lower pole of the native kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition causes the kidneys to cross at midline anterior to the great vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What renal condition is rare, incompatible with life, and has a 3:1 incidence in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is the name of the condition that is exceedingly rare and causes there to be a small additional kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition appears sonographically as a “candle sign”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition has an incidence of 2:1 in men and is associated with infection and stones, and the left kidney is affected twice as much as the right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition is a tubulointerstitial inflammation of the kidney with renal enlargement and loss of corticomedullary differentiation sonographically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What are the other names for Focal Acute Pyelonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Acute focal bacterial nephritis; Lobar nephromia |
|
|
Term
| *What condition is associated with purulent material(pus) in an obstructed collecting system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What renal condition is an uncommon, life-threatening gas formation caused by E.Coli? |
|
Definition
| Emphysematous Pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
| *What renal condition has an incidence of 3:1 in men, increases with age, and is common in 12%? |
|
Definition
| Renal stones/nephrolithiasis |
|
|
Term
| *What condition is a disorder of calcium metabolism (hypercalcemia/hypercalcinuria)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition has the Robson stages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What are the Robson Stages? |
|
Definition
| Tumor confined to the renal corpuscle Tumor invasion of perinephric fat Tumor involvement of regional lymph nodes or venous structures Tumor invasion of adjacent organs or distant metastases |
|
|
Term
| *What condition has an incidence of 4:1 in men and has differential diagnosis of clot, fungal balls, & sloughed papilla. |
|
Definition
| Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| *What benign renal tumor is composed of various proportions of adipose tissue, smooth muscle cells, & blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| Angiomyolipoma/Renal Hamartoma |
|
|
Term
| *What condition is most common in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, VARIABLE sonographically, & has symptoms of flank pain, flank mass, & hematuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition is most common in women in their 40-60’s & affects the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition is found in 50% of patients over 50. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What are the criteria in defining complex renal cysts? |
|
Definition
| Internal echoes, septations, calcifications, mural nodules, & irregular walls. |
|
|
Term
| *What asymptomatic condition consists of cortical cysts that bulge into the central sinus of the kidney & doesn’t communicate with the collecting system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition can be asymptomatic or (with stone formation) have symptoms of renal colic, hematuria, dysuria, flank pain & sonographically appear with a thinning cortex and echogenic medullary pyramids. |
|
Definition
| Medullary Sponge Kidney/MSK |
|
|
Term
| *What bi-lateral condition is associated with liver, pancreatic, splenic & thyroid cysts and is associated with cerebral berry aneurysms? |
|
Definition
| Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease/Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease/Potter Type III/ADPKD |
|
|
Term
| *What condition appears as enhancement from teeny tiny cysts that are not visible? |
|
Definition
| Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease/Infantile Polycystic Disease/Potter Type I/ARPKD |
|
|
Term
| *What non-hereditary condition when bilateral is incompatible with life (although usually unilateral), associated with UPJ in 30%, and is also known as Renal Dysplasia? |
|
Definition
| Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney/Renal Dysplasia/Renal Dysgenesis/Multicystic Kidney/Potter Type II/MCDK |
|
|
Term
| *What are the levels of trauma to the kidney? |
|
Definition
| I-Minor (75-85%)-conservative treatment II-Major (10%)-Lacerations-Treatment varies III-Catastrophic-Shattered kidney-URGENT surgery IV-UPJ avulsion-URGENT surgery |
|
|
Term
| *What condition can be caused by atherosclerosis (66%), has symptoms of sudden onset or uncontrollable hypertension, involves a kidney <9CM IN LENGTH & in young adults fibromuscular hyperplasia of the mid-distal segment of the renal artery is seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition is caused by IVC/renal vein extrinsic compression, has US findings of a dilated, thrombosed renal vein, enlarged kidney, and loss of corticomedularry differentiation? |
|
Definition
| Acute renal vein thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| *What condition displays absence of venous flow in the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Acute Renal Vein Thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| *What condition is a dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces frequently associated with obstruction & may have a thin cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What are the grades of Hydronephrosis? |
|
Definition
| Grade I (mild): small separation of the calyceal pattern (SPLAYING) Grade II (moderate): Bear claw effect, with fluid extending into the major & minor calyceal system Grade III (severe): massive dilation of renal pelvis with loss/thinning of the renal parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| *What condition is a dilation of the renal pelvis that is not related to obstruction, still has an active ureteral jet, and can be caused by reflux, infection, a large extrarenal pelvis, or PREGNANCY? |
|
Definition
| Nonobstructive Hydronephrosis |
|
|
Term
| *Which kidney is usually used for a renal transplant and why? |
|
Definition
| Left kidney due to a longer renal vein |
|
|
Term
| *Which is NOT an extraperitoneal fluid collection? Hematoma, Urinoma, Ureterocele, Lymphocele, Abscess |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thickness of a normal non-distended bladder wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thickness of a normal distended bladder wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is NOT a cause of bladder wall thickening? Infection, tumor, over-distention, neurogenic bladder, bladder outlet obstruction? |
|
Definition
Over-distended is not a cause.
