Term
| What is the most common antibody found in tear film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the eye has a complete spectrum of immunologic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits microbe attachment in the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Besides IgA what other two antibodies are found in the tear film in low amounts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the external eye, what are the APC cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six methods to detect infection? |
|
Definition
| Cultures, scrapes, smears, impression cytology, nucleic acid, and antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Why is bacterial colonization of the eyelid and conjunctiva normal and beneficial? |
|
Definition
| Reduces the opportunity for pathogens to gain a foothold |
|
|
Term
| What can leave the body susceptible to secondary invaders such as fungi if the flora is depleted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is growth of flora controlled? |
|
Definition
| Flushing action of tears and the presence of anti-bacterial factors such as lysozyme |
|
|
Term
| Of ocular flora, what is the most common isolate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows microflora of the skin to grow? |
|
Definition
| Trauma such as wounds. Washing the skin will reduce the amount of microflora |
|
|
Term
| Is the cell wall present in every bacterial species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functions of the cell wall? |
|
Definition
Counters the effects of osmotic pressure- the strength of the wall keeps cells from bursting when intracellular osmolarity >> extracellular molarity
Provides a rigid platform for surface appendages- flagella, fimbriae, pili |
|
|
Term
| What causes the Gram + cell to stain purple? |
|
Definition
A thick peptidoglycan layer
ie, the peptidoglycan layer in the gram negative cell is very thin |
|
|
Term
| Microorganisms can cause disease by what two mechanism? |
|
Definition
| Invasion of tissue and production of toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability of a pathogen to invade and infect a host, cause damage, and produce disease.
Organisms that cause disease with ease are virulent while organisms that are incapable of causing dissease are avirulent |
|
|
Term
| What determines whether a disease results when someone is exposed to a pathogen? |
|
Definition
| The ability of the host to resist infection compared to the virulence of the organism |
|
|
Term
| Why does exposure to micro-organisms not equal infection? |
|
Definition
| Wrong growth condition, lack of host specific receptor sites, host defense factors, normal flora may inhibit pathogen's growth, previous immune exposure, and low multiplicity of infection |
|
|
Term
| What four steps amke up the infection process? |
|
Definition
1. Enter the host
2. Adhere to either a cell or a tissue
3. Replicate
4. Cause the disease process by damaging the host |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the host responding by Inflammation? |
|
Definition
Edema, redness, Fever, Pain
It's a result of capillary dilation and the direction of immune cells to the site of infection. This is an attempt to contain the infection to the site of entry. |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical course of infection? |
|
Definition
Exposure
Incubation
Appearance of Symptoms (convalescence, disability, death) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogen grows massively within a host, the host becomes a culture media for the pathogen, Spreads to the blood and can be found in all tissues, death usually ensues |
|
|
Term
| Where are the sites where mucus membranes meet the skin? |
|
Definition
| Nose, mouth, eye, Genitourinary tract, injured skin |
|
|
Term
| How do the sweat glands contribute to inhibiting microbes? How does normal flora? |
|
Definition
The sweat gland secrete a mixture of salt and fatty acids that inhibit microbes.
