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Definition
| is an area, usually within a tissue or a confined body cavity or space where there is usually an infection with an intense local collection of acute inflammatory cells |
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Definition
| Has three major components. Alterations in vascular caliber that lead to an increase in blood flow. Structural changes in the microvasculature that permit the plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation to produce an inflammatory exudate. Emigration of the leukocytes from the microcirculation and their accumulation in the focus of injury. These changes produce the classic clinical signs of inflammation. There are 4 cardinal signs of inflammation: heat (calor), redness (rubor), edema (tumor), and pain (dolor). |
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| Within a few days of transplantation or after cessation of immunosuppressive therapy. Both cellular and humoral mech. contribute to various degrees. Acute cellular rejection is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate (macrophages, plasma cells, and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells). |
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Definition
| X-linked Agammaglobulinemia of Bruton is one of the most common primary immunodeficiency syndromes. This x-linked disorder presents as recurrent bacterial infections beginning after 6 months of age. There is virtually no serum immunoglobulin, but cell-mediated immune function is normal; consequently, most viral and fungal infections are handled appropriately. |
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Definition
group of diseases w/ deposition of proteinaceous interstitial material w/ characteristic histochemical and ultrastructural features. |
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Definition
| generalized edema (i.e. congestive heart failure) |
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Definition
| absence of ability to generate a sensitivity reaction, in a subject, to substances expected to be antigenic |
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Definition
abnormal aortic and arteriole dilations; cause local stasis; favorite sites of thrombosis |
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Definition
| recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous edema of sudden onset, usually disappearing within 24 hours; seen mainly in young women, frequently as an allergic reaction to foods or drugs. |
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Definition
| absence or near absence of oxygen |
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Definition
| Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, B-Cells |
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Definition
| accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
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| An autosomal recessive disorder only seen in 1 family (parents were distantly related). Has a high showing in this family due to consanguineousity. Typically the spleen (defined as being involved in adaptive immunity) clears blood borne pathogens, by introducing a foreign antigen directly into the blood if a titer is raised, spleen presence is confirmed. For people who undergo spleenectomies they are placed on low dose antibiotics throughout their lives and increase them when undergoing any type of activity in which bleeding may occur (dental cleanings, surgeries, etc.). |
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Definition
| A chronic inflammatory condition of the intima media and blood vessels due to the deposition of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in an abnormal location |
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Definition
| An inhaled Ag causes a person to be predisposed to a local immediate reaction; 50% have a positive family history; localized Hypersensitivity Type I reaction (vs. systemic anaphylais) |
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Definition
| shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance |
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Definition
| segregation and disposal of damaged organelles within a cell, by the cell itself |
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Definition
| a potent vasodilator and mediator of anaphylaxis; a plasma kinin |
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Definition
| Food chain access and ascending movement of a pathogen (i.e. HgCl) |
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Definition
| Malnourishment associated with wasting of quadriceps and deltoids, ankle and sacral edema |
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| Pathologic calcification implies the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues. Initiation is intracellular (in mitochondria of dead or dying cells) or extracellular (membrane-bound vesicles that concentrate calcium) |
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Definition
| fluid in pericardial sac; inhibits heart from pumping |
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Definition
| a form of coagulation necrosis in which the necrotic tissue resembles cheese and contains a mixture of protein and fat that is absorbed very slowly; occurs particularly in tuberculosis |
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Definition
| Higher doses result in plateau effect |
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| Cellular Responses to Injury |
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Definition
| Adaptation, Acute Cell Injury, Chronic Cell Injury, Metabolic Derangement, and Calcification |
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Definition
| movement of cells or organisms in response to chemicals |
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Definition
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| Chronic Granulomatous Disease |
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Definition
| Is an absence / loss of function in NADPH oxidase. This is usually associated with gp91phox gene on the X chromosome, which codes for the piece of NADPH oxidase that is phagosome membrane bound (as opposed to cytosolic). Testing for this disease is done with the NBT (Neutrophillic Blue Test). If the test turns blue the neutrophils are normal and have NADPH oxidase, if 50% one X chromosome is defective, if stays clear there is no NADPH oxidase and both X chromosomes are defective. |
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Definition
| Inflammation of prolonged duration (wks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at healing may all be proceeding simultaneously. Most commonly, begins insidiously as a low-grade, smoldering response that does not follow classic acute inflammation, in one of the following settings: 1) persistent infection by intracellular microbes, which are of low toxicity but evoke an immunologic reaction, 2) prolonged exposure to potentially toxic exogenous or endogenous substances, 3) immune reactions, particularly those perpetuated against the individual’s own tissues. In contrast to acute inflammation, which is manifested by vascular changes, edema, and largely neutrophilic infiltration, chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration with mononuclear cells, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair by connective tissue replacement. |
