gram negative rods

obligate intracellular parasites

transmitted by insect bites

illnesses common in Southwest US

Cat Scratch Fever

normal flora in cat intestines

serious infection - high fever

gram negative rods

direct contact or fleas

small gram negative rods

causes  "undulant fever"

(undulant - comes and goes)

can become airborne

*potential for bioterrorism

Whooping Cough

gram negative rods

vaccine DPT

forms a membrane in the throat

gram negative diplococci

normal flora of mucus membranes

N. gonorrheae - gonorrhea

N. meninginitidis - meningitis

*N. gonorrheae has protein Opa that binds to CD4 lymphocytes and prevents the production of memory cells and immunity

tularemia

transmitted by rodents - rabbits, squirrels, hamsters, etc. - bite

infect lymph nodes

can multiply in macrophages

(macrophages in tissue fluid)

difficult to treat

*potential for bioterrorism

gram negative motile rods

can grow in water, on soap, in bottle caps

can grow in refrigerator

common nosocomial infection

can produce a blue-green pigment that smells like grapes

antibiotic resistant - gentamycin

gram negative rods

Legionnaires' disease - high fever & pneumonia

reproduce in aquatic amoebae

slightly curved gram negative rods

found in salt or brackish water

V. cholera - cholera - very watery stools with intestinal mucus - "rice water" stools - dehydration & death

V. parahemoliticus - gastroenteritis from raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs

inhabits mammalian interstinal tract

wound infections & UTI

 O157:H7 - causes diarrhea and produces a toxin that can shut down the kidneys

-2400 serovars

-found in intestinal tracts of poultry & cattle, found in reptiles

-can get inside plants we eat

-causes bloody diarrhea

-causes typhoid fever

-high fever & headache

-can infect the liver & spleen

-some people become carriers (Typhoid Mary)

-spread from person to person

-found on fresh unwashed fruit

-causes dysentery

-can cause pneumonia

-commonly causes UTI

(bladder infection - cystitis

kidney infection - pyelonephritis)

-grows in saline

-responsible for many nosocomial infections

-many flagella

-swarming growth on media

-normal intestinal flora

-UTI & wound infections

-smells like chocolate cake

-gram negative

-live everywhere

-causes UTIs

-wound infection from cat bites

-requires IV antibiotics

-causes cellulitis

-needs chocolate (hemolyzed blood) agar to grow in the lab

-very pathogenic

-smells mousey

-found in poultry

-must be incubated at 42 degrees Celsius

-causes gastroenteritis

-high fever

Helicobacter spp.

Helicobacter pylori

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

C. tetani - tetanus (lockjaw)

C. botulinum - botulism

C. perfringens - gas gangrene

C. difficil - antibiotic resistant, normal intestinal flora, when antibiotics kill all good flora it takes over, often a nosocomial infection

gram positive rods

are everywhere

two are pathogens-

B. cereus (food poisoning)

B.antracis (anthrax)

CDC must be notified

Three types of anthrax:

-Cutaneous (skin)

-Gastrointestinal

-Pulmonary

(if not treated can lead to septicemia - death rate 100%)

*potential for bioterror

-gram positive cocci

-grows in grape-like clusters

-yellow colonies

-can grow in salty meats

-grows in ocean

-produces toxins

-MRSA (pg 422)

-causes wound infections, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome

gram positive cocci

-grows in chains

-two important types:

Beta hemolytic

Alpha hemolytic

form a clear zone around the colony when grown on blood agar

-Groups A-O

Streptococcus - beta hemolytic - Group A -

Streptococcus pyogenes

has M protein on surface that helps it avoid phagocytosis

causes most variety of diseases:

sore throats

scarlet fever

rheumantic fever (affects joints & heart)

impetigo

necrotizing fascitis - painful infection that can consume an inch of tissue an hour

Streptococcus - beta hemolytic - Group B

-  Streptococcus agalactiae

-causes newborn sepsis

-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar

-Streptococcus mutans: causes dental caries

-Streptococcus pneumoniae: causes pneumonia & meningitis in children

-used in food production

- yogurt

gram positive

live in GI tract, mouth & vagina

causes UTIs & wound infections

frequently cause nosocomial infections

grows in soft cheeses & deli meats

withstands refrigeration

should not be eated by pregnant women

can cause stillbirth

-lack a cell wall

-require a media with horse serum and yeast extract to grow in lab

-colonies have a "fried egg" appearance

-treated with tetracycline

-causes pneumonia

-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells

-cells have mycolic acid

-require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin)

M. tuberculosis - tuberculosis

M. leprae -leprosy

-morphology: palisades pattern

-gram positive rods

-has metachromatic granules

-closes off throat with membrane

-some causes of acne

-gram positive rods

-treated with tetracycline

-gram variable

-causes vaginitis

Chlamydiae

-Chlamydia trachomatis

-gram negative

-causes nongonococcal urethritis

-most common STD!!!