Under-distended is a cause. |
|
|
Term
| What results in reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) leading to azotemia (increase in nitrogen waste)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which does NOT describe renal failure? Low circulating blood volume, renal artery stenois, acute tubular necrosis, not reversible? |
|
Definition
| "not reversible" is false. Renal failure is potentially reversible (postrenal failure) |
|
|
Term
| *What are the lab findings associated with renal failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition has clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia, cardiac failure, & renal artery stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition has clinical symptoms of parenchymal disease, acute tubular necrosis, glomerular disease, nephrotoxins, and autoimmune disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What renal outflow obstruction is potentially reversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What adrenal condition is most common in the 3rd-5th decades, has an incidence of 3:1 female to male, is generally asymptomatic, but if it is not asymptomatic may be treated with surgery or aspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you need to do to assess a retroperitoneal mass? |
|
Definition
| Fixed/free; Air; Calcification; Echogenicity; Solid/cystic/vacular; Blood flow; Origin; Organs; Measure (FACES BOOM) |
|
|
Term
| What appears sonographically as a displacement of normal structures, direct invasion of adjacent organs, asymmetry of normal structures, silhouetting of normal structures, and/or a loss of retroperitoneal detail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition has symptoms of abdominal pain, fever, or palpable mass and appears as a complex mass with a thick wall (although the appearance is variable)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition that changes appearance over time initially appears sonolucent with organized echo densities, but DOES NOT have posterior dirty shadowing? |
|
Definition
| Retroperitoneal hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What rare splenic condition may have an epithelial or endothelial lining? |
|
Definition
| True/Primary congenital/epidermoid cysts |
|
|
Term
| Is Gaucher’s disease cystic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Gaucher’s disease cystic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the reasons for a liver sonogram? |
|
Definition
Anorexia
Fatigue/Weakness
Abdominal Pain
Fever
Abnormal LFT’s
Jaundice
Enlarged/palpable liver |
|
|
Term
| What are the “clues” that a mass is extrahepatic? |
|
Definition
Outside the liver
Internal invagination/discontinuity of the liver capsule
Anteromedial shift of the IVC
Anterior displacement of the right kidney |
|
|
Term
| What condition causes Bile excretion to be blocked & is usually relieved by surgery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hereditary condition is asymptomatic, generally from .2-2.5cm, located in the porta hepatis, and runs parallel to the bile ducts & portal vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hereditary condition is associated with PSKD, presents with normal LFT’s, & is more numerous than hepatic cysts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What rare, focal, hereditary condition that is usually an incidental finding consists of small (<1cm), single/multiple/innumerable well-defined solid nodules, & dilated intrahepatic ducts? |
|
Definition
| Biliary hamartomas/von meyenburg complexes |
|
|
Term
| What infectious condition is associated with sheep/cattle & appears as cysts with sand or cysts with daughter cells? |
|
Definition
| Hydatid disease/Echinococcal cyst |
|
|
Term
| What condition that effects the right lobe more than the left can have densely calcified masses or the “Water lily” sign? |
|
Definition
| Hydatid disease/Echinococcal cyst |
|
|
Term
| What infectious viral condition has decreased appearance of the vessel walls, a small, shrunken with coarse parenchyma, increased echogenicity & increased AST, ALT, & Bili? |
|
Definition
| Chronic (viral) Hepatitis |
|
|
Term
| *All of the following are congenital anomalies EXCEPT: hepatic cysts, peribiliary cysts, adult polycystic liver disease,cavernous hemangioma,biliary hamartomas (VMC) |
|
Definition
| cavernous hemangioma (don't remember what the EXCEPT answer was on actual test, do you?) |
|
|
Term
| Indications of an AO sonogram include: |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, bruit, swelling in lower limbs, pulsatile abdominal mass |
|
|
Term
| What type of mass usually refers to a diffuse disease process or metastatic disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of mass has well-defined borders with internal echoes; septa may be thin or thick? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the sound beam is attenuated by a solid or calcified object, what is occurring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal measurement of aorta is less than? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *A swelling in the aorta that can be focal or diffuse, have a focal measurement greater than 3 cm, and is usually located in the infrarenal area is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) |
|
|
Term
| Is a pseudoaneurysm a True aneurysm? |
|
Definition
| NO! It does not have an epithelial lining. |
|
|
Term
| Aortic pathology includes all EXCEPT: atheroma, aneurysm, rupture, thrombosis, fibroadenoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What condition occurs when the aorta increases in diameter and vertical length, causing the distal aorta to kink? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atheroma is also known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Arteriosclerosis is defined as what? |
|
Definition
| A vascular wall disorder characterized by the presence of lipid deposits in the intima. |
|
|
Term