Normal flora suppress pathogen growth by competing for nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Does brushing your teeth remove the normal flora in the moouth? |
|
Definition
| No, it lives there permanently. There is a continuous flow of fluid (saliva) thru the mouth that flushes loose microbes into the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What bacterium lives in the stomach and causes ulcers, and stomach cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the small intestine prevent invasion by microbes? |
|
Definition
1. Digestive Enzymes and Detergents (bile)
2. Regardless of large amounts of nutrients, microbes have liitle to feed on due to efficiency of absorption in SI
3. Intestines (SI and LI) are anaerobic so obligate aerobes are unable to survive |
|
|
Term
| How is wall of LI protected? |
|
Definition
Coasted with a protective mucous layer that separates the contents from direct contact with the cells lining the large intestine
Normal flora in LI live in anaerobic conditions
Feces, 40% bacteria by weight. |
|
|
Term
| What type of protective immunity works intracellularly? |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, T-dependent macrophage activation |
|
|
Term
| What type of protective immunity works extracellularly? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies, Complement, Phagocytosis, Neutralization |
|
|
Term
| Is normal flora agonistic or antagonistic to pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells provide a secondary line of defense by consuming invaders and secreting cytokines that initate immune responses? |
|
Definition
Phagocytic
-Mononuclear: Monocytes in blood or macrophages in tissues
-Neutrophils: PMNs and granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| What increases the exposure to potential pathogens in the Genitourinary Tract (GU tract)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two reasons make the GU tract a potentially microbe invading place? |
|
Definition
| Urine is a good nutrient and kidneys provide a hideaway from the body's defense systems |
|
|
Term
| How do the lungs prevent contaminates from entering? |
|
Definition
Nose is designed so that turbulent flow of air throws particulate matter onto sticky mucous lining, nose warms cold air and cools hot air
Beating cilia sweep particles trapped in mucous and particles trapped in lung into throat where they are swallowed
Cough, sneeze to expel contaminates |
|
|
Term
| Does fever inhibit or increase the growth of pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a normal, non pathogenic organism found in the human gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can normal flora become pathogenic? |
|
Definition
| Yes, when inoculated in the wrong place or when the host becomes weakened and immuno-compromised. Ex. E. cloi moves from gut to bladder, results in ascending infection of the ureters and eventual renal failure |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of antibody mediated defenses (Humoral Factors)? |
|
Definition
1. Antitoxins-specific anibodies that bind certain endotoxins
2. Bacteriolytic antibodies-antibodies plus complement can directly lyse Gram -
3. Opzonizing antibodies-coat cell surface with Fe and enhance phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What type of antibodies combine with complement and can directly lyse gram negative cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of antibodies are specific in that they bind certain endotoxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of antibodies coat the cell surface with Fe and enhance phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three cell-mediated factors involved in destruction of micro-organisms? |
|
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells
K and NK cells
Activated macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Which cells are specific cells that are capable of destroying altered host cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells lyse altered or transplanted host cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phagocytes possess a greatly enhanced capacity for intracellular destruction of ingested microorganisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 factors that affect bacterial pathogenicity? |
|
Definition
1. Transmissibility
2. Adherence to host cells
3. Ability to evade host defense
4. Ability to invade host tissues
5. Toxigenicity-the production of a toxin by the bacteria that can harm the host |
|
|
Term
| What is one problem with the effect of antibiotics on bacteria? |
|
Definition
Oral antibiotics upset the natural microbial balance and allow unusal microbes to establish themselves in our bowel
Causes gas and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 bacterial virulence factors? |
|
Definition
1. Adherence
2. Invasive factors
3. Toxins
4. Anti-Phagocytic factors |
|
|
Term
| What aides bacteria in attaching to mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen produces coagulase? How does this enzyme work? |
|
Definition
Staphylococci
Enzyme enables the Staph to clot plasma and thereby form a sticky coat of fibrin around the bacteria for protection |
|
|
Term
| How does Streptokinase work? |
|
Definition
Lyses or dissolves a fibrin clot that covers a wound
Enables the Streptococci to invade and spread throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| What type of patients is streptokinase used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme breaks down connective tissue hyaluronic acid. It enables the pathogen to spread throughout connective tissue. What is the enzyme and what pathogens secrete it? |
