Term
Cardiovascular
- Myocardial Infarct |
|
Definition
| CK-MB, Troponin I/T in serum tests |
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
- Marfan’s Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Defective fibrillin synthesis |
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
- Ehler’s Danlos |
|
Definition
| Defective TYPE III Collagen synthesis |
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
- Mitral Stenosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
- Aortic Stenosis |
|
Definition
| Systolic Murmur loudest in aortic area |
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
- Congestive Heart Failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
- Wegener’s Granulomatosis (Type II) |
|
Definition
| ANCA; no staining; local destruction of GBM caused by release of enzymes |
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
- Left-sided Heart Failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
- Burkitt’s Lymphoma (this is a NHL that is the most aggressive – less differentiated) |
|
Definition
| Starry Sky histopathic appearance |
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
- Multiple Myeloma |
|
Definition
Punched Out Radiolucencies, Amyloid deposition in RENAL TUBULES and Bench Jones Proteins
(more an indication of MM) |
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
- Langerhans Cell Disease (Histocytosis X) |
|
Definition
Punched Out lesions in Jaw (Teeth in sky) and Ulceration of soft tissue over bone – BURBICK Granules
1) Eosinophilic Granuloma (most benign)
2) Letterer-Sewe (fatal) – affects infants
3) Handschuller-Christiansen (triad of symptoms – exopthalmos, diabetes insipidus, bone |
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (Part of Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders) |
|
Definition
Philadelphia Chromosome t(9,22)
- Also present in 25% of adults with ALL |
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
- Pernicious Anemia (Megaloblastic anemia) |
|
Definition
| Common signs of anemia + Symmetric Paresthesia and Atrophic Gastritis (B12 is also needed for sensory function hence the tingling) |
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
- Thalassemia (hemolytic anemia) – Tx: blood transfusions can lead to Fe overload |
|
Definition
| “hair-on-end” xrays in honeycomb pattern (indication) |
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
Aplastic Anemia |
|
Definition
| Low granulocytes, platelets and reticulocytes (indication) |
|
|
Term
| BC Disorders/Neoplasms - Sickle Cell Anemia |
|
Definition
“hair-on-end” with delayed dental eruption (indication)
(Hemolytic Anemia) |
|
|
Term
BC Disorders/Neoplasms
- Polycythemia (increased RBC numbers) |
|
Definition
| Increased hematocrit (indication) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Owl’s Eye appearance of inclusion bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leonine facies – lumpy (indicator) |
|
|
Term
Infections
- Paget’s Disease (viral) |
|
Definition
| Leonine facies (indicator); “Cotton-Wool” |
|
|
Term
Infections
-Diphtheria (caused by corynbacterium) |
|
Definition
| Pseudomembrane on tonsils/pharynx and nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infections
- Rheumatic Fever |
|
Definition
| Aschoff Nodules/Owl’s eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tzank Cell in histologic section; Imbilications (vesicle sinks at middle) |
|
|
Term
Infections
- B19 Virus (a Parvovirus) |
|
Definition
Aplastic crises in Sickle Cell DZ,
“Slapped Cheeks” rash
Erythema Infectiosum |
|
|
Term
Infections
-Retrovirus Infection (the only RNA virus that is dsRNA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infections
- Rhinovirus (a Picorna virus – Naked RNA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infections
- Coxsackievirus A |
|
Definition
Hand, foot, mouth disease;
Aseptic/Viral mengingitis, Herpangina (PAINFUL mouth blisters) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HCV
Yellow Fever
Dengue
COUNCILMAN BODIES in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TOxosplasma
Rubella
CMV
HIV
TORCH Infection (can be past form mother to newborn) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
KOPLIK Spots → Red spots with blue-white centers on BUCCAL Mucosa;
3 C’s of Measles – Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlarged Parotid Glands and Testes |
|
|
Term
Infections
-Rabies Virus (bullet shaped capsid) |
|
Definition
| NEGRI BODIES (cytoplasmic Inclusions in neurons) |
|
|
Term
Infections
-Chlamydia Trachomatis or Neiserria. Gonococci |
|
Definition
| Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome (complication of PID) |
|
|
Term
Infections
- Neisseria Meningitidis |
|
Definition
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome (Dz of Adrenal Glands leading to hemorrhage of adrenal glands) |
|
|
Term
Infections
-Pseudomonas Aeruginosa |
|
Definition
| Respiratory, Burns or Green Pus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infections
-Actinomyces Israelii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infections
-Encapsulated Bacteria (Klebsiella, Salmonella, S. Pneumonia, H. Influenza, N. Gonarrhea) |
|
Definition
| QUELLUNG Reaction (capsule swells) |
|
|
Term
Infections
- Bartonella Henselae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infections
-Bordetella Pertussis |
|
Definition
Whooping Cough
1) Catarhal stage:
