Term
| What 3 things does inflammation serve to do? |
|
Definition
Destroy
dilute
wall off injurious agent |
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Term
| Is inflammation a specific or non-specific process? |
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Definition
| Non-specific, it clears away dead tissue, protects against local infection, and allows immune system access to damaged area |
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Term
| Is infection and inflammation synonymous? |
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Definition
| No, non-infectious things suchs as sunburn, tissue necrosis, pimples, trauma, and radiation cause inflammation |
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Term
| What are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
Rubor-redness
Tumor-swelling
Calor-heat
Dolor-pain |
|
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Term
| The suffix -itis means what? |
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Definition
| What subject were we on again.... oh yea it's INFLAMMATION |
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Term
| Is acute inflammation a short or long-term process? What signs is it characterized by? |
|
Definition
Short term
The classic signs-swelling, redness, pain, heat
Also get loss of function due to infiltration of leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. Complete resolution
2. Healing by scarring
3. Abscess Formation-PUS
4. Chronic Inflammation |
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Term
| Whenis the only time that chronic inflammation develops? |
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Definition
| The neutrophils and their fast-acting molecular allies can't remove the noxious agent |
|
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Term
| Is inflammation beneficial or harmful? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the five steps of the inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
1. Recognition of the injurious agent
2. Recruitment of leukocytes
3. Removal of the agent
4. Regulation (control) of the response
5. Resolution (repair) |
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|
Term
| What does acute inflammation involve? |
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Definition
Vasodilation and increased blood flow
increased permeability for plasma proteins
Leukocyte activation which leads to elimination |
|
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Term
| What induces vasodilation? What induces increased vascular permeability? Fluid leak through blood vessels results in what? |
|
Definition
Chemical mediators
Histamine, kinins
Edema |
|
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Term
| What is extravasation? What are the steps? |
|
Definition
Process allowing WBC to leak, integrins and CAM's involved
1. Rolling
2. Activation of endothelium by chemoattractants
3. Arrest and adhesion
4. Transendothelial migration |
|
|
Term
| In what order do extravasation of leukocytes occur? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils First
Monocytes Second
Laster esinophils and leukocytes |
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Term
| What are 3 functions of the inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
1. Deliver effector molecules and cells to infection site
2. Coagulation creates physical barriers to contain infection
3. Repair of injured tissue |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells release histamine? Serotonin? What is the action these plasma mediators? |
|
Definition
Mast cells
Platelets
Vasodilation and increase in vascular permeability |
|
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Term
| What are H1 blockers used to treat? H2 blockers? |
|
Definition
Allergic and inflammatory reactions
Gastric ulcer blockage |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 plasma mediators of inflammation? |
|
Definition
Vasoactive amines
Bradykinin
Components of the complement system
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Cytokines
Platlet Activating Factor (PAF)
NO |
|
|
Term
| Does Bradykinin elicit pain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the actions C3a and C5a? (components of complement) |
|
Definition
| promotes histamine release and mediates chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
| What are common examples of Arachidonic acid metabolites? What do they cause? |
|
Definition
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes
Vasodilation, increase vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| What do cytokines do? What are the functions of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF, CSFs? |
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Definition
Mediate function of other cell types
IL-1;Mediates chemotaxis, induces fever inducdes WBC release from bone marrow, promotes histamine release
IL-6;induces fever
IL-8;promotes hisamine release
TNF induces fever and WBC release
CSFs;increase WBC production in bone marrow |
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|
Term
| What do PAFs do at high conc. and at low conc.? |
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Definition
Platlet aggregation, increase vascular permeability, vasoconstriction
Vasodilation at low conc. |
|
|
Term
| What cells release PAFs? What cells release NO? What does NO cause? |
|
Definition
Macrophages, PMNs, mast cells, endothelial cells
Macrophages and endothelial cells, involved in cytotoxin(tissue destruction) and vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| What plasma mediators are SM contractors? Pain elicitors? Histamine release Promoters? Opsonization promoters? |
|
Definition
Bradykinin
Bradykinin and PGE2
C3a, C5a, IL-1, IL-8
C3a |
|
|
Term
| What plasma mediators increase WBC release from bone marrow? Which one increases WBC production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plasma mediator is a tissue destroyer? Which ones induce fever? Which ones are chemotaxis mediators? |
|
Definition
NO
IL-1, IL-6, TNF
C5a, C3a, IL-1, Prostaglandins, PAF |
|
|
Term
| Bradykinin, C3a, C5a, histamine, serotonin, PAF, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes all do what? |
|
Definition
| Increase vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| Bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, NO, and low conc. PAF all do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mediator is a vascular constrictor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the principle leukocyte in acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are neutrophils injured skin present on the nose with Hay fever? What about with a cold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps in phagocytosis? Do these same steps that function to eliminate microbes also capable of damaging tissue? |
|
Definition
1. Recognition and attachment
2. Engulfment and fusion of phagosome and lysosome
3. Killing and degrading thru generation of oxygen free radicals and NO
YES |
|
|
Term
| In what 4 ways does NO modulate the inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