|
Definition
Hyaluronidase
Staph, Strep, Clostridia and Pneumococci |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen secretes Collagenase? How does this enzyme work? |
|
Definition
Clostridium perfringens which causes gas gangrene
Allows deep spreading of bacteria, breaks down collagen |
|
|
Term
| Are endotoxins or exotoxins antigenic/promote antibody production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do endotoxins or exotoxins have to be in large numbers to be toxic? |
|
Definition
| Endotoxins, secreted by gram - and cause disease when bacteria is present in large numbers. |
|
|
Term
| _____________ are heat labile wheras _____________ are relatively stable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most toxic exotoxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does diphtheria toxin work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Cholera toxin work? |
|
Definition
| Causes a massive outflow of water from the cell by changing the Na/Cl flux across a membrane |
|
|
Term
| How does Botulinum toxin work? |
|
Definition
| Interferes with the release of ACH from synaptic vesicles. The synthesis of ACH and its packaging in synaptic vesicles is unaffected. |
|
|
Term
| LPS-Lipopolysaccharide is an ___________. It causes fever, diarrhea, and vascular collapse. It's associated with ___________________. It stimulates _____________ release by macrophages which produces fever and shock. |
|
Definition
Endotoxin
Septic shock
TNF (Tumor necrosis factor) |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen secretes hemolysin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen secretes leukocidin? |
|
Definition
Staph and strep
Damages WBC |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen secretes Lecithinase? What does this toxin do? |
|
Definition
Clostridium perfringens
alpha toxin destroys cell membranes of RBC |
|
|
Term
| Is staphylocci gram + or gram -? What is the shape? Is it motile? What enzyme does it produce to invade? What type of symptoms is it responsible for? |
|
Definition
Gram +
Grape like clusters
Non motile
Coagulase and is hemolytic (destroys RBC)
Responsible for food poisoning, abscesses and TSS |
|
|
Term
| Is streptococci gram + or gram -? What is the shape? What clinical syndromes are associated with streptococci? |
|
Definition
Gram +
Forms pairs or chains
Rheumatic Fever, Acute glomerulonephritis, Endocarditis, Pneumonia, Sore Throat |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in the bacterial evasion of immune response? |
|
Definition
Secrete toxins
Inhibit chemotaxis
Block Complement pathways
Outer capsules to block attachment, phagocytosis
outer coat resistant to degrative enzymes
Inhibit lysosome function
Escape from phagosomes
Turn off cytokine activation
Inappropriate cytokine activation |
|
|
Term
| What structure do bacteria possess that give them anti-phagocytic factors? |
|
Definition
| Capsules (portion of cell envelope) |
|
|
Term
| What do encapsulated microorganisms require in order to be effectively phagocytosed? |
|
Definition
| Require the production of antibody |
|
|
Term
| What is biofilm? Where are biofilms found? |
|
Definition
| Aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive Usually found on solid substrates submerged in or exposed to some aqueous solution |
|
|
Term
| What infectious processes are biofilms implicated in? |
|
Definition
| UTI, endocarditis, catheter infections, gingivitis, CL, cystic fibrosis, devices such as heart valves and prostheses |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps in biofilm formation? |
|
Definition
1. Attachment
2. Colonization
3. Growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure and pathogenic mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? |
|
Definition
Gram -
Flagellum, Pilus, Endotoxin (shock)
Other products: Toxin A, Hemolysin, Phospholipidase C, Pigments, proteases, Exoenzyme S, Leukocidin-destroys WBC |
|
|
Term
| What are two pathways in bacterial pathogenesis that lead to somatic cell damage? |
|
Definition
1. Bacteria Mediated Pathogenesis leads to secreted toxins and somatic cell damage
2. Host-Mediated Pathogenesis (antigens and leukocytes), get a prolonged immune and inflammatory response and somatic cell damage |
|
|
Term
| How can a pathogen avoid detection by the immune system? |
|
Definition
1. Remain inside host cell (Herpes)
2. Infect privileged sites that are not exposed to circulatory immune surveillance
3. Mimick host antigens (autoimmune disease) triggered by Strep and rheumatic heart disease
4. Antigenic variation (flu)
5. Suppress immune system (HIV) |
|
|
Term
| What is Bacterial conjunctivitis? What does the severity of Bacterial conjunctivitis depend on? What type of infection is it? |
|
Definition
Inflammatory reaction to bacteria usually self-limited
Inoculum size and virulence
Surface infection although erosions of conjunctival surface can occur |
|
|
Term
| What 2 types of bacteria are able to penetrate the corneal epithelium? |
|
Definition
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Neisseria gonorrhea
Break in epithelium is needed to cause a corneal ulcer |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of Bacterial Keratitis? |
|
Definition
Staph aureus
Staph spidermidis
Pseudomonas aereuginosa
Strep Pneumoniae
Moraxella Gm
Diptheroids |
|
|
Term