2) Paroxymal stage – rapid coughs followed by deep pitched inspiration (whoop)
3) Convalescnet stage |
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
- Cholecystitis (gallbladder) |
|
Definition
| Murphy’s Sign (pain on deep inspiration when inflamed gallbladder is palpated) |
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
-GERD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
- Barrett’s Esophagus – predisposes to malignancy |
|
Definition
| Metaplastic Epithelium + Goblet cells (indicator) |
|
|
Term
| Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary -Hemoptysis secondary to acute alcohol intoxication |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal tears in the esophagus near the gastroesophageal junction aka. Mallory-Weiss tears |
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
-Autoimmune Gastritis |
|
Definition
1) Ab to parietal cells
2) Vit. B12 deficiency
3) Achlohydria (no HCl from parietal cells)
4) Hypergastrinemia (to increase gastrin secretion) |
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
-Crohn's dz |
|
Definition
(Regional Enteritis)
- Most common complication from Chron’s is STRICTURE
- Inflammation can be transmural
Non-caseating granulomas;
“skip lesions”;
“cobblestone” coarsely textured bowel;
“creeping fat” – due to extensive transmural chron’s, mesenteric fat extends around serosal surface;
“apthous ulcers” – earliest lesion indicative of Chron’s –seen in oral cavity also |
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
-Ulcerative Colitis |
|
Definition
| - etiology is genetic; inflammation limited to mucosa of colon and superficial submucosa |
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
-Gastric Adenocarcinoma (most common malignancy of stomach) |
|
Definition
Increased risk with N-nitroso compounds in food preservatives; H.pylori infection
“Signet-Ring Cell”
“Linitis Plastica” – aka. Leather Bottle appearance – due to diffuse rugal thickening with rigid, thickened walls |
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
-Alcoholic Hepatitis |
|
Definition
| Mallory Bodies in hepatocellular cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
Gastro-Intestinal/Hepatobilliary
-Interstitial Cystitis |
|
Definition
| Hunner’s Ulcers (pinpoint bladder mucosal ulcers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kernig’s sign and Brudzinski’s sign |
|
|
Term
Neuro
-Multiple Sclerosis (demyelination of axons of brain and spinal cord) |
|
Definition
| Bilateral Internuclear Opthalmoplegia (cannot abduct) |
|
|
Term
Neuro
- Viral Encephalitis |
|
Definition
| Perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes, usually with inclusion bodies |
|
|
Term
Neuro
-Progressive Multi-Focal Leukocephalopathy (PML) |
|
Definition
| JC Virus (John Cunningham Polyomavirus) – found in kidneys and bm 85% of time → causes severe lytic infection of brain when immunocompromised → affects the white matter and leads to widespread demyelination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mask-like face and tremors of hands |
|
|
Term
Urogenital
-Pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
| White blood cells/casts in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Von Kossa Stain Positive; NonPolarizable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Von Kossa Stain Negative: Polarizable |
|
|
Term
Urogenital
- Acute Allergic Interstitial Nephritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Urogenital
- Chronic Pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
| Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter (seen only in chronic, not acute |
|
|
Term
Urogenital
-Rapidly Progressive GN: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Urogenital
-Membranoproliferative GN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Urogenital
-Acute Tubular Necrosis |
|
Definition
| Post Open Wound Surgery without any other problems – indicator |
|
|
Term
Urogenital
-Pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
| Usually have WBC in urine, maybe bacteria |
|
|
Term
Urogenital
-IgA Nephropathy |
|
Definition
| Usually in asian population with previous upper respiratory infection or exercise – do NOT see IgA in urine |
|
|
Term
Urogenital
-Diabetes with Nodular Sclerosis of kidneys |
|
Definition
| Kimmelstein Wilson Lesion |
|
|
Term
Urogenital
-Malignant Hypertension |
|
Definition
| Fibrinoid Arteriolar necrosis |
|
|
Term
Endocrine
-Cushing’s Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endocrine
-Hashimoto’s (Mild Hypothyroidism) |
|
Definition
| Hurthle Cells and fibrosis of thyroid |
|
|
Term
Skeletal
- Hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bowing of Legs - indicator |
|
|
Term
Skeletal
- Paget’s Disease (viral infection of osteoclasts) |
|
Definition
Leonine facies; “Coot Wool”; Bowing of Legs (indicators);
Hallmark is a Mosaic Pattern of Lamellar Bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Most Common PRIMARY malignant bone tumor; Paget Dz increases risk
Sunburst Lesion in xray |
|
|
Term
Skeletal
- Osteogenesis Imperfecta / Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (Abnormal Dentin and Normal Enamel – Mesenchymal related disease) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bouchard’s Nodes (Proximal Interphalangeal); Heberden’s Nodes (Distal Interphalangeal Joint) |
|
|
Term
Skeletal
-Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
Definition
| Rheumatoid Factor (80% of time) - indicator |
|
|
Term