1. Potent vasodilator
2. Reduces platelet aggregation
3. Reduces leukocyte recruitment
4. Is antimicrobial |
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|
Term
| The mechanism that causes formation of fluid exudtae and increased vascular permeability is under the control of histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes. This process involves only what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first cells to appear to damaged site are what? They are replaced after 24-48 hours by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is exudate composed of? |
|
Definition
| Edema fluid, RBC, neutrophils, fibrin |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of exudate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What delivers complement system components, specific antibodies, interferons, antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs, and fibrinogen to inflamed area? |
|
Definition
| And the correct guess is Exudate |
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|
Term
| Vascular changes and fluid leakage during actute inflammation lead to ________ in a process called _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is exudtae a result of? What is transudate a result of? What is pus a result of? |
|
Definition
Inflammation
Hydrostatic or osmotic imbalance
inflammatory exudate |
|
|
Term
| What is a major component of pus? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, debris of dead cells, microbes |
|
|
Term
| What type of exudate contains watery fluids low in protein and result from plasma entering the inflammatory site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of exudate occurs when there is sever tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of RBC from capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of exudate develop on mucous membranes (EYES) and is composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a fibropurulent exudate. |
|
Definition
| Membranous or Pseudomembranous exudates |
|
|
Term
| What type of exudate contains pus, is composed of degraded WBCs, protiens and tissue debris? |
|
Definition
| Purulent or suppurative exudates |
|
|
Term
| What type of exudate contains large amounts of fibrinogen and forms a thick, sticky meshwork? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surrounds central areas of pus? |
|
Definition
| Black rings of necrotic tissue |
|
|
Term
| Is flow of lymphatic tissue increased or decreased in inflammation? Where does antigen collect? What is Lymphadenopathy? |
|
Definition
Increased
Lymph nodes
swollen lymph nodes-usually contains bacteria or viruses |
|
|
Term
| What do Lymphatic vessels move away? The transportation of the exudate can lead to what? |
|
Definition
Exudate
Acute regional lymphadenitis |
|
|
Term
| What is granulomatous inflammation? What is it associated with? What diseases is it associated with? |
|
Definition
Cluster of stuck together macrophages
Foreign bodies, splinters, asbestos,
TB, syphilis, sarcoidosis, deep fungal infections, brucellosis |
|
|
Term
| How does the complement system increase removal of pathogens? |
|
Definition
| Opsonization and phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| This system generates proteins capable of vasodilation and other inflammatory effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the coagulation system form? |
|
Definition
| Protective protein mesh over sites of injury |
|
|
Term
| What system does the Fibrinolysis system act in opposition to to counterbalance clotting and generate several other inflammatory mediators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what ways is the fibrin meshwork important? |
|
Definition
1. Blocks the intracellular gaps
2. Decreases lymphatic spread
3. Acts as a railway (helps chemotaxis)
4. Provides a surface against which phagocytosis occurs |
|
|
Term
| In Arachidonic acid metabolism, What is generated that has anti-inflammatory activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF)? |
|
Definition
| Anti-inflammatory cytokines,-TGF-beta and IL-10 |
|
|
Term
| Are most mediators short or long lived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the resolution of inflammation _______________ clear lfuid, leukocytes and dead tissue and fluid and proteins are removed by ___________. |
|
Definition
Phagocytes
Lymphatic drainage |
|
|
Term
| In chronic inflammation, neutrophils shift to which type of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things characterize chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. Infiltration of mononuclear immune cells (macrophages, plasma cells, T-lymphocytes)
2. Tissue destruction
3. Angiogenesis and fibrosis (scar formation) |
|
|
Term
Answer with chronic or acute.
Which causes vascular damage?
Which produces new blood vessels?
Which has less exudation?
Which is characterized by neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines produce fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In leukocytosis, what stimulates production of leukocytes from bone marrow? |
|
Definition
| CSF-colony stimulating factors |
|
|
Term
| What type of infection does Lymphocytosis point to? What type of infection do neutrophils point to? What type do esinophilia point to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endotoxins, Lymphokines, and IL-1 all produce what symptom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does acute phase protein production occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases as a result of the presence of acute phase reactants? |
|
Definition
| ESR-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate |
|
|
Term
| ESR is the rate at which __________ settle out of unclotted blood in what amount of time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the presence of acute phase reactants, why does an increase in sedimentation occur? |
|
Definition
| Fibrinogen erythrocytes aggregate due to loss of negative charge |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by the liver during an inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what eye disease is high levels of CRP found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with high CRP levels have a high risk to develop what? |
|
Definition
| Type II diabetes, heart attack, stroke, colon cancer |
|
|
Term
| In what situations can inflammation harm the host? |
|
Definition
| When immune reaction is strong (infection severe), prolonged, or inappropriate (autoimmune disease) |
|
|
Term
| Where does sarcoidosis usually manifest? What type of inflammation is it? What type of cells play a central role in sarcoidosis? |
|
Definition
Lungs
Granulomatous and fibrosis
CD4+ T cells produce IL-2 that causes T cell proliferation
Inversion of CD4/CD8 ratio and prominent TH1 cytokines (TNF-a) |
|
|
Term
| What gene is important to the pathogenesis of MD? |
|
Definition
| C3F or just complement C3 |
|
|
Term
| C reactive protein is produced where and increases risk for what? |
|
Definition
Liver
Heart attacks and strokes, Type II diabetes |
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