Term
| What are prions & what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Malformed proteins that get in the way of normal neuronal activity |
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Term
| Do prions contain DNA or RNA? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does a prion pathogen spread? |
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Definition
| Spread via contaminated blood or transplant tissue, contaminated surgical instruments or consumption of infected meat products |
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Term
| What does a prion do to cells? |
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Definition
| Cause infected cells to produce more prions (similarly to the way a virus works) |
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Term
| What are some examples of disease causes by prions? |
|
Definition
1) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(mad cow disease)
2) kuru
(diseased seen in cannibals)
3) Scrapie in sheep & goats |
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Term
| What system do prions effect? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Packets of DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein called capsid |
|
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Term
| What is protein coat of a virus called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can viruses replicate outside a host? |
|
Definition
No, many viruses are fragile & disintegrate quickly.
Some however, are extremely stable & can remain infectious for long periods of time |
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Term
| How do viruses replicate? |
|
Definition
Use the machinery of the cells they target to make new viruses
(infected cells release copies of viruses called virions) |
|
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Term
| What are the new copies of a virus called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are 2 very common viruses massage therapists will have to deal with? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the polio virus invade the body? |
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Definition
| 1st invades cells in the gastrointestinal tract & then migrates to motor neurons in the spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| Single-celled micro-organisms that can survive outside the host |
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Term
| Are all bacteria pathogenic? |
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Definition
| Not all bacteria are pathogenic, some are necessary for good health (digestive bacteria living within the stomach) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of drugs that either kill bacteria or directly interfere with bacterial replication |
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Term
| What trait of bacteria makes antibiotics more effective than on other bacterial infections? |
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Definition
| Aggressive bacterial infections with high replication rate |
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Term
| What is a feature that helps determine the virulence of a bacterium? |
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Definition
| Whether it develops a tough waxy coat that protects it from the environment |
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Term
| What is another name for coated bacteria? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can spore bacteria survive extended periods of time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some forms of bacteria that form resistant spores? |
|
Definition
| Tuberculosis, tetanus & anthrax |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Spherical bacteria that appear in predictable patterns |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Paired cocci bacteria associated with a type of pneumonia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Clump together in groups that resemble bunches of grapes |
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Term
| Name a staph infection that has become resistant & difficult to treat? |
|
Definition
| Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) |
|
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Term
| Is a staph infection on the skin local to a specific area? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Cling together in chains & form systematic infections such as strep throat or rheumatic fever
(necrotizing fasciitis, or flesh-eating bacteria" is often a strep infection, although some other agents have been seen with this as well) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Elongated, rod-shaped bacteria (these are the most capable of forming spores) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spiral bacteria, but technically- they are greatly elongated bacilli |
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Term
| How does a spirochetes attack a cell? |
|
Definition
| With filaments that wind around the cell wall, pulling them into a spiral |
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Term
| What are some infections caused by spirochetes? |
|
Definition
Syphilis (treponema pallidum)
Lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Very tiny micro-organism that cause some sexually transmitted infections & a common type of pneumonia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of organism that include yeasts & molds |
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Term
| Most internal fungal infections are indications of what? |
|
Definition
Imbalance that allow normal yeast to replicate
(ex: candidiasis) |
|
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Term
| What are fungal infections that are limited to the skin? |
|
Definition
| Ring worm, athletes foot & jock itch are superficial fungal infections |
|
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Term
| What are animal parasite? |
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Definition
| Unicellular or multicellular organisms that live on or in a host rather than those that visit 1 host after another |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Single celled organism that cause diseases such as giardiasis, malaria & cryptosporidiosis |
|
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Term
| How is the disease Malaria transmitted? |
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Definition
| Protozoan associated with malaria is vector-borne through mosquitoes |
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Term
| How is giardiasis & cryptosporidiosis transmitted? |
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Definition
| Through oral-fecal contamination |
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|
Term
| What are helminths & roundworms? |
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Definition