| Name three things that increase bacterial adherence |
|
Definition
1. Fimbriae
2. Gluelike secretions: Glycocalyx, Fibronectin, adhesins, lectins
3. Exotoxins: damage epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Is the corneal surface temp. higher or lower than body temp.? Is this a type of host defense against adhesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the FIRST host reaction to an infected area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are PMNs supplied by? |
|
Definition
| Capillaries of inflammed conjunctiva and later from limbal vessels by the byproduct of complement activation which are chemotactic |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of PMN? |
|
Definition
Engulf the bacteria
PMN degranulate destroying the bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria can form what to resist phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| Form large aggregates by means of sticky glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
| In conjunctivitis, what is discharge a result of and where can it be found? |
|
Definition
Result of epithelial cells, mucous and goblet cells that proliferate
Discharge found at fornices between the eyelashes and at the canthi of the eye |
|
|
Term
| In conjunctivitis, the conjunctival surface looses its transparency due to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Bacterial Keratitis? |
|
Definition
Pain, Photophobia, conjunctival hyperemia and epiphora
Signs: discharge, blepharospasm, lid swelling, reduced VA |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common risk factor for Bacterial Keratitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is an ulceration sterile (non-infectious) or infectious? |
|
Definition
Can be both
Infectious- Bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoan
mechanical rubbing off of cornal cells |
|
|
Term
| What varies in conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
Hyperemia (increased blood flow)
Leakage of serum components and inflammatory cells can also occur |
|
|
Term
| What stage does ulceration occur? |
|
Definition
| Late acute inflammation or in chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in corneal ulcer formation? |
|
Definition
1. Vasodilation-Hyperaemia
2. Oedema-Chemosis
3. Diapedesis-Leakage of Lymphocytes
4. Infiltration (white spots in cornea)
5. Breakage of epithelial barrier (fluorescein penetrating into stroma)
6. Corneal ulceration |
|
|
Term
| Can ulceration occur from antigen itself, WBCs attacking antigen, toxic byproducts produced by immune response, or from chronic inflammation itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps to ulcer formation? |
|
Definition
| Adhesion to cornea, stromal invasion with release of collagenolytic exdotoxins, cornea responds with PMNs, PMNs phagocytize bacteria, Phagocytosis results in release LPS, LPS (endotoxin) stimulates host inflammatory response resulting in ulceration |
|
|
Term
| What cells begin to construct a scar which contracts and shrinks the wound tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In previously avascular tissue, what does scar formation result in? |
|
Definition
| Visible opacification and visual function compromise if scar is on visual axis |
|
|
Term
| Do new lymphatic channels and blood vessels form to help clear site of inflammatory cells and necrotic debris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obligate intracellular parasites that are small enough to be filterable through bacteriological filters are call what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do virus particles (virions) grow or undergo division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of nucleic acid do viruses contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do viruses have genetic information for the generation of metabolic energy or for protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 ways can viruses be transmitted? |
|
Definition
Respiratory-salivary
Fecal-oral
Sexual |
|
|
Term
| What does the CAPSID of a virus particle protect the fragile nucleic acid genome from? |
|
Definition
Physical damage
Chemical damage
Enzyme damage |
|
|
Term
| Are protein subunits in a virus capsid multiply redundant (present in many copies per particle) or are they present in only one copy? |
|
Definition
| Many copies, Damage to subunits may render that particular subunit non-functional but does not destroy the infectivity of the whole particle |
|
|
Term
| Virus particles must be assembled utilizing what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Virus particles form __________ geometric shapes
Proteins from which they are made are __________________ shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are enveloped viruses? What are exposed on the surface of the viral envelope? |
|
Definition
Budding of a virus particle thru the host cell mem., the virus particle becomes coated in a lipid envelope derived from the host cell mem with similar composition to the host
Viral Glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 steps for viral replication? |
|
Definition
1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Synthesis of viral components
5. Assembly
6. Release |
|
|
Term
| What interaction activates extracellular virus particles and initates the replication cycle? |
|
Definition
| Virus-attachment protein on surface of virion binds to a cellular receptor molecule on outer surface of host cell |
|
|
Term
Is virus attachment specific or non-specific?