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Definition
Occurs over months to years and is char by progressive organ dysfunction (ie rising serum creatinine). Morphologically, the arteries show dense intimal fibrosis, probably the end stage of recurrent episodes of acute rejection leading to parenchymal ischemic injury. Frequently, there is a mononuclear interstitial infiltrate with numerous plasma cells and eosinophils. Chronic rejection: Is characterized by vascular changes, interstitial fibrosis, and loss of parenchyma |
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Definition
| Blood flow is blocked (thrombi or emboli). Cell loses oxygen, nutrient, and carbon dioxide exchange. |
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Definition
| This can be caused by loss of C5, C6, C7, C8, or C9. This produces an inability for neisseria (cleared by compliment during replication due to polysaccharide capsule protects bug at all other times) and other intracellular infections to be cleared. Determined using the CH50 is the quantity of complement required for 50% lysis of 5 × 108 optimally sensitized sheep red blood cells in 1 hour at 37°C. |
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Term
| Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
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Definition
| inadequacy of the heart so that as a pump it fails to maintain the circulation of blood, with the result that congestion and edema develop in the tissues |
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Definition
| presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the vessels or passages of a part or organ |
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Definition
| chronic cor pulmonale is characterized by hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease of the lungs; acute cor pulmonale is characterized by dilation and failure of the right side of the heart due to pulmonary embolism. In both types, characteristic electrocardiogram changes occur, and in later stages there is usually right-sided cardiac failure. |
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Definition
| Soluble, short acting, second messengers in Immune processes (mediate innate immunity, regulate lymphs, activate inflammatory cells, stimulate hematopoiesis) |
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Term
| Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) |
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Definition
| formation of one or more thrombi in the deep veins, usually of the lower extremity or in the pelvis. Carries a high risk of pulmonary embolism |
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Definition
| the passage of blood, or any of its formed elements, through the intact walls of blood vessels |
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Definition
| AKA thymic hypoplasia. A multi-organ congenital disorder resulting from failure of development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches before the 8th wk of gestation. Characteristics are thymic hypoplasia or aplasia: T cell deficiency with lack of cell-mediated responses (esp. to fungi and viruses); B cells and immunoglobulins are usually normal; parathyroid hypoplasia – abnormal Ca2+ regulation with hypocalcemic tetany; congenital defects of heart and great vessels; and dysmorphic facies |
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Definition
inflammation of a diverticulum, especially of the small pockets in the wall of the colon which fill with stagnant fecal material and become inflamed |
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Definition
| a morbid general state resulting from the presence of abnormal material in the blood, usually applied to diseases affecting blood cells or platelets |
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Definition
| calcification occurring in degenerated or necrotic tissue, as in hyalinized scars, degenerated foci in leiomyomas, and caseous nodules. |
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Definition
| collection of blood in skin or subcutaneous tissue caused by an injury (larger than petechiae) |
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Definition
the escape of fluid from the blood vessels or lymphatics into the tissues or a cavity |
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Definition
| obstruction or occlusion of a vessel by an embolus |
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Definition
a plug, composed of a detached thrombus or vegetation, mass of bacteria, or other foreign body, occluding a vessel |
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Definition
| originating or produced within the organism or one of its parts |
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Definition
| When pancreatic enzymes are released and enter fat stores creating saponification of fat |
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| Etiological Agents of Cell Injury |
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Definition
| Hypoxia, Physical Agents, Chemical Agents, Infectious Agents, Immunological reactions, Genetic derangements, Nutritional Imbalances |
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Definition
| any fluid that has exuded out of a tissue or its capillaries because of injury or inflammation |
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Definition
| cells that have ingested a high amount of lipids |
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Definition
laying down of collagen which results in scar tissue; due to recruitment and activation of fibroblasts |
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Definition
phagocyte can’t ingest material, so dumps lysosomal enzymes into the medium |
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Definition
| Ischemic infarction of the peripheral tissues, of most commonly the toes and the feet, and that’s a type of coagulative necrosis because it’s ischemic, the blood flow ceases and eventually that tissue just starts to die due to lack of oxygen and blood supply. In the presence of bacteria or other types of pathogens it can become a "wet necrosis" in which discarge is also present. |
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| General Mechanisms of Cell Injury |
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Definition
| Cell membrane attack, aerobic respiration, Inhibition of protein synthesis, Enzyme degredation, DNA degredation. |
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Definition
| vascular connective tissue forming granular projections on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed surface |
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Definition
| nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, and containing compactly grouped modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages |
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Definition
| Autograft (to self), Isograft (Between Twins), Allografts (Between Same Species), Xenografts (Between different species) |
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Definition
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Definition
| an escape of blood through ruptured or unruptured vessel walls |