Skeletal
-Fibrous Dysplasia (developmental – disorganized mixture of fibrous and osseous elements in interior of bone with expansion of cortical) |
|
Definition
Lucent, “Ground Glass” appearance – also seen with Hyperparathyroidism
Chinese Characters |
|
|
Term
Skeletal
-Vertebral Osteomyelitis caused by M. Tb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skeletal
-Neurofibromatosis Type I |
|
Definition
(von Recklinghausen’s Diease) – chromosome 17
Café-au-lait spots; Lisch Nodules |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary
- Kliebsiella Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Thick, Gelatinous Sputum; Lobar/Alveolar |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary
-Primary TB (caseating granulomas) |
|
Definition
| Ghon complex – Ghon focus + enlarged hilar mediastinal LNs; “coin lesion” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulmonary
- Viral Infection (CMV, Varicella) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Barrel Chest” on Xray; “Pink-Puffers” |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary
-Chronic Pulmonary Congestion |
|
Definition
| Brown Inudration of the Lung (due to macrophages phagocytosing RBCs releasing hemosiderin); Crusty appearance of lungs due to fibrosis (indicating long standing CPC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Derm
-Actinomycosis Israeli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intraepidermal IgG and C3 Deposits,
Acantholysis |
|
|
Term
| Normal hypertension values |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treacher-Collins Syndrome |
|
Definition
aka. Mandibulofacial dysostosis)
o Defect involving arches 1 and 2
o Micrognathia, malformed ears, and down-slanted eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Defective purine salvage owing to absence of HGPRT
o Excessive uric acid production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Microtubule polymerization defect resulting in decreased phagocytosis
o Get pyogenic infections, partial albinism, and peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Occlusion of hepatic veins
o Presents as triad of abdominal pain/ascites/hepatomegaly
o 75% due to thrombosis of hepatic vein |
|
|
Term
| - Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome |
|
Definition
o Rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease
o Occurs exclusively in women
o Caused by Gonorrha or Chlamydia |
|
|
Term
| - Most common vitamin deficiency in the united states |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - Most common form of SKIN Cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - Most frequent site of extranodal metastasis of Pulmonary Carcinoma |
|
Definition
is the Adrenal Gland
o Causes Lung associated Cushing’s (Ectopic Cushings) |
|
|
Term
| most common Primary Malignancy of Bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common Malignancy of Bone |
|
Definition
| is metastasis from another site |
|
|
Term
| - The most common Malignancy of the Lung |
|
Definition
| is metasis form another site |
|
|
Term
| most dreaded complication of asbestosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - Most common causes of Nosocomial Infections |
|
Definition
| E.coli (UTI) and S. Aureus (Surgical Wound) |
|
|
Term
| - Most important global cause of INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most frequent Pituitary Adenoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Caused by aspirin, NSAIDs, alcohol, cigarettes, H.pylori
o Clinically seen with epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Caused by
1) H.pylori infection (most common)
2) Autoimmune (against parietal cell) – leading to pernicious anemia and inability to uptake B12 – most common form of chronic gastritis in patients without H.pylori infection
o Less severe then acute gastritis but more persistent
o Hematemesis and vomiting are uncommon
o Complication of Chronic gastritis with H.pylori → Peptic Ulcer Disease and gastric cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common malignancy of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| - Main cause of chronic kidney disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - Kidney Tumor in children |
|
Definition
| WILM’s Tumor (nephroblastoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit Crystal formation in kidney |
|
|
Term
| Polycystic Kidney Disease causes |
|
Definition
ESRD to
INC BP
TO PT CAN HAVE WORST HEADACHE + COLLAPSE IN CHAIR
Know that they have PCKD for when EMS comes
o Having HTN + Blood thinner while have PCKD = asking for aneurysm and hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DECREASES CHANCES OF PROSTATE CANCER!!! |
|
|
Term
| - Most common form of cancer in men |
|
Definition
| CARCINOMA OF PROSTATE (second leading cause of cancer death) |
|
|
Term
| - The most common germ cell tumor of the testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - Special Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer |
|
Definition
| o CMF – cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-steroidal
o Estrogen-R-Antagonist
o Used to treat and prevent breast cancer
o Decreases DNA synthesis and inhibits estrogen effects
o Cells accumulate in G0/1 – its more static than cidal |
|
|
Term
| - #1 cause of nephritic in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - #1 cause of glomerular disease worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Hepatitis A virus causes Hep A (acute)
