Term
|
Definition
Blood
Spleen
Bone marrow
Liver |
|
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Term
Hematologic System
functions |
|
Definition
Transport
-Deliver nutrients, enzymes
-Deliver oxygen
-Remove Co2, waste
Regulation
-Body temp
-Acid base balance
-Fluid electrolyte balance
Protection
-Platelets -clotting
-Leukocytes |
|
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hematologic Disorders |
|
Definition
-edema
-congestion
-infarction
-thrombosis
-embolus
-lymphedema
-bleeding and bruising
-shock
-Lymphadenopathy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bruising, specifically non blanchable discoloration, and movement of blood into surrounding tissues |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Circulatory system (heart and vessels) is unable to maintain adequate pressure in order to supply organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes |
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Term
| Shock – Early Manifestations |
|
Definition
Anxiety
Tachycardia
Pallor-
Syncope
Sweating
Oliguria – Low urine output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Acute renal failure
-Respiratory distress
-Hepatic failure
-Sepsis
-Depression of cardiac function |
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Term
Hematologic Disorders
PT implications |
|
Definition
increased risk for Life threatening:
-hemorrhage
-Post op bleeding
-GI and respiratory tract bleeding
Pay attention to lab values
monitor vital signs |
|
|
Term
Possible Complications
of blood transfusion |
|
Definition
Febrile Nonhemolytic Reaction
-Fever, chills, HA, N/V, HTN, Tachycardia
Delayed Hemolytic Reaction
Allergic Reactions
Anaphylaxsis
Sepsis |
|
|
Term
blood transfusion
PT implications |
|
Definition
-Observation and Monitoring
-Notify MD if the patient shows any signs and symptoms of reactions
-You may be the first to recognize symptoms, don’t hesitate
-Look for any signs of distress |
|
|
Term
| blood stem cell can become |
|
Definition
-myeloid stem cell
-lymphoid stem cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| oxygen availability -> hypoxia ->erythropoietin -> bone marrow -> RBC |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a decreased number of erythrocytes (RBC’s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Increased destruction of erythrocytes
-Decreased production of erythrocytes
-excessive blood loss |
|
|
Term
| components needed for Red blood cell formation |
|
Definition
| Need iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, make blood cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| made in kidney hormone stimulates RBC production |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Fatigue, pallor , dyspnea, tachycardia, weakness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Nutrition
Bone marrow transplant |
|
|
Term
anemia
-gender
-age
-special population |
|
Definition
-all ages, most common in women of childbearing age
-one in five women is affected
-pregnant women:30% ↑ in BV ( iron) demand
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
-Monocytes-
-Lymphocytes- t and b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leukocytosis- Increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood
-------Above 10,000 WBC/mm3------- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Common finding with infections
-Tissue necrosis
-Trauma
-Inflammation
-Normal protective response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood
-----Below 5000 WBC/mm3------ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Immunosuppression
-HIV, hepatitis, SLE, bone marrow failure
-Chemotherapy, radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cancer of the blood or blood forming cells usually WBC’s
-Bone marrow produces abnormal WBCs- |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-unknown
-Chemo or radiation from another form of cancer
-Chemical exposure |
|
|
Term
| Consequences- of leukemia |
|
Definition
-Anemia
-Infection
-Increased bleeding tendency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
-Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CLL)
-Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
-Chronic Myeloid Leukemia(CML) |
|
|
Term
Acute leukemia (ALL and AML )
-what is it? |
|
Definition
| High proportion of (blast) immature, nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation |
|
|
Term
Acute leukemia (ALL and AML )
-onset and at-risk pop. |
|
Definition
Onset usually abrupt
children and young adults at risk |
|
|
Term
Chronic leukemia (CLL and CML)
-what is it? |
|
Definition
| Higher proportion of mature cells |
|
|
Term
Chronic leukemia (CLL and CML)
onset and at-risk pop. |
|
Definition
-Insidious onset
-More common in older people |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Acute Leukemia |
|
Definition
-Usual signs at onset
---Frequent or uncontrolled infections
---Petechiae and purpura
---Signs of anemia
-Severe and steady bone pain
-Weight loss and fatigue, possible fever
-Enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, and liver
-Headache, visual disturbances, drowsiness, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Leukemia |
|
Definition
-Often non-specific
-Fatigue, anorexia, weight loss
-40% asymptomatic
-Splenomegaly
-Can progress from chronic to acute needing immediate treatment
-Headache, visual disturbances, drowsiness, vomiting |
|
|
Term
Diagnostic tests
for leukemia |
|
Definition
Blood tests
-Immature leukocytes and altered numbers of WBCs
-Numbers of RBCs and platelets decreased
-Bone marrow biopsy for confirmation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Chemotherapy
-Radiation therapy-
-Biologic therapy (interferon) stim Immune system
-Stem cell transplant
-If left untreated all leukemias are fatal |
|
|
Term
leukemia
Implications for the PT |
|
Definition
-Hand washing is vital
-Observation and monitoring for any signs of infection
-Functional activities
-Vital signs
-Documentation and reporting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancer that develops in the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormal Lymphocyte
Lymph nodes
Cancer spreads to adjacent nodes
To organs via lymphatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specific causes not identified
-Higher risk in adults who received radiation during childhood,
-Hx of Epstein-Barr Virus, HIV , HEP C
-Immune disorders
-Genetics
-Organ Transplant |
|
|
Term
lymphoma
-Two main disorders |
|
Definition
-Hodgkin’s lymphoma- w/reed-sternberg cell
-Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: multiple node involvement, Non-organized with widespread metastases |
|
|
Term
Hodgkin Lymphoma
-symptoms |
|
Definition
-First indicator – usually a painless enlarged lymph node
-Later – splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes
-General signs of cancer:
Weight loss, anemia, low-grade fever, night sweats, fatigue may develop |
|
|
Term
Hodgkin Lymphoma
-treatments |
|
Definition
| Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery |
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Leukemia |
|
Definition
-Often non-specific
-Fatigue, anorexia, weight loss
-40% asymptomatic
-Splenomegaly
-Can progress from chronic to acute needing immediate treatment
-Headache, visual disturbances, drowsiness, vomiting |
|
|
Term
Diagnostic tests
for leukemia |
|
Definition
Blood tests
-Immature leukocytes and altered numbers of WBCs
-Numbers of RBCs and platelets decreased
-Bone marrow biopsy for confirmation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Chemotherapy
-Radiation therapy-
-Biologic therapy (interferon) stim Immune system
-Stem cell transplant
-If left untreated all leukemias are fatal |
|
|
Term
leukemia
Implications for the PT |
|
Definition
-Hand washing is vital
-Observation and monitoring for any signs of infection
-Functional activities
-Vital signs
-Documentation and reporting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancer that develops in the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormal Lymphocyte
Lymph nodes
Cancer spreads to adjacent nodes
To organs via lymphatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specific causes not identified
-Higher risk in adults who received radiation during childhood,
-Hx of Epstein-Barr Virus, HIV , HEP C
-Immune disorders
-Genetics
-Organ Transplant |
|
|
Term
lymphoma
-Two main disorders |
|
Definition
-Hodgkin’s lymphoma- w/reed-sternberg cell
-Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: multiple node involvement, Non-organized with widespread metastases |
|
|
Term
Hodgkin Lymphoma
-symptoms |
|
Definition
-First indicator – usually a painless enlarged lymph node
-Later – splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes
-General signs of cancer:
Weight loss, anemia, low-grade fever, night sweats, fatigue may develop |
|
|
Term
Hodgkin Lymphoma
-treatments |
|
Definition
| Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stage I (early disease):
Stage II (locally advanced disease):
Stage III (advanced disease):
Stage IV (widespread disease): |
|
|
Term
Hodgkins Prognosis
Stage I |
|
Definition
EARLY DISEASE
cancer is found only in a single lymph node OR in one organ or area outside the lymph node. |
|
|
Term
Hodgkins Prognosis
Stage II |
|
Definition
LOCALLY ADVANCED DISEASE
cancer is found in two or more lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
Hodgkins Prognosis
Stage III |
|
Definition
ADVANCED DISEASE
cancer involves lymph nodes both above and below the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
Hodgkins Prognosis
Stage IV |
|
Definition
WIDESPREAD DISEASE
cancer is found in several parts of one or more organs or tissues (in addition to the lymph nodes). |
|
|
Term
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
cells involved |
|
Definition
| B or T cell, B cell more common |
|
|
Term
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
classifications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
risk factors |
|
Definition
---Environmental---
Benzene from cigarettes, gasoline, auto emissions, pollution
---Immunosuppression -HIV--- |
|
|
Term
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
symptoms |
|
Definition
-Weight loss
-anemia
-low-grade fever
-night sweats
-fatigue |
|
|
Term
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
treatments |
|
Definition
Aggressive treatment
Radiation for localized tumors
Radiation and Chemotherapy for widespread disease |
|
|
Term
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
prognosis |
|
Definition
dependent on age and localization
--5 year survival rate--
-82% local
-58 % metastasized |
|
|
Term
Multiple Myeloma
what is it? |
|
Definition
-Neoplastic disease
-increased production of plasma cells in bone marrow -> travel to lymphoid tissue via bloodstream |
|
|
Term
Multiple myeloma
age factor |
|
Definition
| More frequent in older adults |
|
|
Term
| general effects of multiple myeloma on bone |
|
Definition
-Loss of bone - can lead to fracture
-Severe bone pain |
|
|
Term
multiple myeloma
prognosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decrease in the number of platelets is called ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Nose bleeds, gingival bleeding, GI bleeding, hematuria, intracranial hemorrhaging
-Petechiae or purpura
-Easy bruising |
|
|
Term
Von Willebrand’s Disease
what is it? |
|
Definition
| - Inherited bleeding disorder Caused by lack of or dysfunction in clotting factor, vWF |
|
|
Term
Von Willebrand’s Disease
-treatment |
|
Definition
-Most people do not need routine treatment
-prophylactic treatment for scheduled surgery
- treatment during trauma, surgery, or delivery of baby
- desmopressin is treatment of choice, nasal spray readily available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inherited clotting disorder
-X-linked recessive trait
(Manifested in men, carried by women) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Classic hemophilia A -factor VIII deficit
Hemophilia B - factor IX deficit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Prolonged bleeding after minor tissue trauma, bruising with minimal injury
-Bleeding from gums
-Spontaneous bleeding into joints – (Hemarthrosis->joint deterioration)
-Possible hematuria (blood in urine.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Desmopressin (DDAVP)
-Replacement therapy for factor VIII
-Blood transfusions
-Vaccination for blood borne diseases
-Gene therapy is experimental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemophilia
Implications for the PT |
|
Definition
-focus on prevention
-Bleeding in the joint is problematic.
-Education on appropriate regular exercise programs (benefit > risk)
e.g., Swimming, walking, hiking, etc. safest
-Dietary education to lower BMI |
|
|
Term
Effects of NSAIDS
on clotting |
|
Definition
-Acquired clotting disorders can occur through the use of aspirin and other NSAIDs
-Single dose of aspirin can suppress normal platelet aggregation for 48 hours to 1 week |
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