Term
right heart failure
-describe |
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Definition
blood not pumping into the lungs, difficulty receiving venous blood, venous backup
– Dependent edema
– Jugular vein distention
– Abdominal distention
– Liver congestion
– Cyanosis |
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Term
left heart failure
-describe |
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Definition
blood not pumping out to the body, backing up in to the lungs
- Dyspnea
– Pulmonary edema
– Fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
- Mitral valve thickened, Valve narrows
- Increased atrial pressure, pulmonary vein congestion |
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Term
Mitral valve regurgitation
-symptoms |
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Definition
| - Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, lightheadedness, and a rapid, fluttering heartbeat |
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Term
SA node
-location
-blood supply |
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Definition
| - wall of the right atrium, heart’s pacemaker. Blood supply is most often right coronary artery |
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Term
AV node
-what it does
-blood supply |
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Definition
- heartbeat conduction,
- blood supply: right coronary artery |
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Term
right coronary artery
-describe location and areas supplied |
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Definition
Right atria and ventricle,(AV node , SA node)
-Interventricular septum.
-anterior posterior and inferior LV areas |
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Term
| Left coronary artery supplies |
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Definition
-anterior descending branch: anterior LV
-left circumflex: anterio/posteriolateral LV |
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Term
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Definition
– both treat a blocked or poorly functioning artery.
- Stent opens up the existing vessel, where CABG redirects bloodflow, creating a detour |
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Term
| S&S of myocardial infarction |
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Definition
-Prolonged pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain in the center of the chest
-Pain that spreads to the throat, neck, back, jaw, shoulders, or arms
-Chest discomfort with lightheadedness, dizziness, sweating, pallor, nausea, or shortness of breath
-Prolonged symptoms unrelieved by antacids, nitroglycerine, or rest |
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Term
| s&s of general Resp. distress |
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Definition
• Cough (dry , productive)
• Dyspnea (SOB)
• Orthopnea
• Chest pain
• Cyanosis
• Clubbing (of fingers and toes)
• Altered breathing patterns |
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Term
| conducting vs. respiratory |
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Definition
1. Conducting: Trachea ->segmental bronchi -> Bronchioles (non-rep)
2. Respiratory: Bronchioles(resp.) -> alveolar ducts |
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Term
| 5 respiratory pathologies |
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Definition
1. Pneumonia
2. Asthma
3. Emphysema
4. Chronic Bronchitis
5. cystic fibrosis |
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Term
Pneumonia
-area affected, effect
-symptoms
-treatment |
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Definition
-bacterial, viral, fungal
-causative agent invades alveoli, and fluid from capillaries fills alveolar space
-fast breathing, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, or wheezing
-treat with antibiotic/fungal, chest PT |
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Term
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Definition
-increased sensitivity to environmental conditions
-bronchioles affected, obstructed by muscle spasm, swelling of mucosa, and thick secretions - EMERGENCY
-treat with MEDS: bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, adnd avoiding triggers |
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Term
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Definition
-bronchioles affected,
-inherited disorder of ion transport (Na+, Cl-)
-salt accumulates on lining of lungs, digestive tissue, pancreatic enzymes, making secretions sticky and thick
- treat with Chest PT, flutter device, and weighing pre-post exercise to ensure electrolyte replenishment |
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Term
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Definition
-common from smoking
-breakdown of alveolar walls, spaces enlarged, less gas exchange
-"PINK PUFFERS" |
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Term
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Definition
-initially only larger bronchi affected, but eventually all airways
-Increased mucus production causes obstruction
-"blue bloater" |
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Term
| pink puffer VS blue bloater |
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Definition
BOTH from COPD
pink puffer: emphysema, hyperventilation to compensate for reduced alveolar surface. Low cardiac output leads to muscle wasting/weight loss
BLUE BLOATER: Chronic bronchitis, decreased ventilation, increased cardiac output. Residual lung volume increases (bloating) and hypoxemia (blue/cyanotic) |
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Term
COPD
-describe
-pathologies involved |
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Definition
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
caused by environmental irritants
-Emphysema
-Chronic Bronchitis
-Asthma |
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Term
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Definition
-HBP in the Pulm arteries
-Narrowing of the pulm art
-Hypertrophy of vessel walls
-fibrous lesions
-leads to COR PULMONALE (enlargement of RV) |
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Term
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Definition
| efected or mutated cell that does not destroy itself and undergoes mitosis to replicate itself. Typically replicates quickly. |
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Term
| Clinical Manifestations of Cancer |
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Definition
| Weight loss, nausea, vomiting, fever, pain, weakness |
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Term
| What is sarcopenia? What causes it? |
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Definition
| age related loss of muscle mass, strength, and endurance, changes in metabolic quality. It’s caused by disuse, age related, neuro-degenerative disease, endocrine. |
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Term
| What issues does aging have on joint and connective tissue? |
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Definition
-Increased stiffness and decreased flexibility
-changes in articular cartilage
-tendons: become brittle, weaker
-proprioception