o Hepadno virus (DNA) = causes Hep B (vaccinated)
o Flavivirus = causes Hep C (chronic)
o Alcoholic Hepatitis, AST > ALT
o Viral Hepatitis (Hep A and Hep B), ALT > AST |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Togaviruses cause Rubella
o PaRaMyxovirus causes Mumps and Measles
• Parainfluenza -
• Rubeola (Measles)
• Mumps |
|
|
Term
| o Salk/Sabin vaccines are for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is vaccinated (HepB itself is DNA virus enveloped) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ssRNA except Reovirus (10-12 segments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Calicivirus (NORWALK Virus)
• Picorno (sub-class of PERCH)
o Poliovirus (Salk/Sabin vaccines)
o Echovirus (get aseptic meningitis)
o Rhinovirus (common cold)
o Coxsackievirus (get Herpanina, Febrile pharyngitis, HAND-MOUTH-FOOT DISEASE)
o HAV
• Reovirus (Colorado Tick Fever)
o Rotavirus = #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
• HEPEvirus (new) – causes Hepatitis E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• DNA (PAPP smear)
• Polyoma-virus
• Adenoma-virus
• Papilloma-virus
• Parvo-virus |
|
|
Term
| o ADENOSINE ARABINOSIDE is effective against |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Pus, empyema, abscess |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
- o Pediatric infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Respiratory/pneumonia in cystic fibrosis/burn/green pus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Branching rods/SULFUR granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Traumatic Open wound/gas gangrene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Surgical Wound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Dog or Cat Bite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Positive PAS Stain |
|
Definition
| Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple’s Disease) |
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Sepsis/meningitis in Newborn |
|
Definition
| Group B Strep, E.Coli, Listeria |
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Health care provider |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
- o Asplenic patient |
|
Definition
| – All ENCAPSULATED Bacteria (SHiN) – S. Pneumoniae, H. Influenza, N. Meningitidis |
|
|
Term
Bug hints
-o Chronic Granulomatous Disease |
|
Definition
| Catalase Positive microbs (S. Aureus, Nocardia spp., Aspergillus spp) |
|
|
Term
Bug hints
o Neutropenic patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bug hints
o Bilateral Bell’s Palsy |
|
Definition
| – Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) |
|
|
Term
| o Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) |
|
Definition
| chromosome 5 (5 letters in POLYP) |
|
|
Term
| o Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) |
|
Definition
| chromosome 16 (16 letters in polycystic kidney) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosome 4 (hunting 4 food) |
|
|
Term
| o Neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen’s) |
|
Definition
| chromosome 17 (17 letters in von Recklinghausen) |
|
|
Term
| o Neurofibromatosis type II |
|
Definition
| chromosome 22 (type 2 = 22) |
|
|
Term
| o Von Hippel-Lindau disease |
|
Definition
| (3 words in von hippel lindau for chromosome 3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular
- Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
|
Definition
| Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg Cells (Giant cells) |
|
|
Term
| Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
|
Definition
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome - liver is black; due to impaired transport
Rotor syndrome = liver is not pigmented |
|
|
Term
| Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
|
Definition
Gilbert syndrome - aut recess; def of glucuronyl transferase
Crigler-Najjar syndrome - type 1 - auto recess complete absense of glucuronyl transferase; kernicterus
Type 2- auto dom- mild def of glucuronyl transferase; no kernicterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malabsorption (chronic pancreatitis, biliary tract obstruction, crohns (but not ulcerative colitis)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osteitis fibrosa cystica aka brown tumors aka von Recklinghausen disease of bone, metastatic calcific nodules in sclera, ground glass appearance of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cotton wool appearance of bone, leontiasis ossea (lion face), British fucks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gardner syndrome (polyps in colon like in FAP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : sunburst appearance of bone, P53/RB gene mutation, “my fucking knee hurts now I’m coughing up blood” (spread from most common site, knee, to the lungs) |
|
|
Term
| 6. Metastatic prostate CA: |
|
Definition
| spine involvement, bone deposits, acid phosphatase (+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bence-jones proteins in urine, plasma cells, amyloid in kidney, lytic bone lesions aka punched-out radiolucencies |
|
|
Term
| 8. Osteogenesis Imperfecta: |
|
Definition
| blue sclera, teeth with fractured enamel short, conical roots and no pulp, dentinogenesis imperfecta, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “wear and tear”cervical/lumbar spine, eburnated, subchondral cysts, osteophytes (Heberden’s/Bouchard’s) |
|
|
Term