coiled gram negative

move using axial filaments

Treponema pallidum - syphilis

Borrelia spp. - Lyme disease

gram negative anaerobes

live in the intestines

cause wound infections & peritonitis

spindle shaped

live in the mouth

can cause dental abscesses

-carried by rats and fleas in the Southwest

-causes plague

Bubonic - infects lymph system, forms bubos

Septicimic - bacteria live in the blood

Pneumonic - infects lungs - 100% fatal

-weapon of bioterror

- gram negative rods

- spread by lice

- typhus (fever & rash)

- gram negative rods

- spread by fleas

- murine typhus

- gram negative rods

 - spread by ticks

- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

gram negative diplococci

normal flora of mucus membranes

 - gonorrhea

*has protein Opa that binds to CD4 lymphocytes and prevents the production of memory cells and immunity

gram negative diplococci

normal flora of mucus membranes

- meningitis (usually in adults)

slightly curved gram negative rods

found in salt or brackish water

- cholera

- very watery stools with intestinal mucus

- "rice water" stools

- dehydration & death

slightly curved gram negative rods

found in salt or brackish water

 - gastroenteritis from raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

- tetanus (lockjaw)

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

- botulism

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

 - gas gangrene

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

- antibiotic resistant, normal intestinal flora, when antibiotics kill all good flora it takes over, often a nosocomial infection

gram positive rods

- food poisoning

-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar

- causes dental caries

-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar

-causes pneumonia & meningitis in children

-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells

-cells have mycolic acid

-require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin)

- tuberculosis

-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells

-cells have mycolic acid

-require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin)

 -leprosy

coiled gram negative

move using axial filaments

 - syphilis

coiled gram negative

move using axial filaments

 - Lyme disease

Histoplasmosis

lung disease that can become systemic

found in the Mississippi River Valley

Coccidioidomycosis

lung/systemic infection

found in the Southwest

-black bread mold

-opportuistic systemic mycosis

(opportunistic - when immune system is compromised)

-opportunistic systemic mycosis

(opportunistic - when immune system is compromised)

Trichophyton

Microsporum

Epidermophyton

-causes paralytic shellfish poisoning

-humans can get PSP by eating mollusks harvested during a red tide

-causes neurological systems

-lives in the ocean

-has an undulating membrane

-STD

-causes trichomoniasis of the vagina or male urethra

-intestinal parasite

-diarrhea

-forms cysts

-ID by cysts in feces

-very common worldwide

-forms cysts

-causes diarrhea

-causes malaria

-4 species, infect liver & red cells 

-fevers come in waves with multiples of 25 hrs between them

-transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito

-mosquito is the definitive host, sexual reproduction takes place here

-humans are intermediate hosts where fission occurs

P. falciparum

P. vivax

P. ovale

P. malariae

-transmitted by the Ixodes scapularis tick

-causes babesiosis

-anemia

-have cilia

-causes severe dysentery

-beef tapeworm

-humans are the definitive host

-can grow up to 6 meters

-we excrete mature proglottids

-form cysticerci in beef muscle

-pork tapeworm

-humans are the definitive host

-from undercooked pork

-found in Latin America, Asia, Africa

-in the US pigs do not harbor cysts

-in US transmission is from person to person when we shed the eggs

-then we are the intermediate hosts and cysts can form

-cysticercosis - can infect the brain

-tapeworm

-humans are the intermediate host (harbor the cysts)

-a few mm long in the definite hosts, dogs & coyotes

-sheep & deer can be intermediate hosts too

-form hydatid cysts in our liver, lungs, or brain

-cysts may contain up to 4 liters of fluid

-roundworm

-pin worm

-eggs are infective

-entire life cycle is in humans

-diagnosed with cellophane tape on the anus in the morning

-roundworm

-eggs are infective

-infects >1 billion people

-worm lives in small intestines

-eggs hatch

-larvae enter the blood and go to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed

-roundworm

-hookworm

-larva are infective

-larva live in soil and penetrate the soles of feet

-travels in blood to the lungs

-coughed up and swallowed

-hookworm lives in intestines

Fifth disease - Erythema infectiosum

mild flu-like symptoms with a "slapped cheek" rash

Chickenpox

can become latent - shingles

(can become latent)

HSV-1: fever blisters

HSV-2: genital herpes

Inflammation of the liver

Subspecies A,B,C,D,E,F

from rodents

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Often lethal

mad cow disease

Crutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD)

Kuru - causes trembling, death, from eating human brain

scrapie - a fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system of sheep & goats

fatal familial insomnia

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome - inherited progressive dementia