What are typical receptor molecules? |
|
Definition
Specific- Viral Attachment Protein (VAP) attaches to cell receptor
Cell receptor usually glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Is attachment an energy dependent process? Is penetration an energy-dependent process? |
|
Definition
No
Yes-3 Mechanisms Involved |
|
|
Term
If entire virion crosses cell membrane, what type of penetration is this? What type of penetration involves virus into intracellular vacuoles and eventually reaching the cytoplasm?
What required if the virus fuses with the cell membrane for penetratio |
|
Definition
Translocation
Endocytosis
Viral Fusion Protein in the virus envelope
eg, influenza haemagglutinin
retrovirus envelope glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
| What happens during uncoating? |
|
Definition
| Capsid is removed and the virus genome exposed, usually in the form of a nucleoprotein complex |
|
|
Term
| During uncoating process what is the difference if the virus is replicated in the cytoplasm vs. the nucleus? |
|
Definition
Cytoplasm-Picornaviruses, genome released into cell
Nucleus-Herpes, Interactions of nucleoproteins with cytoskeleton. At nuclear pore, capsid stripped off and genome passes into nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Viruses are classified into 7 groups |
|
Definition
I;DS DNA Adenoviruses, Herpes, Poxviruses
II;SS + sense DNA Parvoviruses
III;DS RNA Reoviruses, Birnaviruses
IV;SS + sense RNA Picornaviruses,Togavirus
V;SS - sense RNA Orthomyxoviruses
VI; SS + sense RNA with DNA intermediate Retrovirus AIDS
VII; DS DNA with RNA intermediate Hepadnavirus |
|
|
Term
| Where do DNA viruses replicate? Where do RNA viruses replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One inside host what does the viral genome take over? |
|
Definition
| The metabolism of the host |
|
|
Term
| To utilize the cellular machinery, viral mRNAs must contain what? |
|
Definition
| Control signals that are recognized by the cell such as ribosome binding sites, splice signals, and polyadenylation signals |
|
|
Term
| Do some DNA viruses encode a protein that binds to the origin of replication and stimulate DNA polymerase to replicate the virus genome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what process is the basic structure of the virus formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does assembly occur for Picornaviruses, Poxviruses, Reoviruses?
For Adenoviruses, Papovaviruses, Parvoviruses? For Retroviruses? |
|
Definition
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
On inner surface of cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| How are non-enveloped viruses released? How are enveloped viruses released? |
|
Definition
Lyses cell breaks open and releases virus
Acquire the lipid membrane as the virus buds throughout the cell membrane, the interaction of capsid proteins on cell membrane forces particle out |
|
|
Term
| Are enveloped viruses infectious before or after they have their envelope, or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do viruses have a limited host range? Which cells do they invade? |
|
Definition
| Yes, they only invade cells with appropriate receptor sites that interact with VAP (viral attachment protein) |
|
|
Term
| What is tropism? What determines it? |
|
Definition
The type of cell in which viruses are able to replicate
Determined by presence or absence of receptors on surface of cells |
|
|
Term
| Is attachment a reversible or irreversible process? |
|
Definition
| Reversible if penetration does not ensue |
|
|
Term
| Where do common cold viruses bind, or another way of putting it is where are the receptors located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Put these steps in order, Assembly, Attachment, Uncoating, Penetration |
|
Definition
| Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Assembly |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 ways that viruses do us harm? |
|
Definition
1. Destroy our cells
2. rendering infected cells non-functional (AIDS)
3. Exciting cell-mediated immunity which destroys otherwise healthy cells that are infected by virus
4. Causing cell overgrowth |
|
|
Term
| What are the common manifestations of a virus? What is the body's defenses against a virus? |
|
Definition
Rash, Fever,respiratory involvement, swollen lymph nodes,
Defenses: combined action of interferon, antibodies and cytotoxic T cells, frequently results in lifelong immunity |
|
|
Term
| The eventual outcome of any virus depends on what 2 processes |
|
Definition
| Persistence and Clearance |
|
|
Term
| What two mechanisms does long term persistance result from? |
|
Definition