| 10. Rheumatoid Arthritis: |
|
Definition
| pannus (lymphoid follicles, thickened synovium), “knucklebones”, TMD |
|
|
Term
| 11. Giant Cell Arteritis: |
|
Definition
| : temporal artery, granulomatous, blindness, PMR (polymalgia rheumatica) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| podagra (swollen toe joint), tophi (skin cheese) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : membranous glomerulopathy, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulopathy; and secondarily, diabetes, SLE, amyloidosis, HIV/HCV/HBV |
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Term
| 2. Nephritic syndrome: number one cause is |
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Definition
| post-strep GN. Also, IgA nephropathy (number 1 cause of nephritic syndrome worldwide) |
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Term
| 3. Microscopic appearances: minimal change disease: |
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Definition
| looks normal; membranous glomerulopathy: see thickened glomerular basement membrane with spiky deposits; post-strep GN: hypercellularity (increased glomerular cells), immune deposits (mostly complement C3) and granular appearance to immunofluorescence (heyman model); IgA nephropathy: immune deposits in the mesangium |
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Term
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Definition
| protein in urine (> 3 gm), peripheral edema (periorbital and swollen face), hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia |
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Definition
| see thickened glomerular basement membrane, arteriolosclerosis (hyalinized vessels, kimmelsteil-wilson lesions, |
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Term
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Definition
| coca-cola colored urine, hypertension, central edema (pulmonary congestion), renal insufficiency (decreased GFR, increased BUN and serum creatinine), |
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Term
| 1. Road to diabetic kidney faulure: |
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Definition
| hypefilitration→microalbuminuria→proteinuria, hypertension, declining GFR→ESRD |
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Term
| 2. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: |
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Definition
| “shrunken”, granular kidney |
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Term
| 3. Malignant hypertension: |
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Definition
| normal, smooth kidney with microhemorrhages (petechiae). hallmark appearance—fibrinoid arteriolar necrosis (onion appearance), papilloedema, hemolysis, hypertensive headache |
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Term
| Tubulo-Interstitial Disease |
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Definition
1. Characterized by polyuria and polydipsia due to inability of collecting tubules to concentrate the urine
a. Acute tubular necrosis: here the causes are either ischemic following a major surgery where there is blood loss and increased stress on the kidneys or toxic from drugs like ethylene glycol (will see oxalate deposits). Here you get a low urine output as the kidney begins to fail but first see polyuria with damage to tubular cells.
b. Acute TI nephritis: this is either idiopathic or inflammatory/allergic/immunologic. If allergic to a drug you will see eosinophils, which brings us to the triad: eosinophilia/uria, fever and rash. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Due to Goodpastures, post-strep glomerulonephritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Renal Cell Carcinoma: know the risk factors—tobacco, obesity, hypertension, asbestos, petroleum products, heavy metals, estrogen, chronic kidney disease (patients on prolonged dialysis)
2. Transitional cell carcinoma (ureteral/bladder): risk factors: tobacco, parasitic worms, cyclophosphamide, dyes (arylamines), prolonged analgesic use. Poor prognosis with flat, invasive type. P53 mutation associated with invasiveness. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| see hydropic swelling of cells, Mallory bodies, and neutrophilic infilitrate. An acute condition that may be superimposed on cirrhosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-nuclear, anti-smooth musle antibodies. See a lymphocytic infiltrate with plasma cells. |
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Term
| Primary biliary cirrhosis: |
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Definition
| ant-mitochondrial antibodies. See granulomatous inflammation: pmns, lymphocytes, plasma cells, etcs. |
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Term
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis: |
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Definition
| seen in the setting of IBD (especially ulcerative colitis), elevated alkaline phosphatase (sick ductal cells), anti-nuclear, anti-smooth muscle and ANCA antibodies |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) |
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Definition
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Term
| Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) |
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Definition
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