Term
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Definition
| Glands in the body that produce and release hormones into bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers that have specific target cells to enact a change |
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Term
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Definition
-Differentiate the reproductive and nervous system in the fetus
-Growth during childhood
-Coordination of reproduction
-Homeostasis
-Corrective adaptations |
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Term
| organs of the endocrine system |
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Definition
-hypothalamus
-pituitary
-thyroid
-adrenals
-pancreas
-ovaries
-testes |
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Term
| Neuroendocrine response to stress |
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Definition
-Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
-Immune, nervous and endocrine systems work together to deal with stressor
-Catecholamines released |
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Term
| effects of catecholamines |
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Definition
-↑ rate and force of heart- ↑ CO
-Vasoconstrict blood vessels- ↑ BP
- ↑ glycogenolysis- ↑ blood glucose levels
-↑ catabolism of fats – ↑ lipids in blood |
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Term
| Cortisol comes from which gland? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily regulates the metabolism of proteins carbohydrates, and lipids to cause an elevation in blood glucose level |
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Term
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Definition
| Modulate the transmission of pain perceptions by raising the pain threshold and producing sedation and euphoria |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates and controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth by directly influencing protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
-Stimulates the growth of breast tissue
-sustains milk production in postpartum |
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Term
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Definition
-Regulates male secondary sex characteristics testes prostrate body hair and sex drive (libido)
-Women libido, bone strength |
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Term
| Aging and the endocrine system |
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Definition
Decreased ability to maintain homeostasis
Decrease in the size of most glands
Glands become more fibrotic |
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Term
| most obvious endocrine function changes with age |
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Definition
-reproductive function , calcium metabolism
-Loss of body hair
-changes in the skin’s collagen content and thickness
-increase in the percentage of body fat
a decrease in bone mass |
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Term
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Definition
Hypothalamus controls pituitary
Directs the function of endocrine organs |
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Term
| primary vs secondary endocrine system pathology |
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Definition
-Primary – dysfunction within gland (EG Inflammation , tumor)
-Secondary- under or overstimulation of gland (Eg. damage to hypothalamus and or pituitary gland) |
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Term
Pituitary Gland
-general role
-divisions |
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Definition
Master gland –regulates other endocrine glands
Divided into anterior and posterior |
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Term
| Anterior Pituitary Gland - hormones controlled |
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Definition
-Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-
-Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-
-Prolactin (PRL)-
-Growth hormone (GH)-
-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)- |
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary - hormones controlled |
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Definition
Manufactured in hypothalamus & stored in Posterior pituitary Gland
-Anti diuretic hormone(ADH)-
-Oxytocin- |
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Term
| Anti diuretic hormone(ADH)-regulates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uterine contractions for labor and milk secretion , sleep wake cycle |
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Term
| Hyperpituitarism can lead to |
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Definition
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Cushing’s disease |
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Term
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Definition
from Hyperpituitarism
↑ GH before epiphyseal closure
↑ bone thickness
↑ long bone growth |
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Term
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Definition
from hyperpituitarism
↑ GH after epiphyseal closure-
-Bones most affected -face, jaw, hands, and feet
-Treatment -pituitary tumors surgical removal, drug therapy, radiation therapy |
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Term
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Definition
from Hyperpituitarism
↑ (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone –stimulates adrenal glands to ↑ cortisol production |
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Term
Hypopituitarism leads to...
cause?
treatment? |
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Definition
Dwarfism- ↓ GH
Treatment –Remove causative factor |
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Term
| problems associated with the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Definition
Diabetes Insipidus
SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) |
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Term
Diabetes Insipidus
-cause
-what is it? |
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Definition
Not enough ADH
Excrete too much urine
Dangerous water imbalance |
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Term
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Definition
(Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)
Excessive ADH
Fluid retention water Intoxication
Monitor urine and weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic rate and Calcium |
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Term
| Primary hormones produced by the thyroid: |
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Definition
-Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3)- –Regulate metabolism
-Calcitonin- calcium and phosphorus balance |
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Term
| Hyperthyroidism leads to... |
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Definition
Elevation of Body Metabolism
Impacts almost every system
Heat intolerance
Wt. loss
Sweats
goiter |
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Term
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Definition
-autoimmune disease ( unknown cause)
-body produces antibody to attack the thyroid
-Antibody causing inflammation around the eyes
-Proximal muscle weakness |
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Term
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Definition
Diabetes mellitus
most common form of diabetes, 90% |
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Term
Type 2 diabetes
ethnic factor |
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Definition
| Black, Native, Hispanic, Mexican, and Asian Americans are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to develop DM than are white Americans |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| type 2 diabetes risk factors |
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Definition
-Highly related to obesity/body fat distribution
-Family Hx
-Risk Increases with age
-Poor fitness levels
-Hx of gestational diabetes, or babies greater than 9 lbs
-HTN
High cholesterol/LDL |
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Term
| type 2 diabetes pathological manifestation |
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Definition
blindness, kidney failure, and various neuropathies
Atherosclerosis and the accompanying large-vessel changes
skin changes
impaired wound healing |
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Term
| diabetes prevention and diet + exercise |
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Definition
-lose weight
-lowers incidence of type 2 diabetes
-muscles absorb blood sugar
-improves insulin sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
exercise
diet
oral hyperglycemic agents
Insulin administration
Fluid intake |
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Term
| type 2 diabetes diagnosis |
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Definition
-a casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ 200 mg/dL
-Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dL after no caloric intake for at least 8 hours
-A1c ≥ 6.5%
-polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss |
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Term
| types of self-monitoring of blood glucose |
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Definition
3 or more times daily
-Direct blood sampling (fingersticks)
-Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral
Sensory, motor, autonomic |
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Term
| Musculoskeletal complications with diabetes |
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Definition
Adhesive capsulitis
CTS
Muscle atrophy
Syndrome of Limited Joint Mobility |
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Term
| Foot Care considerations with diabetes |
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Definition
-Toenail care
-Loss of sensation
-Loss of motor control of foot muscles
-Foot deformities |
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Term
Hashimoto thyroiditis
-what is it?