| *What is the most common cause of AAA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Artheromatous disease is more prevalent in _______ and _______ with age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Artheromatous disease is associated with |
|
Definition
| smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
| *Which is NOT a symptom of AAA: Vessel compression, back pain, drop in hematocrit, low grade fever. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which is NOT a complication of AAA |
|
Definition
| rupture, thrombosis, stenosis, fluttering. Fluttering |
|
|
Term
| *What is the most common shape of Aortic Aneurysms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True Aortic Aneurysms include: |
|
Definition
| All 3 arterial layers (intima, media, adventitia) |
|
|
Term
| *Aortic rupture has a _____% mortality rate and rupture occurs if greater than ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An artificial abdominal stent displays what sonographically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *If a patient has an aortic graft, what should you assess? |
|
Definition
| Upper & Lower anastomoses |
|
|
Term
| *Aortic Dissection is defined as |
|
Definition
| Defect existing in the intima, internal weakness existing in the wall, thin membrane, “fluttering” |
|
|
Term
| *What inherited aortic abnormality is associated with type II dissection, and individuals are tall, lanky, and double jointed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Marfan’s syndrome is mostly found in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which type of aortic dissection begins at the root of the aorta to the length of the transthoracic aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which type of aortic dissection is limited to the ascending aorta only (Marfans syndrome)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which type of aortic dissection begins at or below the level of the left subclavian artery and proceeds distally to involve the rest of the aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pseudoaneurysm is commonly caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Arteriovenous (A-V) Fistula is secondary to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An abnormal connection between an artery and a vein is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What aortic pathology affects 10% of patients of chronic pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Congenital abnormalities of the IVC include |
|
Definition
| Duplication (Double IVC) and Transposition |
|
|
Term
| In patients with ________ failure, the IVC does not collapse with expiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Preferred placement of an IVC filter is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which IVC abnormality presents patients with leg edema, lower back pain, is usually spread from another vein in pelvis, and echogenicity depends on age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is NOT associated with Renal Vein Thrombosis? Loss of normal renal structure, increased renal size, decreased flow on Doppler, non-visualization of thrombus, renal vein dilation proximal to occlusion? |
|
Definition
| Non-Visualization of the thrombus |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 congenital anomalies of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic cysts, Perbiliary cysts, Adult polycystic disease, Biliary hamartomas |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Cysts are fluid-filled with a (an) _________ lining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty infiltration of liver has an appearance of: |
|
Definition
| Normal liver with a few fatty areas (patchy distribution) |
|
|
Term
| *Which is NOT indicative of Acute Hepatitis: Hypoechoic liver parenchyma, Hyperechoic liver parenchyma, increased portal vein border brightness, hepatomelagy? |
|
Definition
| Hyperechoic liver parenchyma (this is Cirrhosis) |
|
|
Term
| *Sonographic findings of Chronic hepatitis include all except: Coarse parenchyma, hyperechoic liver parenchyma, small shrunken liver, increased visualization of vessel walls? |
|
Definition
| Increased echogenicity of vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| What type of infectious hepatic disease includes elevated WBC’s and is usually found in the right lobe? |
|
Definition
| Bacterial (Pyogenic) Diseases |
|
|
Term
| Candiasis in the liver is sonographically identified by what? |
|
Definition
| Wheel within a wheel, bull’s eye lesion, uniformly hypoechoic, echogenic |
|
|
Term
| *Which does not describe Hydatid disease sonographically: Simple cyst, detached endocysts, densely calcified masses, wheel within a wheel, daughter cysts? |
|
Definition
| Wheel within a wheel (this is Candidiasis) |
|
|
Term
| *Which infectious hepatic disease is associated with widened portal tracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Intrahepatic portal hypertension accounts for > _____% of all cases of portal hypertension in the West. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which lobe is enlarged with Budd-Chiari syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Von Gierke’s disease (Type 1 GSD) is a congenital disorder. T/F? |
|
Definition
| FALSE – Disorder of carb metabolism |
|
|
Term
| *For all BUT passive hepatic congestion, evaluate the liver for: |
|
Definition
| dilated intrahepatic ducts |
|
|
Term
| *Hydatid disease represents all but what: Water lily sign, daughter cysts, bull’s eye lesion, densely calcified masses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Budd-Chiari syndrome affects the ______ ______/IVC. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of a hepatic hemangioma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is the second most common benign liver tumor? |
|
Definition