Regulation of lytic potential
Evasion of immune surveillance |
|
|
Term
| What are Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valaciclovir used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Ganciclovir and Foscarnet used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used in respiratory syncytial virus infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used in HIV infection? |
|
Definition
| Azidothymidine or Dideoxyinosine |
|
|
Term
| What is used in influenza infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main advantage that NK cells have over antigen-specific lymphocytes in antiviral immunity? |
|
Definition
| No lag, they are effective early while antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes are being recruited and cloned |
|
|
Term
| Are specific antibodies or non-specific important in protecting against viral infections? What is the most effective type of antiviral antibody? |
|
Definition
Specific
Neutralizing Antibody-binds to capsid or viral envelope and prevents it from entering host cell
Virus specific antibodies may also act as opsonins coating the virus and enhancing phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Inhalation of droplets
2. Ingestion
3. Direct contact Skin, mucous membrannes
4. Indirect via fomites |
|
|
Term
| What is difference between Herpes I and Herpes II? |
|
Definition
I-cold sores, lips
II-genital |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells does AIDS destroy? What glands do Mumps infect? What does Cytomegalovirus induce? |
|
Definition
Helper T cells
Parotid
Cell enlargement |
|
|
Term
| How is Hepatitis A, B, and C transmitted? |
|
Definition
A- fecal-oral transmission
B- bodily secretions
C- blood transfusions |
|
|
Term
| What causes Gastroenteritis? Common cold? Pneumonia? Mononucleosis |
|
Definition
Rotavirus in kids, Norwalk in all ages
Rhinovirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Epstein-Barr virus, rupture lymphocytes, ruptured spleen |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 ocular surface defense mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| Eyelids, Tear film, Corneal surface, conjunctiva-ass. lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is viral conjunctivitis? Causes? How do you distinguish between bacterial and viral? |
|
Definition
Associated with URI
Caused by Adenoviruses most common
Herpes viruses are most problematic
Bacterial-conjunctivial swelling and sticky discharge (LIDS STUCK TOGETHER)
Viral-swollen lymph nodes, |
|
|
Term
| Does viral or bacterial conjunctivitis have a longer duration? Which has a tendency toward more serious symptoms? |
|
Definition
| Viral for both rendering hyperemia, chemosis, and tearing less bearable to patient |
|
|
Term
| What virus causes viral conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
| DNA from the family of Adenoviridae |
|
|
Term
| What develops along with Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
| Subepithelial infiltrates |
|
|
Term
| What is the most problematic cause of viral conjunctivitis? What occurs with recurrent HSK? |
|
Definition
HSV1 Latent periods and outbreaks throughout lifetime
Corneal scarring, thinning, neovascularization
Acyclovir used in treatment, corneal transplants don't prevent reoccurance |
|
|
Term
| Where is the entry point for viral conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
| Not only the eyes, but also nose and mouth |
|
|
Term
| What neurological diseases are caused by PRIONS? |
|
Definition
Scrapie-sheep
TME-mink
CWD-muledeer, elk
BSE-cows |
|
|
Term
| What are PRIONS composed of? Do they contain nucleic acid? |
|
Definition
A single sialoglycoprotein called PrP 27-30
NO |
|
|
Term
| What PrP protein is produced in normal cells? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
PrP 33-35
Its function is in the neural cell membrane where it sequesters Cu++ ions
In abnormal cells PrP 27-30 is produced instead of PrP 33-35 (one AA difference) |
|
|
Term
| All pathological features of the PRION are confined to what area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When PrP 27-30 accumulates, what does it cause? |
|
Definition
Astrocyte gliosis (Increase #) and depletion od dendritic spines in neurons
Amyloidosis-deposit of amyloid in cerebellar cortex, thalamus, brain stem
Get amyloid plaques (also accumulates in Ahlzheimers) |
|
|
Term
| What is prion protein derived from? Does the immune system respond to prion protein? |
|
Definition
Self
No signs of inflammation or fever, no immune response |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms to prion? |
|
Definition
Long incubation (several years)
