Term
| What are the characteristics of benign neoplasms |
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Definition
Slow growth do not invade encapsulated by fibrous tissue more differentiated |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms |
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Definition
invade show less differentiation can have anaplasia (no differentiation show pleomorphism (variation in size and morphology |
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Term
| Are some malignant tumors curable by surgical resection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
type of malignant tumor derived from mesenchymal cells |
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Term
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Definition
malignant neoplasm found predominantly in skin |
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Term
| What is a hepatocellular carcinoma |
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Definition
malignant of liver cells caused by HBV and HCV caused by aflatoxin |
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Term
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Definition
| benigin tumor of testicles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cancer of blood or bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| benign cartilage tumor in bone |
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Term
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Definition
benign tumor glandular origin |
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Term
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Definition
not true neoplasm result of disordered growth during embryonic development normal tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| normal tissue in abnormal location |
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Term
| What is a carcinoma-in-situ |
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Definition
| Hasn't penetrated basement membrane |
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Term
| What is the significance of lymphatic metastasis |
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Definition
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Term
What is the significance of hematogenous metastasis |
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Definition
metastatis via blood goes to very perfused tissues (lungs, liver, brain, bone marrow, adrenal glands) |
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Term
| Why are the liver and lungs common sites for metastatic tumors |
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Definition
| Both areas have high perfusion and lymphatic drainage |
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Term
| What are the steps in tumor invasion and metastasis |
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Definition
leaves cell by invading basement membrane infiltration into ECM vascular and lymphatic invasion |
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Term
What is the role of: 1. proteases 2. collagenases 3. integrins 4. angiogenesis factors |
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Definition
1. 2. aid in infiltration and invasion 3. aid in invasion though basement membrane and infiltration to ECM 4. give tumor blood supply |
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Term
| What is the difference between grading and staging? |
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Definition
grading = degree of anaplasia, capacity to proliferate staging = extent of growth, metastasis |
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Term
| What is meant by initiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by "promotion"? |
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Definition
clonal expansion of the initiated cell requires continued presence of promoting stimulus |
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Term
| What makes a substance carcinogenic ? |
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Definition
conversion in body to biologically active form |
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Term
| What has to happen to DNA for it to become carcinogenic ? |
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Definition
mutation + inhibition of apoptosis |
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Term
| List the four elements of carcinogenesis |
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Definition
intiation promotion progression cancer |
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Term
| Where is major target for promotion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What defines "progression" |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of cancer is associated with Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
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Definition
skin cancer (site of application) soft tissue breast |
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Term
|
Definition
liver cancer (mnemonic: both have "v" ) |
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Term
| aflatoxin causes _______cancer |
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Definition
hepatocellular carcinoma (think: aflat rhymes with hepat) |
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Term
| aromatic amines/ azo dyes |
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Definition
urothelium and urinary bladder cancer (think: aromatic dye in pee) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lung paranasal sinus larynx (think of nickel stuck in nose, throat, and lung) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
leukemia (think: "z" and "k" are two weird letters) |
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Term
| thyroid cancers are caused by which type of physical carcinogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The parasite schestosoma haematobium causes what? |
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Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder |
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Term
| Parasite clonorchis causes which cancer |
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Definition
cholangiocarcinoma (both starts with "c") |
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Term
| Virus account for 1 out of every _____cancers worldwide |
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Definition
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Term
| HBV results in what kind of cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| WHich type of viruses cause hepatocellular carcinomas |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of virus cause oral squamous cell carcinoma |
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Definition
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Term
| EBV causes which kind of cancers ? |
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Definition
Burkitt lymphoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma other lymphomas |
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Term
| Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman disease are caused by which virus ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What viruses are associated with : a. Burkitt's lymphoma b. Kaposi's sarcoma c. Castleman disease |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some "omas" that are not benign |
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Definition
melanoma hepatoma lymphoma |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin |
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Term
In the TNM cancer staging system, what does the following mean 1. T 2. N 3. M |
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Definition
1. tumor size and extent of local invasion 2. lymph node presence/ absence 3. distant metastatis |
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Term
| IF a tumor was stage T3, N0, M0 what does that mean |
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Definition
big tumor size and some local invasion no lymph nodes no metastasis |
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Term
Regarding paraneoplastic syndrome, what is associated with: *cachexia, wasting *Cushing's syndrome *hypercalcemia *precocious puberty *hypoglycemia |
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Definition
*cachexia --> TNF +other cytokines *Cushing's syndromes --> small cell lung carcinoma *hypercalcemia --> squamous cell carcinoma *precocious puberty --> gonadotrophins *hypoglycemia --> pancreatic islet tumors |
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Term
The association with cancer and venous _________has long been recognized. An example is ______________________ |
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Definition
thombosis Trousseau syndrome |
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Term
| Cancers account for ___% of total mortality |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the frequent kind of cause of cancer death among men and women |
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Definition
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Term
what other cancers are common in men? women? |
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Definition
lung, colorectal, pancreatic lung, colorectal, breast |
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Term
Are epithelial cancers more common in children or adults? |
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Definition
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