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| *What is the most common neoplastic involvement of liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is this hepatopedal or hepatofugal flow (image)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This condition occurs when blood in the venous system backs up, causing varices. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What benign tumor is associated with Type 1 GSD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) affects ______ 5:1 and less than ____ cm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *HCC is mostly caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *An ultrasound guided biopsy advantage is that it provides: |
|
Definition
| continuous real-time visualization |
|
|
Term
| Which hepatic parasitic pathology causes portal hypertension and occlusion of portal vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What pathology is associated with fibrosis, cell death, and regeneration? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| *The most common symptom of Amebiasis is? |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are US findings of Von Meyenburg Complex except: Single, Multiple solid nodules, hypoechoic, usually < 1 cm, cystic in appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| *What sonographic appearance occurs with an increased use of contraceptives, shock, and tumor rupture? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcified liver METS is most commonly a result of METS from where? |
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Definition
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Term
| *An Amebic abcess reaches the liver through what? |
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Definition
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Term
| *Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a benign neoplasm of the liver. T/F? |
|
Definition
| FALSE-Primary malignancy of liver |
|
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT true of MCDK: Nonhereditary, bilateral is incompatible with life, 30% UPJ obstruction, usually bilateral? |
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Definition
MCDK is not usually bilateral.
(usually unilateral) |
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Term
| What condition may not surface until the 4th-5th decade and has symptoms of palpable mass, pain, hypertension, hematuria, & UTI? |
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Definition
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Term
| *What is a condition of bladder wall mucosa herniation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do ureteral calculi appear with Doppler? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which is NOT true of false-positive hydro? Extrarenal pelvis, parapelvis cysts, reflux, empty bladder |
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Definition
| Empty bladder. False-positive hydro displays a full/overdistended bladder. |
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Term
| Which Robson stage of RCC is described as: spread to perinephric fat, but within Gerota's fascia |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most common neoplasm of the bladder? |
|
Definition
| Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) |
|
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Term
| What renal hereditary disease may not surface until the 4th-5th decade and patient may present with palpable masses? |
|
Definition
| ADPKD/Adult/Potter Type III |
|
|
Term
| Which grade of Hydronephrosis appears as a "bear claw effect?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Renal transplant rejection within hours of transplant is called what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| *Renal transplant exams occur WHEN to define size, axis, and flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is the most common benign tumor of the liver, affects mostly women(5:1), & histologically there are multiple vascular channels? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is the most common type of islet cell tumor? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| *Which is NOT a symptom of acute pancreatitis? Nausea & Vomiting, fever, sweating, abdominal tenderness, epigastric pain radiating to right shoulder |
|
Definition
| Pain radiating to the right shoulder (correct answer is pain radiating to BACK) |
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Term
| Hydrops of the GB is distention with dilated transverse walls > or = to ____ cm? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F. Strawberry polyps are a focal form of cholesterolosis. |
|
Definition
| False. They are a diffuse form. |
|
|
Term
| GB carcinoma displays mobile polypoid intraluminal masses. T/F? |
|
Definition
| False. They are immobile. |
|
|
Term
| *Which is NOT a congenital anomaly of the pancreas? Annular pancrease, agenesis, pancreatic cysts, cystadenoma, cystic fibrosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Appearance of an aortic graft? |
|
Definition
| Textured & Highly echogenic |
|
|
Term
| *Which pathology pathology causes to & Fro flow & a yin-yang appearance? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *IVC dilation is associated with? |
|
Definition
| Right Ventricular failure |
|
|
Term
| *What are the clinical signs of an AV Fistula? |
|
Definition
| Lower back pain, abdominal pain, progressive cardiac decompensation, pulsatile mass with bruit, & swelling of the back & lower extremities |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Excrutiating abdominal pain, Shock, expanding abdominal mass, back pain, & drop in hematomcrit |
|
|
Term
| *Which aneurysm is larger? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is a common cause of pancreatitis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *What pancreatic condition is defined as from a collection of purulent and necrotic tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
*Which is NOT a symptom of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
Abdominal pain, painless jaundice, weight loss, vomiting, headache, back pain? |
|
Definition
| headache is not a symptom |
|
|
Term
| *What sign is associated with 25% of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *This biliary inflammation occurs in males at a median age of 39. |