Loss muscle coordination
Dementia
Progressive insomnia, loss of slow wave and rapid eye movement phases |
|
|
Term
| How can you diagnosis prion disease? |
|
Definition
Brain biopsies
Prion protein accumulates in tonsils-run immunofluorescence test
Also a western blot developed |
|
|
Term
| What are common prion diseases in humans? |
|
Definition
CJD-Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease
GSS-Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syn
FFI-Fatal familial insomnia
Kuru
Alpers syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 ways humans can be infected by prions? |
|
Definition
Acquired infection-diet, surgery, GH injections, corneal transplants)
Hereditary- autosomal and dominant trait |
|
|
Term
| Do fungi have sterols or peptidoglycan in their cell membrane? Do they produce sexual or asexual spores? Are fungi autotrophs? |
|
Definition
Sterols
Both
No, they are chemoheterotrophs and most are aerobic. Some are saprophytes-live off dead organic matter |
|
|
Term
| Do fungi secrete enzymes to digest cells? Do they produce capsules all them to resist phagocytic engulfment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do fungi produce toxins? If not, what is their action? |
|
Definition
No, They induce hypersensitivity to their chemical constituents
Systemic mycoses: usually the tissue forms granuloma with varying degrees of necrosis and abscess formation |
|
|
Term
| How does infection occur? |
|
Definition
Respiratory route
ex. Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis, and paracoccidiodomycosis |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 Opportunistic Fungi? |
|
Definition
Aspergillosis
Candidosis
Cryptococcosis
Pneumocystis |
|
|
Term
| Where are superficial mycoses infections localized? |
|
Definition
Skin
Ex. dermatophyte, ringworm, tinea |
|
|
Term
| What causes candidiasis? What part of the body does it infect? |
|
Definition
Yeast
mouth or vagina
infects when normal flora not kept in check or impaired immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in soil, bird and bat poop
Lungs are main site of infection and then goes to liver, heart CNS
can be seen in eye |
|
|
Term
| What are opportunistic fungi? |
|
Definition
Infect when patients have immune or metabolic defect or have undergone surgery
Aspergillosis
Candidosis
Cryptococcosis |
|
|
Term
| What causes Aspergilloosis? |
|
Definition
Mold
Produces large # spores
Affects lungs, ears, sinuses, eyes |
|
|
Term
| What causes cryptococcosis? |
|
Definition
Yeast
Manifests as chronic form of meningitis
Affects healthy and immunosuppressed patients
Isolated in large # in pigeon droppings |
|
|
Term
| What do some molds produce that are highly toxic to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eating bread prepared from rye infected with fungus Claviceps purpurea |
|
|
Term
| Molds are composed of what? |
|
Definition
Branching hyphae known as mycellum
Vegetative part-gains nutrients
Aerial part-reproduction |
|
|
Term
| Is penicillium a mold, yeast, or fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are yeasts multicellular or unicellular? How do they reproduce? |
|
Definition
Unicellular
Budding
Ex. Saccharamyces-alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lung infection caused by Pneumocystis carinii, common cause of fatal pneumonia in AIDS patients
It is a intracellular parasite with a life cycle of trophozoite and cyst
Human infection derived from dogs |
|
|
Term
| What is the major immune defense against bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Antibody (Immune complex and cytotoxicity) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major defense mechanism against mycobacteria? |
|
Definition
| DHT and granulomatous reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the major immune defense against viruses? |
|
Definition
| Antibody (Neutralization), TCTL, DTH |
|
|
Term
| What is the major immune defense against Protozoans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major immune defense against worms? |
|
Definition
| Antibody(Atopic, ADCC) and granulomatous reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the major immune defense against fungi? |
|
Definition
| DHT and granulomatous reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Key Point
In the normal binocular visual system all changes in horopter caused by changes in fixation distance, geometric, induced effects or application of lenses or prisms can be explained by ________ means. |
|
Definition
Optical
However, the arrangement of corresponding points CAN BE ALTERED in abnormal binocular vision |
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