-bone: some bone loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Infectious organism in the bone. It is more common in adults and immunocompromised individuals. It’s on the rise because of implants and prosthetics. Causes are exogenous and hematogenous. |
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Term
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Definition
| It’s an infection of the disk or vertebral end plates. Cause is post-discectomy. |
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Term
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Definition
Infectious or Septic Arthritis
Myositis:
Skeletal TB:
Diskitis: |
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Term
| Infectious or Septic Arthritis: |
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Definition
| An infected joint. Causes are bloodstream, penetrating object, and nearby infections. Symptoms are malaise, pain, fever, swelling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation in the muscle. Causes are infection (bacterial, viral, parasite). There is a strong link with cancer. Symptoms are general malaise, swelling, fever, atrophy, tenderness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spreads from lungs usually to the spine. Symptoms are malaise, pain, fever, swelling. |
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Term
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Definition
| infection of the disk or vertebral end plates. Cause is post-discectomy. Symptom is severe back pain. |
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Term
| How do you rehab someone with neoplasms? |
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Definition
| Early mobilization, avoid torsion - high impact, stretching, balance (fx risk). These tissues are going to be weaker, sore. |
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Term
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Definition
porous bones and it’s the most common metabolic bone disease
- bone formation falls behind resorption. Osteoblastic activity decreases (which builds bone) and osteoclastic activity increases (which resorbs bone). Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in determining the level of calcium in the blood. |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? |
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Definition
| Heredity, body type, ethnicity, alcohol use, diet |
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Term
Osteoporosis
What are the clinical manifestations? |
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Definition
| Thoracic spine kyphosis, forward head, dowager’s hump, shoulder internal rotation, loss of overall body weight |
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Term
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Definition
Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry
comparing high and low energy beams, bone density can be determined |
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Term
| Medicines used for osteoporosis? |
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Definition
-Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)
-Selective estrogen replacement modulators
-Bisphosphonates - inhibit bone resorption (can cause poor healing in bones)
-Calcium & Vit D |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal bone remodeling with increased bone resorption (osteoclasts) and excessive, unorganized new bone formation caused by activated osteoblasts. Bone resorption is so rapid that osteoblastic activity cannot keep up, and fibrous tissue replaces bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Degenerative Disk Disease. The discs lose their ability to absorb water, disk dries out over time. Decreased nutrition to disk, decreased cellular waste removal, decreased space. Nucleus becomes thick. Decreased shock absorption, disks weaken and develop tears. |
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Term
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Definition
-OA usually occurs at 40 yo, 12% of US adults, men before 45 yo, then after 45yo it’s women, no systemic symptoms, and not an autoimmune disease.
-RA is 25-50 yo, 1-2% of US adults, 3:1 women, systemic presentation with constitutional symptoms, and it’s an autoimmune disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gout is a disease in which defective metabolism of uric acid causes arthritis. It’s common in big toe, foot, wrist, elbow. Flare up at triggers, purines, trauma, and alcohol. Symptoms are joint pain, fever, joint warmth. |
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Term
| What is Ankylosing Spondylitis? |
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Definition
| Chronic Inflammatory arthropathy of axial skeleton & some larger joints. Joints affected are: SI, Costovertebrals, Intervertebral disks, Spine (bamboo spine). Men are 2x more likely to get this. Ages 15-30 (rare >40). Genetic (HLA-B27 positive in 90%). |
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Term
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Definition
Open or closed.
Displaced or nondisplaced (out of its original alignment vs it’s there but no beuno)
4 types:
Stress
Trauma
Insufficiency - normal stress, weak bone (osteoporosis)
Pathologic - neoplasm, other disease
Bone fracture types:
Transverse, Oblique, Spiral, Comminuted, Segmental, Butterfly |
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Term
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Definition
Down Syndrome:
Scoliosis:
Spina Bifida Occulta:
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy:
Torticollis: |
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Term
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Definition
a genetic disorder caused by chromosome abnormality. Some clinical manifestations are muscle hypotonia, underdeveloped nasal bone, abnormal facial features, and cognitive delay. There is no cure for this disorder, so you have to treat the specific medical problem.
-CAUTION: atlantoaxial instability, obesity, diabetes, CV dX. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal lateral curvatures of the spine. It’s idiopathic in 80% of cases. Some clinical manifestations are curvatures of the spine (mild if less than 20 degrees), back pain, pulmonary insufficiency, reduced lung capacity, disk disease. Treatments can include physical therapy, bracing, and surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital defect of neural tube closure, this is incomplete osseous closure. Does not protrude visibly. Often there is a depression, tuft of hair, soft fatty deposit, or port-wine nevi on the skin at the level of the lesion. |
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Term
| Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy |
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Definition
| A genetic disorder characterized by symmetric muscle wasting and increasing deformity and disability. Most common muscular dystrophy type (50%). Usually males affected while females are carriers (rarely affected). This is caused by lack of normal dystrophin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congenital condition in which the SCM is contracted producing head tilt to the affected side with rotation of the chin to the opposite side. 85% complete recovery within one year. |
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