|
Definition
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis |
|
|
Term
| *Which is NOT indicative of chronic pancreatitis? chronic alcohol abuse, biliary tract disease, enlarged and hypoechoic parenchyma, irregular pancreatic outline. |
|
Definition
| enlarged and hypoechoic is associated with ACUTE |
|
|
Term
| *What is not a cystic condition of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Biliary Hamartomas (these are solid) |
|
|
Term
| *With regards to schistosomiasis how do ova reach the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What liver pathology causes splenomegaly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *6th leading cause of death? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which liver lesion is described as "stealth" and is not likely to hemorrhage. |
|
Definition
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) |
|
|
Term
| *T/F FNH is more common than adenoma. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *Hepatic lipoma is associated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What type of metastatic disease has a bulls-eye appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What type of metastasis is calcified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *An infiltrative metastatic mass in the liver is most commonly from what 2 sites? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is caused by increased pressure in the portal-splenic venous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *2 cause of portal hypertension? |
|
Definition
| cirrhosis & schistosomiasis |
|
|
Term
| *What develops when hepatopedal flow is impeded by thrombus or tumor invasion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is the most common cause of intrahepatic portal hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What 2 vessels does a TIPS shunt connect? |
|
Definition
| Portal Veins & Hepatic Veins |
|
|
Term
| *IMAGE-Congenital dilated bile ducts |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| *Has symptoms of "Crampy" pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *What is the normal CBD measurement? Dilated? |
|
Definition
| less than or equal to five 5mm; Dilated is greater/equal to 8mm (1 millimeter per decade starting at 60 years |
|
|
Term
| *What is the most common biliary obstruction? |
|
Definition
| Choledocholithiasis (pancreatic adenocarcinoma is also common) |
|
|
Term
| *What pathology has "too many tubes" & shotgun sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *IMAGE-What pathology has primary stone formation & secondary stone formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Inflammation of the biliary ducts, resulting in wall thickening. Bile becomes infected due to biliary obstruction (most commonly choledocholitiasis) |
|
Definition
| Bacterial acute cholangitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *IMAGE-60% & surgical resection |
|
Definition
| Hilar-Klatskins Cholangiocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Second most common primary malignancy of the liver |
|
Definition
| intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| *What are the us findings of sludge? |
|
Definition
| Low-level echoes, non-shadowing, layering when moved, may completely fill the GB in the critically ill |
|
|
Term
| *IMAGE-organized sludge, can mimic polypoid tumors, normal GB wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RUQ pain, jaundice, nausea & vomitting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Which is NOT a cause of GB wall thickening: Cholecystitis, adenomyomatosis, ascites, pancreatitis, heart failure, hemobilia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *GB wall inflammation due to cystic duct obstruction by stones. Associated with stones (90%). 3x higher in women (under 50 years). Equal incidence men:women (over 50) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *US findings of sludge, sonolucent area around wall, thickened GB wall, distended lumen, gallstones, impacted neck/cystic duct stones, positive murphy's sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complications of acute cholecystitis do NOT include which of the following: Gangrenous, emphysematous, xanthogranulomatous. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *US findings bands of non-layering echogenic tissue within the lumen representing sloughed membranes & blood. Also, irregular GB wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Small defect in the wall of GB; 5-10% of patients have prolonged inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *US findings: Deflation of GB with loss of gourd-like shape, pericholecystic fluid collection, small fluid collection around defective part of wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Gas invades the GB wall & lumen; more common in men. Over half are diabetic. Fatal 15% of the time. |
|
Definition
| Emphysematous Cholecystitis |
|
|
Term
| *Gas appears as echogenic lines with posterior dirty shadowing (ringdown artifact) |
|
Definition
| Emphysematous Cholecystitis |
|
|
Term
| *absence of cholelithiasis; elderly males with atherosclerotic disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Risk factors include diabetes, atherosclerotic disease, critically ill, trauma, surgery, sepsis, HIV, prolonged TPN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Rare form of chronic cholecystitis; lipid-laden macrophages. Occur within nodules or streaks in the wall |
|
Definition
| Xanthogranulamtous cholecystitis |
|
|
Term