| Parasitic worms that colonize various places in the body (including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, urinary bladder) |
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Term
| What are some examples of Arthropods & how they effect humans? |
|
Definition
| Head lice, crab lice, & mites that cause scabies are animal parasites that colonize human skin |
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Term
| What are some diseases Mosquitos are responsible for transmitting? |
|
Definition
| Malaria & west Nile virus |
|
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Term
| What are some diseases ticks are responsible for transmitting? |
|
Definition
| Lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever |
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|
Term
| What are some diseases fleas are responsible for transmitting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Source of infectious agents |
|
|
Term
| How can infections spread or go from 1 host to another? |
|
Definition
| Reservoir, susceptible host, mode of transports |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Disease relaying objects such as door knob or light switches used to transport pathogens |
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Term
| What are some directs forms of transporting disease? |
|
Definition
| Blood to blood, saliva, touch |
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Term
| What are some examples of reservoirs? |
|
Definition
Humans of animals
Environmental habits such as contaminated computer keyboard or food that harbors potentially dangerous bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Removal of soil through manual or mechanical means, often in preparation for disinfection & sterilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| Destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms or their toxins by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents |
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Term
| Why are disinfections known as low, intermediate & high level? |
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Definition
| Interventions can kill most pathogens, but bacterial spores may still spread |
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Term
|
Definition
| Destruction of all micro-organisms in a given field (accomplished with baking, steaming under pressure or chemicals under pressure) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Use of measures designed to promote health & prevent disease (usually refers to creating a clean environment, but does not specify the level cleanliness |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any detergent that contains NO anti-microbial products or only small amounts of anti-microbial products to act as preservatives |
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Term
| What is alcohol based hand rub? |
|
Definition
| Contains 60-95% alcohol (usually ethanol, isopropanol or both) |
|
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Term
| What are the universal & standard precautions? |
|
Definition
| Limit contact with body fluids in the working environment & how to avoid all potentially harmful body fluids |
|
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Term
| What fluids can cause infections? |
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Definition
| Semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid, blood, blood tinged saliva & vomit (emesis) |
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|
Term
| What fluids are not described as infectious fluids? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which layer of the dermis are transient bacteria found? |
|
Definition
| Superficial layers of the skin (easily removed with soap & water or with other frictions) |
|
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Term
| What are resident bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Colonize deeper layers of the skin & they are more difficult to remove (also tend to be less aggressive & less likely to cause serious infections) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How can the temperature of the water & nature of soap interfere with then function? |
|
Definition
| To harmful washing with hot water & harsh soap could actually make the skin more vulnerable to infection by compromised the shield |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Warm water & plain soap to remove any visible or palpable dirt |
|
|
Term
| Why is a bar of soap a bad idea? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria can colonize on bars of soap (it is preferable to dispense soap on liquid form) |
|
|
Term
| How do alcohol baed gels of foam clean your hands? |
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Definition
| Effective anti-bacterial & anti-viral mechanism, but does not dirt remove & is NOT effective against spore forming bacteria |
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|
Term
| Are alcohol baed gels or foam effective against spore-forming bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors associated with using anti microbial soap? |
|
Definition
| Carries a higher risk of allergies or contact dermatitis & wide spread use of anti microbial soap might lead to increased tolerances among common pathogens that appear to be sustained |
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Term
| If you have allergies towards anti microbial soap, what are your other solutions? |
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Definition
| Regular soap & alcohol based gels (skin drying may result from the use of gels, but can be counteracted by the use of moisturizing lotion) |
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|
Term
| Are therapists required to change clothing between patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the temperatures professional laundry services use in the water, how long is the agitation & why? |
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Definition
| Water that is above 160°F (71.1°C) with a minimum of 25 minutes of agitation to reduce microbial populations |
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|
Term
| What temperatures is detergent most effective of having an anti-microbial effect? |
|
Definition
| 71-77°F (21.6-25°C) if the detergent is strong & used according to manufactures' directions |
|
|
Term
| What temperatures is bleach most effective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to ensure that bleached laundry is thoroughly rinsed? |
|
Definition
| To minimize irritation to users |
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|
Term
| Why might most home washing machines won't receive the full potential from bleach as much as a commercial 1? |
|
Definition
| Most home hot water heaters heat water between 120°-140°F (48.4°-60°C), when bleaching temperatures are most effective above 135°F(67.2°C) |