-what does it cause?
-gender risk |
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Definition
Autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid
destruction of the thyroid gland
Causes hypothyroidism
Women 7-10 times more likely |
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Term
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Definition
-Slowing of BMR
-Anemia
-Diminished CNS function
-Weakness |
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Term
| Slowing of BRM associated with hypothyroidism leads to... |
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Definition
-Fatigue
-Wt gain
-Bradycardia
-Decreased heat production
-Decreased GI motility |
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Term
Goiter
-what is it?
-what causes it? |
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Definition
-enlarged thyroid
-caused cancer ot by lack of iodine -> releases TSH, causing excessive growth |
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Term
Parathyroid
-what does it release?
-what does it regulate? |
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Definition
| PTH-regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism, fluid balance |
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Term
hyperparathyroid
-what is it?
-what does it cause? |
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Definition
-Too much PTH
-High blood Ca++
-Bone loss
-Kidney damage |
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Term
Hypoparathyroid
-what is it?
-what does it cause? |
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Definition
-Too little PTH-
-Low calcium
-tingling in the fingertips, mouth, feet
-Muscles Spasms
-Arrhythmias
-CNS effects- use calcium to conduct |
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Term
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Definition
-Mineralocorticoids
-Glucocorticoids
-Androgens
-epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
Addison disease
-what is it?
-what does it lead to? |
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Definition
insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal glands
-weak, exhausted,
-Hypotensive
-Anorexia ,weight loss
-nausea, and vomiting
-diminished resistance to stress |
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Term
Aldosterone
-what secretes it?
-what does it control? |
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Definition
-secreted by the adrenal gland
-Important in controlling BP |
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Term
Aldosterone
how does it control blood pressure? |
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Definition
acts on the nephron
-increased water and sodium retention, and potassium extretion |
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Term
adrenal insufficiency
-leads to (including hormone) |
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Definition
-aldosterone insufficiency
-causes fluid and electrolyte imbalance |
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Term
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Definition
-hypersecretion of aldosterone
-enhances sodium reabsorption, water retention , decreased potassium retention |
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Term
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Definition
with the adrenal gland
caused by:
-High doses of corticosteroids
-Adrenocortical tumors
-Pituitary tumors – too much ACTH
-ACTH stimulation from the pituitary gland |
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Term
cushings disease
-what's going on? |
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Definition
-Hypercortisolism
-↑ (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (pituitary) –stimulates adrenal glands to ↑ cortisol production |
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Term
cushing's disease
-manifestations |
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Definition
thinning hair
acne, red cheeks, moon face, buffalo hump
-increased body-facial hair
-weight gain
-purple striae |
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Term
Cushings disease
-treatment |
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Definition
| Treatment-surgical removal, drug therapy, radiation therapy |
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Term
| pancreas, endocrine function |
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Definition
Controls Blood glucose levels by secreting
-Glucagon-α Cells
-Insulin- β cells |
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Term
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Definition
| takes sugar out of the blood and allows storage in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate liver and other cells to release stored glucose |
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Term
Diabetes Mellitus
-what is it
-what is the result
-types? |
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Definition
Group of disorders caused by improper function of insulin
-results in hyperglycemia
- Type 1 and type 2 |
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Term
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
-what is it?
-where is it usually seen?
-requires for treatment? |
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Definition
Cell – mediated autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas
-seen in children
-requires insulin |
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Term
| Type 1 diabetes treatment |
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Definition
-insulin administration
(rapid-short acting before meal)
(intermediate-long acting 1-2x per day)
-insulin pump (constant monitoring)
-diet management to maintain glucose control |
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Term
| Complications of type 1 diabetes |
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Definition
-decreased glucose utilization
-increased fat metabolism (forms acidic ketone)
-Glucosuria
-hypoglycemia
- |
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Term
| increased fat metabolism leads to |
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Definition
-Formation of ketones (acidic)
-Potential diabetic ketoacidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose pulls water with it, causing fluid volume deficit in the body |
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Term
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus manifestation |
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Definition
-Thirst
-Polyuria
-Fatigue and weakness
-Blurred vision
-Sugar in urine
-Fruity, sweet, or wine-like odor on breath
-Stupor, unconsciousness
-Drowsiness, lethargy |
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Term
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Definition
-Hemoglobin A1C
-Fasting blood sugar test
-Oral glucose tolerance test |
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Term
Hemoglobin A1C
-what is it?
-timeline? |
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Definition
a blood sugar test, measuring the percent of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin.
-Gives average of past 3 months |
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Term
Fasting blood sugar test
-what is it?
-unit used? |
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Definition
BLOOD SUGAR TEST
Measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) |
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Term
Oral glucose tolerance test
-what is it?
-when is it used? |
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Definition
-blood sugar test
-Used during pregnancy |
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Term
| normal blood sugar levels |
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Definition
fasting blood glucose less than 126
Hb A1C below 5.7% |
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Term
| Prediabetes blood sugar levels |
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Definition
Fasting blood sugar between 100-126 mg/dL
Hb A1C between 5.7%- 6.5% |
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Term
| Diabetes blood sugar level |
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Definition
-casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ 200 mg/dL
-Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dL after no caloric intake for at least 8 hours
-A1c ≥ 6.5% |
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Term
prediabetes
-general description
-risk factor |
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Definition
body not utilizing glucose properly
-decreased insulin sensitivity
-increased insulin resistance
increased risk of type 2 DM |
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