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| Heparin, Warafrin, Coumadin |
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Definition
anticoagulant; prevents thrombus formation |
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Definition
| digestion within a cell of a substance phagocytized from without (by neutrophils, macrophages) |
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Definition
Antibody (Specific) and Compliment System (Non-Specific) |
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Definition
When the recipient has been previously sensitized to antigens in graft (eg by blood transfusion, previous pregnancy, infections with HLA cross-reactive microorganisms), there is an immediate hyperacute rejection (minutes to 1 day) in which preformed circulating antibody fixes to antigens in the graft vascular bed and induces complement-mediated and ADCC-mediated injury. This is why blood typing and compatibility is so important. |
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Definition
| the presence of an increased amount of blood in a part or organ |
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Definition
| increased number of cells in a tissue or organ (excluding tumors) |
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Definition
| increased bulk of an organ due to increase in size, but not in number or individual tissue elements |
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Definition
decreased oxygen to cells/tissues/organs |
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Definition
stimulator of monocytes and macrophages in inflammation and delayed type hypersensitivity |
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Definition
sudden insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply due to emboli, thrombi, vascular torsion, or pressure that produces a macroscopic area of necrosis |
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| treacherous; stealthy; denoting a disease that progresses gradually with inapparent symptoms |
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Definition
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Definition
| a nodular, firm, often linear mass of hyperplastic scar tissue, consisting of irregularly distributed bands of collagen; occurs in the dermis, usually after trauma, surgery, a burn, or severe cutaneous disease. |
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Definition
| form of protein-energy malnutrition in which only protein is deficient. It is most common in young children who are unable to meet their high protein needs with the available diet. |
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Term
| Langhans-type giant cells |
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Definition
| multinucleated giant cells seen in tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases |
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Term
| Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency |
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Definition
| Characterized by an extreme presence of WBC’s in blood but no WBC’s enter the tissues. An abnormal Rebuck skin window test is used to diagnosis this disease – proves inability for WBC’s to migrate. |
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Definition
leukocytosis similar to that occurring in leukemia, but not the result of leukemic disease. Leukemoid reactions are sometimes observed as a feature of infectious disease (tuberculosis, diphtheria), intoxication (eclampsia, mustard gas poisoning), malignant neoplasms, and acute hemorrhage or hemolysis |
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Definition
| Associated with brain tissue infarctions, but also with the center of abscesses in which enzymatic degradation of the tissue occurs within a few days of an ischemic event. |
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Definition
| swelling (especially in subcutaneous tissues) as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes and the accumulation of large amounts of lymph in the affected region |
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Definition
| Child whose weight is <80% of normal. |
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Definition
| extreme malnutrition and emaciation (especially in children); can result from inadequate intake of food or from malabsorption or metabolic disorders |
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Definition
| abnormal transformation of an adult, fully differentiated tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind; an acquired condition, in contrast to heteroplasia (metaplasias are named for the cells it’s going to – sqamous metaplasia is turning to squamous cells |
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Definition
- a thrombus formed on and attached to a diseased patch of endocardium, not on a valve or on one side of a large blood vessel |
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Definition
| tumor composed of cells derived from hemopoietic tissues of the bone marrow |
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Definition
| an abnormal tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease. Neoplasms show partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue, and usually form a distinct mass of tissue which may be either benign (benign tumor) or malignant |
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Definition
| phagocytosis occurring in absence of the opsonin coating of the microorganism |
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Definition
ingrowth of vessels and induction of fibrosis |
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Definition
| Disease in which desmoglein-3 is attacked via IgG in the epidermis. This allows for separation of dermis and epidermis and ability for skin infections to take hold (increased S. aureus infections). Cyclophosphamide interferes with DNA synthesis and therefore causes cell death. This is useful in stopping bone marrow (lymphocyte) proliferation and suppressing immune responses |
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Definition
| organs stick together from fibrous exudates, ulcer penetrates into other organ |
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Definition
| gone through wall of tissue/organ (transmural) and perforates into body cavity |
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| Permissible Exposure or Threshold Limit Value |
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Definition
| Daily or Annual safe dose |
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Definition
skin, mucosal surface à hemorrhages that are very small (pinhead) |
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Definition
edema that retains for a time the indentation produced by pressure |
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Definition
| eraser sized hemorrhages in skin |
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Definition
| Any injury due to an exposure to different types of radiation (including, but not limited to X-ray, microwaves, etc.) Can result in neoplasms, radiation sickness, etc |
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Definition
| (lung, GI): In unobstructed tissues with dual circulation, permitting blood from the unconstructive vessel into the necrotic zone. With venous occlusions. In loose tissue which allow blood to collect in the infarcted zone. In tissues that were previously congested because of sluggish venous outflow |