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|
Term
| Why might it be bad to leave laundry damp for lengthly time period? |
|
Definition
| Can produce molds & a good breeding ground for germs, bacteria & viruses |
|
|
Term
| Why might ironing fabrics be unsanitary? |
|
Definition
| Adds extra anti-microbial action |
|
|
Term
| What temperatures should all laundry be dried? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should clean laundry be kept? |
|
Definition
| Wrapped in plastic or stored in a closed, freshly disinfected container |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissues response to damage or the threat of invasion by antigens(bits of none self) |
|
|
Term
| What causes inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Physical injury (trauma, chemical burn, hypothermia), invasion with foreign bodies (pathogens, splinters, shrapnel), hormonal changes, or autoimmune activity |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Protect the body from pathogenic invasion, to limit the range of contamination & to prepare damaged tissue for healing |
|
|
Term
| After an acute response has begun, what are the possible responses? |
|
Definition
| Complete resolution with no significant tissue changes, accumulation of scar tissue, or chronic inflammation, possible with the form of cysts & abscesses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constriction of blood vessels which increase blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dilation of blood vessels which decrease blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| How long is vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
| Moments for minor injuries & a few minutes for more serious injuries |
|
|
Term
| Give example of vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
| After scratching the skin, a whitish trail emerges from that scratched area & is shortly followed by the red marks seconds after |
|
|
Term
| How long is vasodilation? |
|
Definition
| Short lived with minor injuries, but may last a several days with more severe injuries |
|
|
Term
| When might the vascular reaction towards tissue damage be delayed? |
|
Definition
| Situations like sunburn, the vascular reaction to tissue damage is delayed for several hours |
|
|
Term
| How do endothelial cells respond to inflammation? |
|
Definition
Release chemicals that activate platelets & allow white blood cells to escape their boundaries
(these cells are also sensitive towards chemical signals to proliferate: in later stages of healing, endothelial cells build capillaries to supply new tissue growth) |
|
|
Term
| How do platelets respond to inflammation? |
|
Definition
1) When stimulated, they become jagged & sticky
2) They release several chemicals that interact with plasma proteins to weave the net of fibrin that forms a blood clot & the scaffolding for future scar tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Smallest & fastest white blood cells
2) Called granulocytes because when they isolated & sustained, they appear to have tiny granules in them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common type of granulocyte (WBC) involved in the early stages of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are neutrophils associated with? |
|
Definition
| Bacterial infections & musculoskeletal injury |
|
|
Term
| What are eosinophils, what are they associated with? |
|
Definition
| Granulocyte (WBC) associated with allergic reactions & parasites |
|
|
Term
| What are basophils & what are they associated with? |
|
Definition
| Granulocyte (WBC) associated with allergies & histamines |
|
|
Term
| What are mast cells & where are they found? |
|
Definition
WBC
Tissues most vulnerable to damage (skin & gastrointestinal tract) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when mast cells are activated? |
|
Definition
| They release histamines & other chemicals that reinforce & prolong the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| What are monocytes & what are they sensitive to? |
|
Definition
| Large, mobile white blood cells & are sensitive to chemical signals that call them to the sites of injury & potential infection |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when monocytes become permanently fixed macrophages? |
|
Definition
| Involved in later stages of inflammation; they help clean up cellular debris to prepare the area for healing |
|
|
Term
| What are lymphocytes & what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Involved in the resolution of the inflammation by working with macrophages to clean up dead & damaged cells & to help form scar tissue & new blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Produce collagen & other components of connective tissue extra-cellular matrix
2) Also respond to chemical signals that call them to the site or injury or invasion
(Typically begin by migrating to local blood clots & may proliferate to create more scar tissue if necessary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of chemicals that increase pain sensation & the permeability of capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is acute stage & describe what occurs? |
|
Definition
Initial inflammatory stage
Damaged cells release their chemicals, causing vasoconstriction & dilation, the accumulation of fluid between cells (edema) & the attraction of platelets & fast moving WBC |
|
|
Term
| During the acute stage, when tissue exudate begins, what occurs in the body? |
|
Definition
| Can take the shape of fluid filled blister, pus, or other material that indicates immune system activity (depending on the severity of the injury, the acute stage may last 1-3 days or longer) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the subacute stage |
|
Definition
AKA proliferative stage
Specific cells accumulate & work to fill in damages tissue
(may last 2-3 weeks, depending on the severity & depth of the injury & the healing capacity of the person who is injured) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs on the cellular level to know that the subacute stage is engaged? |
|
Definition
1) Endothelial cells grow into new capillaries to supply granulation tissue (framework for new cells)
2) If the damage is deep, then fibroblasts spin new collagen fibers
3) At the same time, slower moving WBC begin to clean up dead pathogens & other debris |
|
|
Term
| What is the postacute stage & what occurs during it? |
|
Definition
AKA maturation stage
New collagen undergoes change: it is remodeled & reshaped, & it becomes denser & aligns according to force
Example
When a muscle, tendon or ligament accumulates scar tissue- id that structure is stretched & exercised carefully, those new collagen fibers eventually lie down in alignment with injured fibers |
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