Term
Gross appearance
Steatotic liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 comonents of the portal triad? |
|
Definition
1) Hepatic artery
2) Bile duct
3) Portal vein |
|
|
Term
| How do you ID the 3 parts of the portal tiad? |
|
Definition
Portal v. - largest structure with think layer epi.
Bile duct - has a clear columnar epithelial border
Hepatic a. - smaller, thick wall structure |
|
|
Term
| What 3 substances stain clear on an H&E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you detect steatosis on a physical exam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find pseudostriated ciliated columnar epi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What metaplasia is seen in RT due to cigarette smoke? |
|
Definition
| eip => stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic tissue trauma/irritation => signals => transcription change => new cell differentiation |
|
|
Term
| Why do smoker's lungs turn black? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the black granular pigment of carbon inhalation remain permanent? |
|
Definition
| remain in the cytoplasm of macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Why might a person with multiple blood transfusions have an enlarged liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pigment is caused by iron accumulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the for possible pigment changes in the liver? |
|
Definition
lipofuscin - yellow/brown
melanin (cancerous) - brown/black
bilirubin - green/golden brown (bruise)
hemosiderin - rusty |
|
|
Term
| What causes the hemosiderin pigment? |
|
Definition
| ferritin (storage form of iron) broken down by lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| When can you see a localized accumulation of hemosiderin in tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes breat enlargement during pregnancy & lactation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What histological differences should be seen during pregnancy & lactation? |
|
Definition
1) uterine hyperplasia
2) uterine hypertrophy
3) glandular epitherial cell proliferation in breast |
|
|
Term
| What happens microscopically to breat tissue during lactation? |
|
Definition
| more clear cytoplasm, enlarged glands, enlarged ducts |
|
|
Term
| What causes increased breat size in lactating breast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference b/w dystrophic & metastatic calcification? |
|
Definition
D: focal with functional change
M: systemic with no functional change |
|
|
Term
What do you expect to happen to the heart due to an abnormal aortic valve?
Why? |
|
Definition
hypertrophy (esp. L ventricle)
increased workload |
|
|
Term
| Why is hypertrophy seen in the heart & not hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| Not as capable of mitotic division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free radical injury => lipid peroxidation => indigestible phospholipid/protein remnants |
|
|
Term
| What is seen microscopically in a patient with hypertrophy of the heart? |
|
Definition
| more dense muscle cells, striations aren't as clean, hyperchromatic (more condensed) & more basophilic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| How does hypertrophy increase the functional capacity of the cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
| increased mitochondria => more energy => more work |
|
|
Term
| How do you tell the difference b/w a proximal & a distal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
Proximal: fuzzy, taller, darker pink
Distal: cleaner, shorter |
|
|
Term
| What causes swelling in the glomeruli & tubules? |
|
Definition
| decreased blood flow => decreased O2 => decreased ATP => Na+/K+ pump failure => increased H2O & Na+ intracellular (hydropic change) |
|
|
Term
| What cytoplasmic & nuclear changes are seen in coagulative necrosis? |
|
Definition
cytoplasm: more eosinophilic
nucleus: slowly disappears, stages of karyolysis, pyknosis, & karyorrhexis |
|
|
Term
| What causes coagulative necrosis? |
|
Definition
| hypoxia/ischemia => denaturation => delayed proteolysis |
|
|
Term
| What type of necrosis looks "cheesy"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you ID microscopically the 5 types of necrosis? |
|
Definition
coagulative: ghost structure remnants
liquefactive: infiltration of debris
caseous: hypereosinophilic center surrounded by macrophages
fat: hazy basophilic outline
fibrinoid: hypereosinophilic around blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What are the giant cells that can surround caseous necrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 infection types can cause caseous necrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