| *US appearance-Hyperechoic, semilunar line with dense post-acoustic shadowing(with thick calcification) OR echogenic line with variable degrees of posterioir shadowing (mild calcification) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Differential Diagnosis: Gallstones, emphysematous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Distention of the GB due to obstruction of the cystic duct. Trapped bile reabsorbed and Gb is filled with clear mucinous matter derived from the GB wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *GB dilated if distal CBD blocked by something other than a stone...most likely pancreatic cancer of the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *GB dilated if distal CBD blocked by something other than a stone...most likely pancreatic cancer of the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| US findings:possible dilated GB. Stones, mobile echogenic appearance, strong/clean posterior shadowing (rounded or triangular) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *GB packed full of stones; creates distinctive shadowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Benign hyperplastic change/exaggeration of the normal diverticula in the GB wall; Thickening of the GB wall (may conatin internal cystic spaces; Tiny echogenic focci in the Gb wall cause comet-tail artifacct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *IF malignant...greater than 10mm; usually singular; over the age of 60 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Focal form of cholesterolosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Risk factor same as GS Disease (often between 2-10 mm) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Diffuse form of cholesterolosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *RARE; irregular fungating mass with low-level echo; shotgun sign; A trapped stone will be immobile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *exocrine gland disorder resulting in viscous secretions & dysfunciton of multiple glands; cysts with high-content of amylase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Enlarged, hypoechoic, edema, distinction between splenic vein & pancreas may be lost |
|
Definition
| diffuse acute pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
| *Which lab value is the most sensitive for pancreatitis over time? |
|
Definition
| Lipase because it increases after 24-48 hours & remains for longer period of time. |
|
|
Term
| *Complications include: psuedocyst formation 10-20% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes include: acute pancreatitis, alcoholic etiology, biliary etiology, blunt trauma. It is also secondary to pancreatic malignancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Symptoms include:persistant pain, increased amylase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *pancreatic collection of purulent & necrotic tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Causes include: MOST COMMON=CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE; biliary tract disease, abdominal trauma, cystic fibrosis, hereditary pancreatitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Most common form of chronic pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
| Chronic calcifying pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
| *Least common form of chronic pancreatitis |
|
Definition
| Chronic obstructive pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
| *Focal mass/enlargement, & dilated pancreatic duct with a tortuous appearance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Lipid-laden macrophages, destruction of renal parenchyma |
|
Definition
| Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
| *Leads to end-stage renal disease with small hyperechoic kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *CAUSED BY: Analgesic abuse, diabetes, UTI Renal vein thrombosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *More prevalent in women. E.coli enters urethra. Diffuse bladder wall thickening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Doppler twinkling artifact (dealing with urinary system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Caused by stones migrating from kidney OR urinary stasis; Symptoms: bladder pain, foul smelling urine, & hemturia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common solid renal mass in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Classic triad, flank pain, hematuria, palpable renal mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Associated with: Dialysis, Von-Hippel-Lindau, and Tuberous Sclerosis, & ACKD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Most common metastasis to the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Most common neoplasm of the bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rare; Diffusely enlarged kidneys; Associated stones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Large, solid infiltrating mass in the bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IMAGE-1.7:1 men; Variable; Resembles spoke wheel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Rare; 1:35,000; Bilateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endothelial, epithelial, parasitic, & pseudocyst |
|
|
Term
| Causes of infectious peritonitis? |
|
Definition
| TB, viruses, fungi, parasites |
|
|
Term
| What condition causes dribbling in a pediatric female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common neonatal abdominal mass |
|
Definition
| Hydronehrosis (OR Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney) |
|
|
Term
| What pathology has classifications of perinatal, infantile, juvenille, & neonatal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common form of cystic disease in infants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2nd Most common abdominal tumor of childhood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common intra-abdominal malignant tumor in a child? |
|
Definition
| WIlm' tumor/nephroblastoma |
|
|
Term
| Most common neonatal renal neoplasm to occur within the first few months of life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This causes masculinization; Defiency of 21-hydroxylase |
|
Definition
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Common in children; Common indication for sonography of kidneys & bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Associated with beckwith-wiedeman syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patient has mets at presentation & spreads early & widely |
|
Definition
|
|