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Term
| Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis |
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Definition
| Excessive systemic fibrosis, most commonly in the skin (where it may be confined for yrs) but also eventually in the GI tract, kidneys, ht, muscles, and lung in most patients |
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Term
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Definition
a severe disturbance of hemodynamics in which the circulatory system fails to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs; may be due to reduction of blood volume (hemorrhage, dehydration), cardiac failure, or dilation of the vascular system in toxemia or septicemia |
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Definition
| This is characterized by dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dry mouth (xerostomia), resulting from immune-mediated lacrimal and salivary gland destruction. 40% of cases occur in isolation and the rest occur in association with other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (most common), SLE, or scleroderma. |
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Definition
| accumulation of triglycerides in parenchymal cells |
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Term
| Stem Cell Stimulatory Cytokine |
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Definition
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Term
| Switching Antibody Isotypes |
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Definition
IgG and IgA, (via TGF-Beta or IL-10); IgE (via IL-4) |
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Term
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
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Definition
| Prototypical systemic autoimmune disorder, characterized by numerous autoantibodies, esp. antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Female: male ratio of 9:1. anti-ds DNA and anti-Smith (Sm) antigen antibodies strongly suggest SLE |
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Definition
| inhibits extracellular matrix breakdown à remodeling |
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Definition
| formation or presence of a thrombus; clotting within a blood vessel which may cause infarction of tissues supplied by the vessel |
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Definition
a clot in the cardiovascular system formed during life from constituents of blood; it may be occlusive or attached to the vessel or heart wall without obstructing the lumen |
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Definition
| any fluid (solvent and solute) that has passed through a presumably normal membrane, such as the capillary wall, as a result of imbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces |
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Term
| UIP (Usual Interstitial Pneumonia) |
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Definition
| a progressive inflammatory condition starting with diffuse alveolar damage and resulting in fibrosis and honeycombing over a variable time period; also a common feature of collagen-vascular diseases |
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Definition
| bacteria on valves (vegetation = thrombosis) leading to sepsis |
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Definition
Certain vitamins and minerals can accumulate in the body when taken at doses above their toxic threshold. This is particularly likely with vitamins A and D, as these tend to accumulate in body fat where they cannot be cleared by the kidneys. |
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Definition
An X-linked recessive disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, and recurrent infections with a predilection for the development of lymphomas. The thymus is morphologically normal, but there is peripheral T-cell depletion in lymphoid tissues w/ an associated defect in cellular immunity; Antibody responses are variable but are characteristically poor to polysaccharide Antigens; and unknown pathogenesis; bone marrow transplantation has occasionally been curative. |
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Definition
(heart, spleen, and kidney): Occur with arterial occlusions or in solid organs. The solidity of the tissue limits the amount of hemorrhage that can seep into the area of ischemic necrosis from adjoining capillary beds |
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Definition
Chemicals not natural to biological systems (i.e. pollutants) |
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Term
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Definition
| black pigment phagocytized by macrophages that have entered lymphoid tissues. From air pollution or smokers. |
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Definition
| The presence of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body either focally or diffusely. Non-inflamatory type governed by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures. Types include: Subcutaneous, Pulmonary, Cerebral, and Effusions (Pericardial, Pleural, and Peritoneal / Ascites). |
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| Ethanol Abuse Disease Risks |
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Definition
| CNS Depression, Wernike Syndrome, Fatty Liver, Cirrhosis, & Laryngeal Cancer. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in pregnant women (1 drink per day is all that is required). |
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Term
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Definition
| Offending antigen is “poorly” digestible and elicits a T-cell response. Macrophages and T-cells (producing gamma interferon) create the granuloma by Macrophages becoming epithelial tissue. |
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Term
| Illegal Drug Abuse Disease Risks |
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Definition
| Cocaine: CNS euphoria, vasoconstriction, stroke, rupture of mule’s pack. Opiates: Staphlococcal infections. PCP: Coma & Nystagmus. |
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| Therapeutic Drug Use Disease Risks |
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Definition
| Oral Contraceptives: Hepatic Adenoma. Acetaminophen: Hepatic necrosis. Steroids: Testicular Atrophy & Gynecomastia. |
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Term
| Tobacco Use Disease Risks |
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Definition
| Lung Cancer, Peptic Ulcers, Emphysema, Transitional Cell Cancer (Renal Pelvis or Bladder typically), Poor Tissue Healing, & Placental and Fetal Growth Retardation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary Union: Clean, straight wound (surgical), 24-48 hours – PMNs and mitosis, 72 hours – Macrophages predominate, granulation tissue, Day 5 – Granulation tissue fill, collagen, Day 7-14 – Fibroblasts proliferating, increase collagen, less vessels, cells, & Day 28 – Scar. Secondary Union: Secondary Union, Large tissue defect, Increased fibrin, granulation, Increased necrotic debris, & Wound contraction |
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